Harsunan Bua

Bua
Geographic distribution	southern Chad
Linguistic classification	Nnijer–Kongo Atlantic–Congo Volta-Congo Bua; ; ;
Glottolog	adam1257

Harsunan Bua rukuni ne na rukunin rukunin Mbum-Day na harsunan Savanna da mutane kasa da 30,000 ke magana a kudancin Chadi a wani yanki da ke tsakanin kogin Chari da Guéra Massif . An yi musu lakabi da "G13" a cikin shawarwarin iyali da harshen Adamawa na Joseph Greenberg . A ƙarshe suna cikin dangin Nijar – Kongo, kuma sun yi tasiri sosai a Laal .

Harsunan Bua sun yi mu'amala mai yawa da harsunan Chadic .

Harsuna

Harsunan Bua sun haɗa da:

Harshen Bua (masu magana da harshen 7,708 a 1993), arewacin kogin Chari da ke kewayen Korbol da Gabil (wanda aka sanya wa kungiyar suna); fahimtar juna tare da Fanian.
Fanian, ko Mana, ko Kobe (> 1,100 jawabai a 1997), a cikin kauyukan Mouraye, Sengué, Malakonjo, Rim, Sisi, Karo yammacin tafkin Iro.
Niellim ko Lua (masu magana 5,157 a cikin 1993), ana magana da su a kusa da Niellim da Niou tare da kogin Chari a arewacin Sarh (ciki har da yaren Chini da ba a taɓa gani ba)
Tunia (masu magana da 2,255 a cikin 1993), a kusa da Sarh (ciki har da yare na Perim)
Noy ko Loo (masu magana 36 a cikin 1993), ana magana da su a Bedaya, Balimba, Djoli, Koumra, da Koumogo kudancin Sarh . Kusan bacewa.
Harsunan Gula :
- Gula Iro ko Kulaal (masu magana 3,500 a 1991), a kusa da tafkin Iro .
- Zan Gula (masu magana 4,000 a 1997), a kusa da Zan da Chinguil .
- Bon Gula (> 1,200 masu magana a 1997), a cikin kauyukan Bon da Ibir .
Koke (masu magana 600 a 1993), a kusa da Daguela
Bolgo (masu magana 1,800 a cikin 1993), kusa da Melfi, a cikin Koya, Boli, Gagne, da Bedi.

Wanda ya fara lura da kamanceceniya tsakanin Bua da Niellim a buga shine Gustav Nachtigal, a cikin 1889. Maurice Gaudefroy-Demombynes ya kara Tunia da "Mana" (watakila madadin sunan Fanian) a cikin 1907, ya kafa "Groupe Boa". Haka nan Johannes Lukas (1937) ya bayyana “Bua-Gruppe” wanda ya ƙunshi Bua, Niellim, da Koke, kuma a cikin rarrabuwar Joseph Greenberg ta 1963 The Languages of Africa, an haɗa harsunan guda uku tare a cikin rukunin Adamawa a matsayin ƙungiya mai suna Adamawa. -13. Daga baya, Pairault (1965, 1969) ya ƙara ƙarin harsunan Gula na arewa, Fanian, Koke, da Bolgo, yana barin Samarin (1971) ya ayyana kusan membobin Bua harsuna/Adamawa-13. Daga baya Palayer ya kara da Noy.

Cikakken jerin harsunan Bua daga Boyeldieu, et al. (2018: 55-56) an ba da ƙasa. ^[2]

Harshe	Madadin sunaye	Sunan kai	Wurare	Yawan masu magana
Lua	Niellim, Nielim	luwa	Niellim, Niou, Sar	5,000
Cini		ci	Niellim	bacewa
Tun	Tuni, Tunya	tyan	Sar	2,000
Perim		prim	kewayen Niellim	bacewa
Lɔɔ	A'a	lɔ́ɔ̄	Bédaya, Djoli, Balimba, Koumogo Koumra	bacewa
Kulaal	Goula d'Iro, Gula Iro	glossonym: kuláál	Masidjanga, Boum Kabir, Tiéou, Tiolé Kabir	3,500
Bon Gula (Goula de Bon)	Eeni		Bon, Ibir	1,200
Zan Gula (Goula de Zan)	Moraj	glossonym: Ƙari ko Morre [mɔrrɛ]	Zan, Chinguil	3,200
Ƙa	Buwa, Ba, Bua	ɓà	Korbol, Lagouaye, Nyamko, Tigli, Tim, Bar, Sakre Deleb, Malbom, Ladon da kuma, more zuwa Arewa, wani keɓe kungiya a Gabil.	8,000
Korom/Kawãwãy			Bar, Sarabara, Sakré Deleb, Tilé Nougar	60
Fanya	Faniya	fãỹa	Karo, Ataway, Tilé Nougar, Timan, Sisi, Rim	1,000
Tereu	Bolgo Dugag	terēù, glossonym: terēùni	Aloa (IGN Alouna?), Niagara (IGN Niakra?), Koya, Boli	1,000
Bolgo daidai	Bolgo Kubar	ɓulgò, glossonym: ɓulgòni	Arap, Gagne, Bedi, Moulouk, Hari, Kodbo	1,800 (Bolgo dace da Bormo)
Borno	Bolgo Kubar	bòrmó, glossonym: ɓommoni	Arap, Gagne, Bedi, Moulouk, Hari, Kodbo	1,800 (Bolgo dace da Bormo)
Koke	Khoke		Daguela, Chobo	600

Rarrabuwa

Rabe-rabe na farko na Kastenholz's (2017:2) ya raba harsunan Bua zuwa ƙungiyar Riverine da ƙungiyar Inland. ^[3] ^[2] ^[4]

Buwa
- Kogin Kogin
  - Tun
  - Ɓa, Lua
- Cikin Ƙasa
  - Koke, Bolgo
  - Gula
    - Bon Gula
    - nukiliya Gula
      - Zan Gula
      - Fãya, Kulaal

Siffofin harshe

Duk waɗannan harsunan tonal ne, tare da tsayin wasali na musamman da wasulan hanci a cikin iyakantaccen yanayi. Yawancin waɗannan harsuna sun rasa tsarin ajin suna Neja-Congo (Goula Iro da alama ya riƙe shi zuwa wani mataki). bak'i da/ko suffixation.

Bayanan kafa

Littafi Mai Tsarki

Babban dacewa

Pascal Boyeldieu da C. Seignobos, "Taimakawa a l'étude du biya niellim (Moyen-Chari–Tchad)", L'homme et le milieu, Al'amuran du développement au Tchad, N'Djamena, "Annales de l'Universite du Tchad ", Série: Lettres, Langues vivantes et Sciences humaines, no. 3, 1975, shafi. 67-98. Ya haɗa da jerin kwatancen kalmomi 80 don Niellim da nau'ikan Tunia guda uku, tare da wasu maganganu akan wasiku na yau da kullun.
P. Boyeldieu "Présentation sommaire du groupe boua, Tchad (Adamawa 13 de JH Greenberg)^{[dead link]} ", shafi na 275-286, a cikin: Colloques et séminaires : Le Milieu et les Hommes. Recherches comparatives et historiques dans la bassin du lac Tchad. Actes du 2ème colloque Méga-Tchad ORSTOM BONDY, le 3 da 4 ga Oktoba 1985. Ministan Faransa française de la Coopération & MESRES Cameroun, 1985.
P. Boyeldieu, "vestiges de suffixes des classes nominales dans les langues du groupe boua (Tchad, Adamawa-13 de JH Greenberg)" - Hanyoyi na Yanzu zuwa Harshen Afirka, vol. 2 (J. Kaye, H. Koopman, D. Sportiche da A. Dugas, eds.) - Dordrecht/Cinnaminson, Foris Publications, pp. 3–15.
P. Boyeldieu & C. Seignobos, Gudunmawa a l'étude du biya niellim, Université du Tchad / INTSH, N'djamena, 1974. Ya haɗa da jerin kalmomi don Kwa Tchini (Yaren Niellim) da Kwa Perim (harshen Tunisiya).
P. Boyeldieu "Vestiges de suffixes de classes nominales dans les langues du groupe boua (Tchad, Adamawa-13 de JH Greenberg)" in Current Approaches to African Linguistics (Actes du 13ème Colloque Annuel de Linguistique Africaniste, Montréal, Canada) . Dordrecht: Foris Publications, 1983, p. 3-15. Col. Bugawa a cikin harsunan Afirka da ilimin harshe.
M. Gaudefroy-Demombynes, Documents sur les langues de l'Oubangui-Chari, Paris, 1907. Ya haɗa da (pp. 107-122) jerin kwatancen kalmomi 200 na Bua, Niellim, Fanian, da Tunia, tare da taƙaitaccen nahawu da wasu jimlolin da Decorse ya tattara.
A. Joly, Le canton de Boli, 1935, N'djamena Archives W-52/19. Ya ƙunshi wasu kalmomi Fanian da Bolgo 200 (shafi. 43-50.)
J. Lukas, Zentralsudanisches Studien, Hamburg, Friedrichsen, de Gruyter & Cie, 1937. Yana ba da jerin kalmomi na Nachtigal, zu Mecklenburg, Barth, da Gaudefroy-Demombynes don Bua (~ kalmomi 400), Niellim (~ kalmomi 200), da Koke (~ kalmomi 100).
P. Palayer, "Notes sur les Noy du Moyen-Chari (Tchad)", Les langues du groupe Boua, N'djamena, INSH, "Etudes et documents tchadiens", Série C (Linguistique), no. 2, pp. 196-219. Abubuwan Noy, da jerin kwatancen kalmomi 50 na Noy, Niellim (harrukan 2), Tunia, Iro Gula.
Gen. de Rendinger, "Gudunmawa à l'étude des langues nègres du Center Africain", Journal de la Société des Africanistes, XIX-II, 1949, pp. 143-194. Ya haɗa da misalai da bayanan nahawu kan nau'ikan Bolgo da Zan Gula.
AN Tucker & MA Bryan, Harsunan Bantu na Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka, Littafin Jagoran Harsunan Afirka, Sashe na III, Jami'ar Oxford na Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka ta Duniya, 1956. Ya ƙunshi jerin manyan harsunan Bua, taƙaitaccen nahawu na Bua, Tunia, da Niellim dangane da aikin filin da ake da su, da taƙaitaccen jerin kalmomi na Rana.

Takaitattun harsuna

Dubi Niellim, Gula Iro don ayyuka akan waɗannan harsuna.

PA Benton, Harsuna da Jama'ar Bornu Vol. I, Frank Cass & Co:London 1912 (ed. na farko)/1968 (eded.) 78-130.
P. Boyeldieu, La langue lua ("niellim") (Groupe Boua - Moyen-Chari, Tchad) Phonologie - Morphologie - Dérivation verbale . Description des langues et monographes ethnologuistiques, 1. Jami'ar Cambridge Press & Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme na SELAF. Paris 1985. ISBN 0-521-27069-3 (CUP). (Babban tushen wannan littafin tarihin.)
Faris, David da Marba Meundeung. 1993. Etude sociolinguistique de la langue bon goula ' ^[<span title="Dead link tagged November 2016">matacciyar hanyar haɗin gwiwa ta dindindin</span> ]. SIL Chadi. Ya haɗa da jerin kalmomi.
J. Mouchet, "Gudunmawa à l'étude du Gula (Tchad)", Bulletin de l'IFAN, vol. XX, jerin B, no. 3-4, 1958, shafi. 593-611. Bon Gula.
P. Palayer, Esquisse phonologique du Tounia, INSH, 1974 (?).

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

Archived Jerin Proto-Bua Swadesh Archived 2022-04-02 at the Wayback Machine </link> (Boyeldieu ms)

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Adamawa Bua". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Boyeldieu, Pascal, Raimund Kastenholz, Ulrich Kleinewillinghöfer & Florian Lionnet (2018). The Bua Group languages (Chad, Adamawa 13): A comparative perspective. In Kramer & Kießling (eds.), Current approaches to Adamawa and Gur languages. Cologne: 2018, 53-126.
↑ Kastenholz, Raimund. 2017. La langue bolgo du Guéra (Tchad) : notes de recherche et matériel lexical. (Working Papers of the Department of Anthropology and African Studies of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 172).
↑ Lionnet, Florian. 2021. Areal alignment and the diversification of Bua languages (Chad). Diedrich Westermann-Workshop (West-central African linguistic history between Macro-Sudan Belt and Niger-Congo: commemorating Diedrich Westermann’s legacy and the 100th anniversary of the Berlin professorship for African languages), 4-6 November 2021, Humboldt University of Berlin.

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Adamawa Bua". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[Boyeldieu-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Boyeldieu, Pascal, Raimund Kastenholz, Ulrich Kleinewillinghöfer & Florian Lionnet (2018). The Bua Group languages (Chad, Adamawa 13): A comparative perspective. In Kramer & Kießling (eds.), Current approaches to Adamawa and Gur languages. Cologne: 2018, 53-126.

[3] Kastenholz, Raimund. 2017. La langue bolgo du Guéra (Tchad) : notes de recherche et matériel lexical. (Working Papers of the Department of Anthropology and African Studies of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 172).

[4] Lionnet, Florian. 2021. Areal alignment and the diversification of Bua languages (Chad). Diedrich Westermann-Workshop (West-central African linguistic history between Macro-Sudan Belt and Niger-Congo: commemorating Diedrich Westermann’s legacy and the 100th anniversary of the Berlin professorship for African languages), 4-6 November 2021, Humboldt University of Berlin.

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