Ka'idodin Abidjan akan Hakkin Ilimi
 Ka'idodin Abidjan akan Hakkin Ilimi |
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Kwamitin kwararru ne ya kirkiro ka’idojin Abidjan bayan wani shiri na tuntuba na tsawon shekaru uku don fayyace bangarorin dokokin kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa da kasa da suka shafi ilimi da bayar da jagoranci kan aiwatar da su. An amince da su a cikin 2019, an gane su a matsayin rubutun fassara mai iko ta ƙungiyoyin duniya da na yanki kamar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Human Rights Council, [1] Kwamitin Haƙƙin Jama'a na Turai, Hukumar Afirka ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a, [2] da kuma Inter-American Commission on Human Rights . Manufar su ita ce ba wa jihohi da sauran ƴan wasan kwaikwayo tsarin tunani don magance tashe-tashen hankula da tambayoyi masu alaƙa da sa hannu a cikin ilimin masu zaman kansu da na kasuwanci.
Fage da ci gaba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ka'idojin Abidjan an ɓullo da su a cikin mahallin karuwar kasancewar 'yan wasa masu zaman kansu a cikin ilimi wanda aka kiyaye a cikin shekaru ashirin na farkon ƙarni na 21st. [3] Har ila yau, sun amsa shekaru saba'in na dokar yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da ta kafa ilimi a matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam, wanda ya fara da Mataki na ashirin da 26 na Yarjejeniya ta Duniya ta 'Yancin Dan Adam, da kuma ci gaba ta hanyar 1966 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa akan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa akan Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da zamantakewa. Hakkokin al'adu na wannan shekarar. A cikin shekaru talatin da suka wuce gwamnatoci sun ci gaba da tabbatar da 'yancin ilimi ta hanyar manyan tarurrukan ilimi ciki har da Jomtien (1990), Dakar (2000), da Incheon (2015).
A al'adance an bukaci gwamnatoci da su yi aiki a matsayin masu ɗaukar haƙƙin ilimi ta hanyar aiki a cikin ayyuka da yawa na masu ba da kuɗi, masu ba da kuɗi, masu bayarwa, da mai gudanarwa. Koyaya, a wasu lokuta wasu daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan ƙungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba ne ke taka su. Misali, gwamnati na iya tallafawa wata kungiya ta waje wacce ke dubawa, ba da izini, ko sarrafa makarantu. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin tsarin ilimi sun haɗa da makarantun da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai, masu alaƙa da addini ko masu zaman kansu ke gudanarwa da gudanarwa. An ɓullo da ƙa'idodin Abidjan don kawo fayyace ga abin da dokar yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa ke buƙata ga masu aikin gwamnati yayin da suke ƙara yin aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba.
Dangane da bayanin kai na masu shirya taron, daftarin ka'idojin Abidjan ya samo asali ne daga "tsari a bayyane, bayyananne, da kuma tattaunawa sosai" wanda ya fara a cikin 2015 kuma ya ci gaba da tarurrukan kasa da kasa da shawarwari kan layi tsakanin 2016 da 2018. [4] Ann Skelton masanin shari'a na Afirka ta Kudu kuma farfesa a Jami'ar Pretoria ne ya jagoranci tsara aikin. An yi la’akari da cewa ba a samu ’yan kasuwa masu zaman kansu ba a tsakanin mambobin kwamitin da suka sanya hannu. Ƙungiyoyin masana harkokin shari'a da ilimi 57 ne suka amince da waɗannan ƙa'idodin a wani taro na Fabrairu 2019 a Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, a gaban wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan 'yancin ilimi da kuma wakilai daga kungiyoyin farar hula.
Abun ciki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ka’idoji 97 na jagora da suka kunshi ka’idojin Abidjan kan ‘yancin ilimi an tsara su zuwa sassa shida da ke ba da jagoranci kan yadda ya kamata a mutunta ‘ yancin ilimi da kuma cika shi.
- Ma'anoni da iyaka
- Wajibi ne a mutunta, karewa, da cika haƙƙin ilimi zuwa iyakar abubuwan da ake da su
- Wajibai na mutunta, karewa da kuma cika haƙƙin ilimi a cikin mahallin sa hannu na sirri
- Kudade
- Daftarin aiki, saka idanu da magunguna
- Aiwatar da sa ido kan ka'idodin jagora
An ƙara ƙarfafa ƙa'idodin jagora zuwa manyan ka'idoji guda 10 waɗanda ke taƙaita ayyukan ƙasashe da na duniya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da abubuwa kamar:
- "Dole ne jihohi su ba da ilimi kyauta, na jama'a mafi ingancin da za a iya samu ga kowa da kowa a cikin ikonsu yadda ya kamata kuma cikin hanzari, zuwa iyakar abin da suke da shi." (Babban Ka'ida #2)
- “Dole ne jihohi su mutunta ‘yancin iyaye ko masu kula da shari’a na zabar wa ‘ya’yansu wata cibiyar ilimi ban da cibiyar ilimi ta gwamnati, da kuma ‘yancin daidaikun jama’a da hukumomi na kafa da kuma jagorantar cibiyoyin ilimi masu zaman kansu, bisa la’akari da bukatar irin wannan ilimi mai zaman kansa. cibiyoyi suna bin ka'idojin da gwamnati ta kafa daidai da wajibcinta a karkashin dokokin 'yancin ɗan adam na duniya." ( Ka'ida ta Babban #3 )
- "Taimako da hadin gwiwa na kasa da kasa, idan aka samar, dole ne su karfafa tsarin samar da ilimi kyauta, inganci, na jama'a, tare da kaucewa tallafawa, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, cibiyoyin ilimi masu zaman kansu ta hanyar da ta sabawa hakkin bil'adama." (Babban Ka'ida #6)
Ganuwa da tasiri
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin Nuwamba 2019 a taron zaman lafiya na Paris, An amince da ka'idodin Abidjan a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan gwamnati goma masu albarka' .
Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman aiwatar da ka'idojin Abidjan ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin Dabarun Haɗin gwiwar Sana'a Masu zaman kansu (2019-2022) na Haɗin gwiwar Duniya don Ilimi, haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki da samar da tallafi don tallafawa ilimi a ƙasashe masu karamin karfi wanda ke cikin amintaccen bankin duniya. .
Masu bincike na ilimi sun yi amfani da ka'idodin Abidjan don tantance tasirin tanadi na sirri kan 'yancin ilimi, kamar a cikin 2020 ActionAid -commissioned binciken "Ilimin sirri da bin ka'idodin Abidjan: Nazarin Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania da Najeriya" na Elaine Unterhalter da abokan aiki. Masu binciken sun kuma yi amfani da ka'idodin Abidjan a cikin nazarin ƙarin koyarwa masu zaman kansu, wanda kuma ake kira " Ilimin Shadow ".
Har ila yau, an soki ka’idojin Abidjan a wasu sassan bisa hujjar cewa suna sanya takunkumi mai tsanani kan ilimin zaman kansu da kuma yin katsalandan ga zabin iyaye game da karatun yara. [5]
A yau ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa suna yin amfani da ƙa'idodin Abidjan a cikin ci gaba da aikinsu na ciyar da ilimi gaba a duniya. Wannan ya haɗa da, alal misali, aikin OECD na inganta daidaito da haɗawa a cikin ilimi, da rahoton UNESCO na 2021/2 Global Education Monitoring (GEM) "'Yan wasan kwaikwayo na ilimi: wa ya zaba? Hakanan a cikin Sanarwar Tashkent ta 2022 da aka karɓa yayin taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na UNESCO kan Kula da Yaran Yara da Ilimi. Ka'idojin Abidjan kuma an saka su cikin ayyukan Cibiyar Kula da Tsare-tsare ta Duniya ta UNESCO kan "Manufofi da Dokoki masu daidaitawa da haɗa kai".
Ƙungiyoyin jama'a da dama ne ke jagorantar ƙa'idodin Abidjan, ciki har da 'Yancin Ilimin Initiative (RTE), da kuma Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ilimi da 'Yancin Dan Adam (PEHRC). Har ila yau, an yi amfani da ƙa'idodin ta hanyar Tax Justice Network (TJN), Human Rights Watch (HRW) da Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era (DAWN).
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (9 July 2019). "The right to education: follow-up to Human Rights Council resolution 8/4". ap.ohchr.org. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
- ↑ "Resolution on States' Obligation to Regulate Private Actors Involved in the Provision of Health and Education Services - ACHPR / Res. 420 (LXIV) 2019". African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (in Turanci). 14 May 2019. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
- ↑ Mtsumi, Ashina (12 May 2023). "Abidjan Principles Commentary - Introduction". Oxford Human Rights Hub.
- ↑ Adick, Christel (2021). "How Kenyan initiative helped to regain education as a public good over for-profit education in low-fee private schools". ZEP (Zeitschrift für internationale Bildungsforschung und Entwicklungspadagogik). 44 (4): 4–13.
- ↑ Burnett, Nicholas. "Invited Essay: It's past time to fix the broken international architecture for education". International Journal of Educational Development. 68 (July): 15–19.