Harshen Kuteb

Kuteb
	Ati
Yanki	Taraba State
'Yan asalin magana	46,000 (2000)
Dangin harshen	Nnijer–Kongo Atlantic–Congo Benue–Congo Kuteb; ; ;
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	kub
Glottolog	kute1248

Harshen Kuteb
Dangin harshen	Harsunan Nijar-Congo; Harsunan Atlantic-Congo; Harsunan Volta-Congo; Harsunan Benue-Congo; Yarukan Jukun; Harshen Kuteb; ; ; ; ; ;
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	kub
Glottolog	kute1248

Kuteb (wanda aka fi sani da Kutep ko Ati ) yare ne a Najeriya, kabilar Kuteb na zaune ne a yankin kudancin jihar Taraba, sannan mutane sama da dubu na amfani da harshen yankin iyakar Kamaru. A Nijeriya, kuma galibi anfi magana da yaren Ƙaramar Hukumar Takum dake Jihar Taraba.

Karin Harshe

Kuteb na da sautukan baƙi 27, wasula 12, da sautuka biyar. ^[3]

Wasula

A cikin Kuteb, akwai nau'ikan wasula biyu, na baka, da na hanci. A sautin magana, kowane saiti yana da wasula daban-daban guda shida. Gabaɗaya, akwai sauti iri daban-daban guda 12. Matsayin ɨ kasancewar sautin magana a Kuteb bai tabbata ba. Wannan sautin yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin rubabbun sirafi, wasu sunaye prefixes, da kuma rage magana ta inda akwai tsaka tsaki u da i . ^[3]

Tebur na amon wasali a Kuteb
	Wasikun baka			Wasalin hanci
	Gaba	Tsakiya	Baya	Gaba	Tsakiya	Baya
Kusa	i /i /	ɨ /ɨ /	u /u /	ĩ /ĩ /		ũ /ũ /
Kusa Tsakiya	e /e /		o /o /	ē /ẽ /		ō /õ /
Kusa Da Buɗe	ae /æ /			ãe /æ̃ /
Buɗe		a /a /			ã /ã /

Tsarin Sauti

Kuteb yana da sauti iri daban-daban 27. Ana samun shigarwar da aka buga da rubutu a cikin kalmomin rance gama gari, ko, a cikin yanayin / v / da / z /, bambancin rarrabuwa. Kamar yawancin harsunan Jukunoid, Kuteb ya ba da baƙin baƙin. A cikin binciken daya, waɗannan ba a haɗa su azaman gyare-gyare kan tushe-phoneme ba, amma a matsayin nasu sautin daban. ^[4]

Tebur na karin sauti a Kuteb
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Hanci		m /m /	n, nn ^{[note 1]} /n /	ny /ɲ /	ŋ /ŋ /
Kusa	bayyana	b /b /	d /d /		g /g /
	ba'a ji ba	shafi na /p /	t /t /	c /c /	k /k /
	pre-hanci </br> bayyana	mb / m /	nd / n /	nj / n / /	ŋg / ŋgg /
Ricarfafa			ts /s /
Fricative	bayyana	v /v /	z /z /	j /ʒ /
Fricative	ba'a ji ba	f /f /	s /s /	sh /ʃ /		h /h /
Mai kusanci				y /j /	w /w /
Shafa			r /ɾ /
Lateral-Kusanci			l /l /

Sautuna

A cikin Kuteb, akwai sautuna daban-daban guda huɗu ko biyar, dangane da yadda aka ƙidaya su. Sautunan da yawancin karatu ke karɓa sune ƙananan (marasa alama), tsakiyar (¯), babba (´), da sautunan (ˆ).

Muhawara

A cewar Roger Blench, akwai sautuna daban-daban guda biyar a cikin Kuteb, waɗannan sune: ƙananan (marasa alama), tsakiyar (¯), babba (´), fadowa (ˆ), da tashin (ˇ). Sauti na biyar, (mai tasowa) an ƙirƙire shi ne kawai ta hanyar canje-canjen sandhi waɗanda ke shafar wasu ƙamus bayan “tsani”. ^[3] Dangane da WE Welmers, wannan canjin sandhi ba ya faruwa, kuma idan ya faru, kawai furucin zai canza, ba ma rubutaccen bugun rubutu ba kuma.

Hanyoyin sarrafa abubuwa

Iyakokin Syllabic

A Kutep, kamar a sauran Harsunan Jukunoidid

N - rubutun hanci, V - wasali, C - baƙi
	Kuteb ( rarrabaccen tsarin aiki)	Kuteb	Fassarar Turanci
ƙ N	ḿ.m	.m	a'a
V	u.fu	ufu	kofa
CV	bá	bá	zo
CVC	mūm	mūm	tona
CCV	u.kwe	ukwe	shugaba
CCVC	kwáb	kwáb	gwada

Sandhi ya canza

Harafin ⟨w⟩ a cikin yaren Kuteb yana riƙe da matsayinta na kusan labio-velar, kamar yadda yake a uwé 'face' ko kuma a wōm 'bushe' - kodayake, lokacin da aka haɗa ⟨w⟩ a cikin gungu tare da baƙon faranti (/ c, j, sh, nj /) / w /, saboda canje-canjen sandhi, ya zama ana sakin murya ko sakin magana.

Rarraba baƙin

A cikin Kuteb, akwai gungu da yawa na baƙaƙe waɗanda zasu iya wanzu, kodayake, mafi yawan waɗannan suna faruwa tsakanin iyakokin kalmomi, kodayake, wasu daga waɗannan suna faruwa ne a cikin keɓewar sigari guda ɗaya - waɗannan jerin kalmomin suna ƙasa. A ka'idar duk da haka, duk wani haɗuwa da baƙi-na ƙarshe (duba ƙasa) sannan kowane harafin harafi zai biyo baya. Zai yiwu, duk da haka, ragin zai iya faruwa, kamar yadda a cikin kalmar ushitong 'mai motsa-miya' (daga shir da utoŋ ) inda aka jefa / r / a ciki. Har ila yau, lokacin da finalnn⟩ na ƙarshe ^{[note 1]} mai tushe zai kasance mai tushe farawa da ⟨n⟩, ⟨nn⟩ + doublen⟩ ninki biyu ya ragu zuwa kawai justn⟩. Ana iya nuna wannan tasirin a cikin kalmomi kamar munae (munn-náe) 'su kasance masu yalwa', kuma a munji (munn-nji) 'manta'. ^[5]

A cikin matsayin CV, ana amfani da baƙin baƙi masu zuwa: ^[5]

p ts tckb (d) (g) mb nd nj ŋg fs sh hvz nz mn ŋ rl

Duk da yake a cikin C (C) VC matsayi na ƙarshe, ana amfani da waɗannan a maimakon:

brgmn * ŋ *

Kuma ana amfani da waɗannan masu zuwa a gungu CC:

Tare da Cw : pw, mbw, bw, fw, mw, sw (?), Cw, njw, jw, shw, kw, ngw, da ŋw ^{[note 2]}
Tare da Cy : py, mby
Tare da Ck : pk, tk, fk, sk
Tare da Cg : mbg, ndg

Ƙungiyoyin baƙi

A cikin 1964, Peter Ladefoged ya yi rikodin sautuka a harsunan Yammacin Afirka da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan yarukan shine Kuteb, kuma waɗannan abubuwan bincikensa ne:

Labial			Hakori	Alveolar	Palatal	Post-palatal	Velar
Tare da / w /	Tare da / y /	Tare da / ɣ / ko / x /	Hakori	Alveolar	Palatal	Post-palatal	Velar
pw	py	px	ts	tx	tʃ	tf	kw
mbw	mby	mbɣ	ndz	ndɣ	ndʒ	ndv	ŋgw
bw	by	bɣ			dʒ	dv	(gw)
fw	fy	fx		sk		.f
mw	na	(mɣ)			a'a		ŋw

Bayanan kula

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 In the standard Kuteb orthography, ⟨n⟩ is used initially and medially for /n/, while ⟨nn⟩ is used finally
↑ Roger Blench notes that ⟨ŋ⟩ and ⟨ng⟩ are equivalent in the standard orthography. Here, both ⟨ŋw⟩ and ⟨ngw⟩ are listed as separate phonemes, though, the difference between them is not given

Hanyoyin haɗin waje

Manazarta

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Kuteb". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Glottolog" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Samfuri:Ethnologue18
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Blench, Roger. Kuteb grammar. p. 19
↑ Blench, Roger. Kuteb grammar. p. 20
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Blench, Roger. Kuteb grammar. p. 37–38

[:0-5] 1.0 ^1.1 In the standard Kuteb orthography, ⟨n⟩ is used initially and medially for /n/, while ⟨nn⟩ is used finally

[7] Roger Blench notes that ⟨ŋ⟩ and ⟨ng⟩ are equivalent in the standard orthography. Here, both ⟨ŋw⟩ and ⟨ngw⟩ are listed as separate phonemes, though, the difference between them is not given

[Glottolog-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Kuteb". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Glottolog" defined multiple times with different content

[e18-2] Samfuri:Ethnologue18

[:0-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Blench, Roger. Kuteb grammar. p. 19

[4] Blench, Roger. Kuteb grammar. p. 20

[:1-6] 5.0 ^5.1 Blench, Roger. Kuteb grammar. p. 37–38

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[4]

[note 1]

[5]

[note 2]