Henry Fonda

Henry Jaynes Fonda (16 ga Mayu, 1905 - 12 ga Agusta, 1982) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka wanda aikinsa ya kai shekaru hamsin a Broadway da Hollywood . A kan allo da kuma mataki, sau da yawa yana nuna haruffa waɗanda ke nuna hoton kowane mutum.

An haife shi kuma ya girma a Nebraska, Fonda ya yi alama tun da wuri a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway kuma ya fara fim dinsa na Hollywood a 1935. Ya tashi zuwa fim din tare da wasan kwaikwayo a fina-finai kamar Jezebel (1938), Jesse James (1939) da Young Mr. Lincoln (1939). Ya sami gabatarwa don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Actor saboda rawar da ya taka a matsayin Tom Joad a cikin The Grapes of Wrath (1940).

A shekara ta 1941, Fonda ta yi fice a gaban Barbara Stanwyck a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo mai suna The Lady Eve . Bayan hidimarsa a yakin duniya na biyu, ya fito a cikin fina-finai biyu masu daraja: The Ox-Bow Incident (1943) da My Darling Clementine (1946), wanda John Ford ya jagoranta. Ya kuma fito a cikin Ford's Western Fort Apache (1948). A lokacin hutu na shekaru bakwai daga fina-finai, Fonda ya mayar da hankali kan shirye-shiryen mataki, ya koma tauraruwa a cikin fim din jirgin ruwa na yaki Mista Roberts a shekarar 1955, rawar da ya taka a Broadway. A shekara ta 1956, yana da shekaru 51, Fonda ya taka rawar Manny Balestrero mai shekaru 38 a cikin fim din Alfred Hitchcock mai suna The Wrong Man . A shekara ta 1957, Fonda ya fito a matsayin Juror 8, mai juriya, a cikin 12 Angry Men, fim din da ya hada kai kuma hakan ya ba shi lambar yabo ta BAFTA don Mafi kyawun Actor na kasashen waje.

Daga baya a cikin aikinsa, Fonda ya buga haruffa da yawa, ciki har da wani mugu a cikin wani lokaci a Yamma (1968) da kuma jagora a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya Yours, Mine and Ours tare da Lucille Ball . Ya kuma nuna siffofin soja, kamar su kolin a Yaƙin Bulge (1965) da Admiral Nimitz a Midway (1976).

Fonda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Actor a 54th Academy Awards don rawar fim dinsa na karshe A kan Golden Pond (1981), wanda Katharine Hepburn da 'yarsa Jane Fonda suka yi tare. Ya yi rashin lafiya sosai don halartar bikin kuma ya mutu daga cutar zuciya watanni biyar bayan haka.

Fonda ita ce uban iyali na 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, ciki har da 'yar Jane Fonda, ɗa Peter Fonda, jikokin Bridget Fonda da jikan Troy Garity . A shekara ta 1999, an ba shi suna na shida mafi girma Male Screen Legends of the Classic Hollywood Era (taurari tare da fara fim a 1950) ta Cibiyar Fim ta Amurka.

Tarihin iyali da farkon rayuwarsa

Jane Fonda, Henry Fonda, da Peter Fonda a watan Yulin 1955 [2] haife shi a Grand Island, Nebraska, a ranar 16 ga Mayu, 1905, Henry Jaynes Fonda ɗan mai bugawa ne William Brace Fonda, da matarsa, Herberta (Jaynes). Iyalin sun koma Omaha, Nebraska, a cikin 1906.

[4] [3] patriline ta samo asali ne daga kakanninmu daga Genoa, Italiya, wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa Netherlands a karni na 15. A shekara ta 1642, wani reshe na dangin Fonda ya yi hijira zuwa mulkin mallaka na Dutch na New Netherland a Gabashin Gabas Arewacin Amurka. Sun kasance daga cikin mutanen Holland na farko da suka zauna a cikin abin da ke yanzu arewacin New York, suka kafa garin Fonda, New York. A shekara ta 1888, yawancin zuriyarsu sun koma Nebraska.

haifi Fonda a matsayin Masanin Kimiyya na Kirista, kodayake an yi masa baftisma a matsayin Episcopalian a Ikilisiyar Episcopal ta St. Stephen a Grand Island. Sun kasance dangi ne na kusa kuma suna tallafawa sosai, musamman a cikin batutuwan kiwon lafiya, yayin da suke guje wa likitoci saboda addininsu. Duk da cewa yana da asalin addini, daga baya ya zama agnostic. Fonda yaro ne mai kunya, ɗan gajeren lokaci wanda ke guje wa 'yan mata, sai dai' yan uwansa mata, kuma mai kyau ne, mai iyo, da kuma mai gudu. Ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a masana'antar buga littattafai ta mahaifinsa kuma ya yi tunanin yiwuwar aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida. Daga baya, ya yi aiki bayan makaranta don kamfanin waya. Ya kuma ji daɗin zane. Fonda ya kasance mai aiki a cikin Boy Scouts na Amurka; Howard Teichmann ya ba da rahoton cewa ya kai matsayin Eagle Scout . [1] Koyaya, wannan ba a tallafawa a wasu wurare ba. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 14, shi da mahaifinsa sun ga mummunan kisan Will Brown daga wani gini da ke kusa da shi a lokacin Rikicin tseren Omaha na 1919. [1] Wannan ya fusata matashi Fonda kuma ya ci gaba da wayar da kan jama'a game da nuna bambanci har tsawon rayuwarsa. Da yake magana game da lamarin a cikin wata hira ta BBC ta 1975, ya ce: "Wannan shine mafi munin gani da na taɓa gani. Hannuna sun yi rigar, akwai hawaye a idanuna. Duk abin da zan iya tunanin shi ne wannan saurayi baƙar fata da ke rataye a ƙarshen igiya. " [1] A babban shekarunsa a makarantar sakandare, Fonda ya girma zuwa fiye da ƙafa 6 (180 cm) tsawo, amma ya kasance jin kunya. Ya halarci Jami'ar Minnesota, inda ya yi karatu a fannin aikin jarida, amma bai kammala karatu ba. Yayinda yake a Minnesota ya kasance memba na Chi Delta Xi, ƙungiyar 'yan uwa ta gida, wanda daga baya ya zama Chi Phi's Gamma Delta chapter a wannan harabar. [1] Ya ɗauki aiki tare da Kamfanin Kudin Kasuwanci.Kamfanin Kasuwanci.

Ayyuka

Ayyukan farko lokacin da yake da shekaru 20, Fonda ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Omaha Community Playhouse lokacin da abokiyar mahaifiyarsa Dodie Brando (mahaifiyar Marlon Brando) ta ba da shawarar cewa ya gwada wani ɓangare na yara a cikin Kai da Ni, inda aka jefa shi a matsayin Ricky. Ya yi sha'awar mataki, yana koyon komai daga tsarin gini zuwa samar da mataki, kuma yana jin kunya da iyawarsa ta wasan kwaikwayo. Lokacin da ya sami jagora a cikin Merton of the Movies, ya fahimci kyawawan wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin sana'a, saboda ya ba shi damar karkatar da hankali daga halinsa da aka ɗaure da harshe kuma ya kirkiro halayen mataki da suka dogara da kalmomin wani. Fonda ya yanke shawarar barin aikinsa kuma ya tafi gabas a 1928 don neman dukiyarsa.

isa Cape Cod kuma ya taka rawar gani a Cape Playhouse a Dennis, Massachusetts. Wani aboki ya kai shi Falmouth, MA inda ya shiga kuma da sauri ya zama memba mai daraja na Jami'ar 'Yan wasa, kamfanin kayan aiki na lokacin rani. A can, ya yi aiki tare da Margaret Sullavan, matarsa ta gaba. James Stewart ya shiga 'yan wasan bayan 'yan watanni bayan Fonda ya tafi, kodayake nan da nan za su zama abokai na dindindin. Fonda ya bar 'yan wasa a ƙarshen kakar 1931-1932 bayan ya bayyana a cikin aikinsa na farko a cikin The Jest, na Sem Benelli . Joshua Logan, wani matashi na biyu a Princeton wanda aka jefa sau biyu a cikin wasan kwaikwayon, ya ba Fonda ɓangaren Tornaquinci, "wani tsoho ɗan Italiya mai dogon gemu har ma da gashi mai tsawo. " Hakanan a cikin simintin Jest tare da Fonda da Logan sune Bretaigne Windust, Kent Smith, da Eleanor Phelps.

da daɗewa ba, Fonda ya tafi Birnin New York don ya kasance tare da matarsa ta lokacin, Margaret Sullavan . Aure ya kasance takaice, amma lokacin da James Stewart ya zo New York sa'arsa ta canza. Samun bayanan tuntuɓar daga Joshua Logan, "Jimmy" da "Hank" sun gano cewa suna da yawa iri ɗaya, muddin ba su tattauna siyasa ba. Mutanen biyu sun zama abokan zama kuma sun inganta ƙwarewarsu a Broadway. Fonda ya bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayo daga 1926 zuwa 1934. Ba su yi kyau fiye da yawancin Amurkawa a ciki da waje da aiki a farkon ɓangaren Babban Mawuyacin hali, wani lokacin ba su da isasshen kuɗi don ɗaukar jirgin karkashin kasa.

Shigar Hollywood

Fonda a cikin Jezebel

sami hutu na farko a fina-finai lokacin da aka hayar shi a 1935 a matsayin jagora Janet Gaynor a cikin 20th Century Fox's screen adaptation of The Farmer Takes a Wife; ya sake taka rawar sa daga Broadway samar da wannan sunan, wanda ya sami karbuwa. Ba zato ba tsammani, Fonda tana yin $ 3,000 a mako kuma tana cin abinci tare da taurarin Hollywood kamar Carole Lombard . [1] Stewart nan da nan ya bi shi zuwa Hollywood, kuma sun sake zama tare, a cikin masauki kusa da Greta Garbo. A cikin 1935 Fonda ta fito a fim din RKO I Dream Too Much tare da tauraron opera Lily Pons . Jaridar New York Times ta sanar da shi a matsayin "Henry Fonda, mafi kyawun sabon amfanin gona na matasa masu soyayya. " [1] Ayyukan fim na Fonda sun bunƙasa yayin da yake tare da Sylvia Sidney da Fred MacMurray a cikin The Trail of the Lonesome Pine (1936), fim na farko na Technicolor da aka yi fim a waje. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][citation needed]

Fonda ta fito tare da tsohuwar matarsa Margaret Sullavan a cikin The Moon's Our Home, kuma ɗan gajeren sake farfado da dangantakarsu ya haifar da ɗan gajeren lokaci amma na ɗan lokaci game da sake aure. Fonda ya sami yabo don rawar da ya taka a cikin You Only Live Once (1937), kuma Sidney ne ya jagoranci, kuma Fritz Lang ne ya ba da umarni. Ya fito a gaban Bette Davis, wanda ya zaɓe shi, a fim din Jezebel (1938). Wannan ya biyo bayan rawar da ya taka a cikin Young Mr. Lincoln (1939), haɗin gwiwarsa na farko tare da darektan John Ford, kuma a wannan shekarar ya buga Frank James a Jesse James (1939) tare da Tyrone Power da Nancy Kelly . Wani fim na 1939 shi ne Drums Along the Mohawk, wanda Ford ya jagoranta.

Fonda a cikin Lady EveUwargidan Hauwa'u

Nasarar Fonda [21] kai Ford ga daukar shi don ya buga Tom Joad a cikin fim din littafin John Steinbeck The Grapes of Wrath (1940). Darryl Zanuck mai jinkiri, wanda ya fi Ikon Tyrone Power, ya nace kan sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru bakwai tare da ɗakinsa, Twentieth Century-Fox. Fonda ya amince kuma an zabi shi don kyautar Kwalejin don aikinsa a cikin fim din, wanda mutane da yawa ke la'akari da shi mafi kyawun rawar da ya taka. Fonda ta fito a cikin Fritz Lang's The Return of Frank James (1940) tare da Gene Tierney . Daga nan sai ya taka leda a gaban Barbara Stanwyck a Preston Sturges's The Lady Eve (1941), kuma ya sake haɗuwa da Tierney a cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai ban dariya mai suna Rings on Her Fingers (1942). Stanwyck na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan da Fonda ya fi so, kuma sun fito a fina-finai uku tare. An yaba masa saboda rawar da ya taka a cikin The Ox-Bow Incident (1943).

Fonda bayan ya shiga cikin Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka a watan Nuwamba 1942 shiga cikin Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka don yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na II, yana cewa, "Ba na so in kasance cikin yaƙin karya a cikin ɗakin karatu. " [1] A baya, Stewart da shi sun taimaka wajen tara kuɗi don kare Burtaniya. [2] Fonda ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru uku, da farko a matsayin Quartermaster 3rd Class a kan mai hallaka USS Satterlee . Daga baya aka ba shi izini a matsayin Lieutenant Junior Grade a Air Combat Intelligence a cikin Tsakiyar Pacific kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Bronze Star da Navy Presidential Unit Citation . [1] Bayan an sallame shi daga aiki saboda "ya wuce gona da iri", an tura Fonda zuwa Naval Reserve, yana aiki shekaru uku (1945-1948).

Ayyukan bayan yaƙi

[26] yakin, Fonda ya yi hutu daga fina-finai kuma ya halarci jam'iyyun Hollywood kuma ya ji daɗin rayuwar farar hula. Stewart da Fonda za su saurari rikodin kuma su gayyaci Johnny Mercer, Hoagy Carmichael, Dinah Shore, da Nat King Cole don kiɗa, tare da ƙarshen yana ba da darussan piano na iyali. Fonda ya buga Wyatt Earp a cikin My Darling Clementine (1946), wanda John Ford ya jagoranta. Fonda ya yi fina-finai bakwai bayan yakin har sai kwangilarsa da Fox ta kare, ta ƙarshe ita ce Otto Preminger's Daisy Kenyon (1947), a gaban Joan Crawford . Ya fito a cikin The Fugitive (1947), wanda shine fim na farko na sabon kamfanin samar da Ford, Argosy Pictures . A shekara ta 1948 ya bayyana a cikin wani Argosy / Ford na gaba, Fort Apache, a matsayin kwamandan Sojoji mai tsananin gaske, tare da John Wayne da Shirley Temple a matsayinta na farko.

Fonda a cikin tufafin Sojan Ruwa

Fonda a cikin Mista Roberts

Da yake ƙin wani kwangilar studio na dogon lokaci, Fonda ya koma Broadway, yana sanye da murfin jami'insa don ya samo asali a cikin Mister Roberts, wasan kwaikwayo game da Rundunar Sojan Amurka, a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II a Kudancin Tekun Pacific inda Fonda, ƙaramin jami'in, Lt. Douglas A. Roberts ya yi yaƙi mai zaman kansa da kyaftin din mai zalunci. Ya lashe lambar yabo ta Tony ta 1948 don bangare. Fonda ya biyo bayan hakan ta hanyar sake yin wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin yawon shakatawa na kasa kuma tare da nasarar da ya samu a Point of No Return da The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial . Bayan shekaru takwas da ya kasance daga fina-finai, ya fito a cikin wannan rawar a cikin fim din 1955 na Mister Roberts tare da James Cagney, William Powell, da Jack Lemmon, yana ci gaba da tsarin kawo matsayinsa na shahara zuwa rayuwa a babban allo. A kan saitin Mister Roberts, Fonda ya zo ya yi karo da darektan John Ford, wanda ya buge shi yayin yin fim, kuma Fonda ya yi rantsuwa da cewa ba zai sake yin aiki ga darektan ba. Yayinda ya ci gaba da wannan rantsuwar shekaru da yawa, Fonda ya yi magana da kyau game da Ford a cikin shirin Peter Bogdanovich wanda John Ford ya jagoranta kuma a cikin shirin game da aikin Ford tare da Ford da James Stewart. Fonda ya ki shiga har sai da ya fahimci cewa Ford ya nace kan jefa Fonda a matsayin jagora a cikin fim din Mista Roberts, yana farfado da aikin fim na Fonda bayan ya mai da hankali kan mataki na shekaru.

Bayan Mista Roberts, Fonda ya kasance na gaba a cikin shirye-shiryen Paramount Pictures na littafin Leo Tolstoy mai suna War and Peace (1956) game da mamayewar Sarkin sarakuna Napoleon na Faransa a Rasha a 1812, inda ya buga Pierre Bezukhov a gaban Audrey Hepburn; ya ɗauki shekaru biyu don harba. Fonda ya yi aiki tare da Alfred Hitchcock a shekara ta 1956, yana wasa da mutumin da ake zargi da fashi a cikin The Wrong Man; aikin da ba a saba gani ba na Hitchcock ya dogara ne akan ainihin abin da ya faru kuma an yi fim a wurin.

Lauren Bacall, Humphrey Bogart, da Fonda a cikin gidan talabijin mai launi na 1955 na The Petrified ForestDajin da aka yi wa dutse shekara ta 1957, Fonda ya fara fitowa tare da 12 Angry Men, inda ya kuma fito. Fim din ya samo asali ne daga wasan kwaikwayo da rubutun Reginald Rose, kuma Sidney Lumet ne ya ba da umarni. An kammala samar da kasafin kuɗi a cikin kwanaki 17 na yin fim, galibi a cikin ɗakin juriya guda ɗaya. Yana da karfi mai karfi, ciki har da Jack Klugman, Lee J. Cobb, Martin Balsam, da EG Marshall. Labari mai zurfi game da juriya goma sha biyu da ke yanke shawarar makomar wani saurayi da ake zargi da kisan kai ya sami karbuwa daga masu sukar duniya. Fonda ya raba lambar yabo ta Kwalejin da kuma gabatarwa ta Golden Globe tare da mai samar da Reginald Rose, kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta BAFTA ta 1958 don Mafi kyawun Actor don aikinsa a matsayin Juror 8. Da farko, fim din bai yi kyau ba, amma bayan ya sami karbuwa da kyaututtuka, ya tabbatar da nasara. Duk da sakamakon, Fonda ya yi rantsuwa cewa ba zai sake samar da fim ba, yana tsoron cewa gazawar a matsayin furodusa na iya lalata aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo. Bayan ya yi aiki a fina-finai na Yammacin The Tin Star (1957) da Warlock (1959), Fonda ya koma wurin zama na samar da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Yamma na NBC The Deputy (1959-1961), wanda ya fito a matsayin Marshal Simon Fry . Abokan aikinsa sune Allen Case da Read Morgan .

Fonda a cikin Yadda Yamma ta lashe

A cikin shekarun 1960s, Fonda ya yi aiki a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa da Yammacin Yamma, ciki har da 1962's The Longest Day da Cinerama samar How the West Was Won, 1965's In Harm's Way, da Battle of the Bulge . A cikin fim din Cold War mai ban tsoro Fail-Safe (1964), Fonda ya buga Shugaban Amurka wanda ke ƙoƙarin hana kisan nukiliya ta hanyar tattaunawa mai tsanani tare da Soviets bayan an umarci 'yan bam na Amurka su kai hari kan USSR. Ya kuma koma fim din da ya fi dacewa a cikin Spencer's Mountain (1963), wanda shine wahayi ga jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na 1970, The Waltons, wanda ya dogara da Babban Mawuyacin tunanin shekarun 1930 na Earl Hamner Jr.

Fonda ya bayyana a kan nau'in a matsayin mai laifi 'Frank' a cikin 1968's Once Upon a Time in the West . Bayan da farko ya ƙi rawar, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Eli Wallach da darektan Sergio Leone (wanda a baya ya yi ƙoƙari ya hayar shi don nuna Mutumin da Ba shi da Sunan a cikin Dollars Trilogy, rawar da daga baya Clint Eastwood ya ɗauka), wanda ya tashi daga Italiya zuwa Amurka don ya rinjaye shi ya ɗauki rawar. Fonda ya shirya yin amfani da ruwan tabarau masu launin ruwan kasa, amma Leone ya fi son bambancin hotunan da ke kusa da idanun shudi masu launin shudi na Fonda tare da mummunan halin halin da Fonda ya nuna.

Dangantakar Fonda da Jimmy Stewart ta tsira daga rashin jituwa game da siyasa - Fonda dan jam'iyyar Democrat ne mai sassaucin ra'ayi, kuma Stewart dan jam'iyya ne mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. Bayan jayayya mai zafi, sun guji yin magana da siyasa da juna. Mutanen biyu sun haɗu don Firecreek na 1968, inda Fonda ya sake buga wasan nauyi. A shekara ta 1970, Fonda da Stewart sun yi aiki tare a cikin Yammacin The Cheyenne Social Club, inda suka yi jayayya da siyasa. Sun fara bayyana tare a fim a On Our Merry Way (1948), wani wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya hada da William Demarest da Fred MacMurray kuma ya nuna wani babba Carl "Alfalfa" Switzer, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin yaro a cikin jerin fina-finai na Our Gang na shekarun 1930.