Krulak Mendenhall mission

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Krulak Mendenhall mission
fact-finding mission (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Lokacin farawa Satumba 1963
Janar Victor Krulak, babban jami'in sojan ruwa na Amurka

Manufar Krulak-Mendenhall wani balaguro ne na gano gaskiya wanda gwamnatin Kennedy ta aika zuwa Kudancin Vietnam a farkon Satumba 1963. Makasudin ziyarar ita ce bincikar ci gaban yakin da gwamnatin Vietnam ta Kudu da kuma masu ba da shawara ga sojojin Amurka suka yi a kan 'yan tawayen Viet Cong . Victor Krulak da Joseph Mendenhall ne suka jagoranci wannan manufa. Krulak babban janar ne a rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Amurka, yayin da Mendenhall ya kasance babban jami'in ma'aikatar harkokin waje da ya kware wajen tunkarar al'amuran Vietnamese .

An ƙaddamar da wannan balaguron kwana huɗu na guguwa ne a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1963, a daidai lokacin da aka gudanar da taron kwamitin tsaro na kasa (NSC), wanda kuma ya zo ne bayan da dangantaka ta kara tsami tsakanin Amurka da Kudancin Vietnam. Rikicin jama'a ya barke a Kudancin Vietnam yayin da zanga-zangar mabiya addinin Buddah ta nuna adawa da wariyar addini da gwamnatin Katolika ta shugaba Ngô Đình Diệm ke ta'azzara. Bayan farmakin da aka kai a wuraren ibadar addinin Buddah a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane kusan dari, Amurka ta ba da izinin gudanar da bincike kan yuwuwar juyin mulki ta hanyar igiyar igiya zuwa jakadan Amurka Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.

A cikin abubuwan da suka gabatar ga NSC, Krulak ya gabatar da wani rahoto mai kyau game da ci gaban yakin, yayin da Mendenhall ya gabatar da mummunan hoto na gazawar soja da rashin jin dadin jama'a. Krulak ya yi watsi da goyon bayan da jama'a ke ba Viet Cong, yana jin cewa ƙoƙarin sojojin Vietnam a fagen ba zai shafi rashin jin daɗin jama'a da manufofin Diệm ba. Mendenhall ya mayar da hankali ne wajen auna ra'ayin 'yan Biyetnam na birane kuma ya kammala da cewa manufofin Diệm sun ƙara yiwuwar yakin basasa na addini, kuma suna sa 'yan Vietnam ta Kudu su yi imani cewa rayuwa a karkashin Viet Cong za ta inganta rayuwar su. Rahotanni daban-daban sun sa shugaban Amurka John F. Kennedy ya tambayi mashawartansa biyu "Ku biyu kun ziyarci ƙasa ɗaya, ko ba haka ba?"

Rahoton da ba a kammala ba ya kasance batun muhawara mai zafi da na sirri tsakanin manyan mashawartan Kennedy. An tattauna matakai daban-daban game da Vietnam, kamar samar da sauyin gwamnati ko ɗaukar jerin matakan zaɓe da aka tsara don gurgunta tasirin Ngô Đình Nhu, ɗan'uwan Diệm kuma babban mashawarcin siyasa. Ana ganin Nhu da matarsa Madame Ngô Đình Nhu a matsayin manyan musabbabin matsalolin siyasa a Kudancin Vietnam. Sakamakon rashin cikakkar tafiyar Krulak da Mendenhall ya haifar da manufa ta gaba, manufar McNamara–Taylor .

Fage[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  Bayan harbin Huế Phật Đản a ranar 8 ga Mayu, tashin hankalin jama'a ya barke a Kudancin Vietnam . Gwamnatin shugaba Ngô Đình Diệm ta Roman Katolika ta bindige mabiya addinin Buddah guda tara bayan da suka ki amincewa da dokar hana fita daga tutocin addinin Buddha a Vesak, ranar haihuwar Gautama Buddha da kuma gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati. [1] Bayan harbe-harbe, shugabannin addinin Buddah sun fara neman Diệm don samun daidaiton addini da diyya da kuma yin adalci ga iyalan wadanda aka kashe. Yayin da Diệm ya kasance mai jajircewa, zanga-zangar ta karu. [2] Kona kansa da aka yi wa malamin addinin Buddah Tích Quảng Đức a wata mahadar jama'a ta Saigon ya zama bala'i ga dangantakar jama'a ga gwamnatin Diệm, yayin da hotunan taron suka yi kanun labarai na farko a duniya kuma suka zama alamar manufofin Diệm. [3] Yayin da ake ci gaba da zanga-zangar, Sojojin Jamhuriyar Vietnam (ARVN) na musamman da ke biyayya ga dan uwan Diệm Ngô Đình Nhu sun kai farmakin Xá Lợi Pagoda a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, inda aka kiyasta adadin wadanda suka mutu ya haura dari da dama tare da haddasa barna mai yawa a karkashin sojojin. ayyana dokar soja . An rufe jami'o'i da manyan makarantu a daidai lokacin da ake gudanar da zanga-zangar goyon bayan mabiya addinin Buda. A halin da ake ciki, yakin da ake yi da 'yan tawayen Viet Cong ya fara yin rauni a cikin jita-jita na fadan kabilanci tsakanin sojojin ARVN. [4] Hakan ya kara tabarbare ne sakamakon yunkurin juyin mulkin da jami’an ARVN daban-daban suka yi, wanda ya dauke hankali daga ‘ yan tawayen . Bayan hare-haren pagoda, gwamnatin Kennedy ta aika da Cable 243 zuwa Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka, Saigon, yana ba da umarnin bincika madadin shugabanci. [5]

Ƙaddamarwa da balaguro[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A ƙarshen taron kwamitin tsaro na kasa (NSC) da aka yi a ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, an amince da cewa fifikon shi ne samun karin bayani kan halin da ake ciki a Vietnam. Sakataren tsaron Amurka Robert McNamara ya ba da shawarar tura Manjo Janar Victor Krulak zuwa wata ziyarar gano gaskiya cikin gaggawa. NSC ta yarda cewa Joseph Mendenhall - Jami'in Harkokin Waje tare da gogewar Vietnam - zai raka shi kuma su biyun sun fara aikin daga baya a wannan rana.

A tafiyarsu ta komawa Washington, DC, Krulak da Mendenhall za su dawo da John Mecklin da Rufus Phillips daga Saigon don bayar da rahoto. Mecklin ya kasance darektan Sabis na Watsa Labarai na Amurka (USIS), yayin da Phillips ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan shirye-shiryen ƙauyuka na Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka (USM) kuma a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Shirin Hamlet Strategic . [6] Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen ta aika wa ofishin jakadancin Saigon cikakken kebul mai dauke da tambayoyi game da ra'ayin jama'ar Vietnam a duk sassan al'umma. A cikin kalmomin Krulak, manufar ita ce lura da "tasirin abubuwan da suka faru na baya-bayan nan akan halayen Vietnamese gabaɗaya, da kuma yaƙin yaƙi da Viet Cong".

A cikin tafiya ta kwanaki hudu, mutanen biyu sun zagaya a duk faɗin ƙasar Vietnam kafin su koma Washington don gabatar da rahotonsu. Krulak ya ziyarci wurare 10 a duk yankuna hudu na Corps na ARVN kuma ya tattauna da Jakadan Amurka Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., shugaban sojojin Amurka a Vietnam Janar Paul Harkins da ma'aikatansa, masu ba da shawara na Amurka 87 da jami'an ARVN 22. Mendenhall ya tafi Saigon, Huế, Da Nang da wasu garuruwan lardi da dama, yana magana da abokanan Vietnam. Kiyasin da suka yi na lamarin ya kasance akasin haka. Mecklin ya rubuta bayan haka cewa "aiki ne mai ban mamaki, tafiya mil dubu ashirin da hudu da tantance wani yanayi mai sarkakiya kamar Vietnam da dawowa cikin kwanaki hudu kacal. Alama ce ta jihar da gwamnatin Amurka ke ciki." [6] Tashin hankalin da ke tsakanin shugabanninta ya yi nuni da aikin. Mendenhall da Krulak sun ƙi juna sosai, suna magana da juna kawai idan ya cancanta. [6] [7] Mecklin da Krulak sun shiga cikin rikici yayin tashin jirgin na dawowa. Krulak ya ki amincewa da shawarar Mecklin na dawo da faifan talabijin da gwamnatin Diệm ta yi watsi da su zuwa Amurka, yana ganin matakin cin zarafi ne. Bayan doguwar muhawara mai daci a cikin jirgin, Krulak ya yi kira ga Mecklin da ya bar fim din a Alaska a lokacin da aka dakatar da man fetur a Elmendorf Air Force Base, yana mai nuna cewa darektan USIS ya kasance tare da fim din a Alaska. [6] [7]

Bayar da rahoto[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A portrait of a middle-aged man, looking to the left in a half-portrait/profile. He has chubby cheeks, parts his hair to the side and wears a suit and tie.
Shugaba Ngô Đình Diệm na Kudancin Vietnam

Hukumar NSC ta koma zama a safiyar ranar 10 ga watan Satumba domin jin rahotannin tawagar. [7] Mendenhall ya sami gogewa a cikin al'amuran Vietnamese, wanda ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Jakadan Amurka Elbridge Durbrow na baya. Durbrow ya bukaci Diệm a lokuta da dama da ya aiwatar da garambawul na siyasa. Krulak wani sojan ruwa ne da aka sani da imaninsa na yin amfani da aikin soja don cimma manufofin harkokin waje. Halinsa ya sa aka yi masa lakabi da "Brute", wanda ya samo asali daga aikin kokawa a Kwalejin Naval . [8] Mataimakin Sakataren Tsaro Roswell Gilpatric ya lura cewa Mendenhall ana ɗaukarsa "tare da babban zato a gefen kogin Virginia [Pentagon, hedkwatar Ma'aikatar Tsaro]", [8] yayin da Krulak ya kasance "ƙaunar duniya kuma an amince da Pentagon. a bangaren farar hula da na soja”. [8]

Asalin Krulak da Mendenhall sun bayyana a sabanin nazarin yakin. Krulak ya ba da cikakken kyakkyawan nazari game da ci gaban soja tare da rage tasirin rikicin addinin Buddah akan yakin ARVN da Viet Cong. Ƙarshensa shine "[t] yana harbin yaƙin yana ci gaba da tafiya cikin sauri. Rikicin siyasa ya yi tasiri sosai, to amma tasirin bai yi yawa ba.” [9]

Shugaban Amurka John F. Kennedy

Krulak ya tabbatar da cewa har yanzu ana bukatar yawan fadace-fadace, musamman a yankin Mekong Delta, wanda ake daukarsa a matsayin yanki mafi karfi na Viet Cong. Krulak ya tabbatar da cewa dukkan matakan jami'an ARVN sun san rikicin addinin Buddah amma ya yi imanin cewa yawancin ba su yarda akidun addini su yi illa ga dangantakarsu ta soja ba. Ya yi imanin cewa jami'an ARVN suna da biyayya kuma ana iya sa ran aiwatar da duk wani umurni da suke ganin halal ne. Krulak ya ci gaba da tabbatar da cewa rikicin siyasar bai yi illa ga alakar sojan ƙasashen biyu ba. Da yake tafiya tare da ra'ayin Vietnamese game da shugabanninsu, Krulak ya annabta cewa akwai rashin gamsuwa a tsakanin jami'an, wanda ya yi imanin cewa an fi mayar da hankali ga Ngô Đình Nhu, ƙane na Diệm wanda aka fi gani a matsayin ikon da ke bayan tsarin mulki. [10] [11] [12] [13] Krulak ya yi imanin cewa yawancin jami'ai sun so ganin bayan Nhu amma wasu kaɗan ne suka yarda su yi juyin mulki . Krulak ya ruwaito cewa masu ba da shawara na Amurka uku sun soki Nhus da kakkausar murya tare da ba da shawarar tashi daga Kudancin Vietnam don gujewa bala'in hulda da jama'a a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . Krulak ya ji cewa waɗannan matsalolin sun fi ƙarfin abin da ya yi imanin cewa an yi nasarar ƙoƙarin soja kuma za a ci nasara a yakin ba tare da la'akari da shugabancin siyasa ba. [8] [7] [14] Ya yi annabta cewa ARVN ba ta da ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi don sauƙaƙe haɓakar mulki kuma yana jin cewa ba za su murƙushe duk wata tsoka da suke da ita ba. Krulak ya kammala da kyakkyawan fata,

Excluding the very serious political and military factors external to Vietnam, the Viet Cong war will be won if the current US military and sociological programs are pursued, irrespective of the grave defects in the ruling regime.[9]

Mendenhall bai amince da hakan ba kuma ya bayar da hujjar cewa kyamar Diệm ta kai matakin da zai yiwu rugujewar mulkin farar hula. [7] Ya ba da rahoton "sarautar ta'addanci" a Saigon, Huế da Da Nang, [8] yana lura da cewa ƙiyayyar da aka saba keɓancewa ga Nhus ta yaɗu zuwa Diệm gabaɗaya. Mendenhall ya tabbatar da cewa yawancin 'yan Vietnam sun yarda cewa rayuwa a ƙarƙashin Diệm ta fi muni fiye da mulkin Viet Cong. [8] Mendenhall ya yi tunanin cewa yakin basasa a kan dalilan addini zai yiwu. Ya yi hasashen cewa za a iya cin nasara a yakin ne kawai tare da sauya tsarin mulki, in ba haka ba Kudancin Vietnam za ta ruguje cikin fadan bangaranci ko kuma wani gagarumin hari na gurguzu. [8] Saɓanin yanayin rahotannin ya haifar da sanannen tambayar Kennedy, "Ku biyu kun ziyarci ƙasa ɗaya, ko ba haka ba?" [7] [14]

Muhawara[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Krulak ya yi ƙoƙari ya bayyana bambance-bambancen da aka kwatanta ta hanyar nuna cewa Mendenhall ya bincika yankunan birane, yayin da ya shiga cikin karkara "inda yaƙin yake". [8] Krulak ya tabbatar da cewa al'amuran siyasa a Saigon ba za su kawo cikas ga ci gaban soji ba, yana mai cewa "Za mu iya yin taka-tsan-tsan don cin nasara a yakin da Nhu ya rage." [8] Mataimakin sakatariyar harkokin wajen Amurka Roger Hilsman ya tabbatar da cewa, banbancin dake tsakanin rahotannin da suka saba wa juna "shine bambancin ra'ayi na soja da na siyasa". [8] A yayin muhawara kan bambance-bambancen ra'ayi, Mendenhall ya tabbatar da cewa Saigon ya sha wahala "kusanci cikakkiya" biyo bayan hare-haren pagoda . [15] Mendenhall ya ba da rahoton cewa ma'aikatan gwamnati na Vietnam suna tsoron ganin su tare da Amurkawa. Ya tuna wata ziyara lokacin da ya yi shiru yayin da mai masaukin baki dan Vietnam ya zagaya cikin dakin, yana neman boye makirufo. Mendenhall ya tabbatar da cewa "Saigon yana da nauyi da yanayin tsoro da ƙiyayya" kuma mutanen sun fi tsoron Diệm fiye da Viet Cong. [15] Ya ba da rahoton cewa yawancin ma'aikatan gwamnati ba sa kwana a gida saboda fargabar kama jami'an tsaron sirri na Nhu. A baya-bayan nan dai jami’ai da dama sun shafe mafi yawan kwanakinsu suna tattaunawa a kan sakin ‘ya’yansu, wadanda aka daure a gidan yari saboda shiga zanga-zangar goyon bayan mabiya addinin Buda. Mendenhall ya tabbatar da cewa hargitsin cikin gida yanzu shine fifiko mafi girma fiye da yakin da ake yi da 'yan gurguzu. [7] [15]

Mendenhall ya yi tir da sulhun da Saigon ya yi da kuma fatan alheri ga mabiya addinin Buddah a matsayin dangantakar jama'a. Ya bayar da rahoton cewa, ba a mayar da sufaye daga yankunan larduna da aka kama a Saigon saboda gudanar da zanga-zanga zuwa wurarensu na asali kamar yadda suka yi alkawari. Mendenhall ya lura cewa lokacin da aka saki sufaye, jami'an Diệm sun riƙe takaddun shaida. Hakan ya sa aka sake kama su bayan yunkurin barin babban birnin kasar. Daga nan aka yiwa sufaye suna a matsayin Viet Cong saboda basu da takaddun shaida na gwamnati. Yayin da labarin irin wannan dabarun ya bazu a babban birnin kasar, wasu sufaye sun nemi mafaka a gidajen Saigon na jami'an ARVN. Mendenhall ya dage cewa Amurka ce ke da alhakin lamarin saboda ta taimaka wa dangin Ngo su sami mulki, dauke da makamai da kuma ba da kudade. Ya yi tunanin cewa yayin da Diệm ya yi amfani da makamai a kan mutanensa, Washington ita ma tana da alhakin. Ya ce "ki yin aiki zai kasance kamar tsoma baki a cikin harkokin Vietnam kamar yin aiki". [15]

Tall Caucasian man standing in profile at left in a white suit and tie shakes hands with a smaller black-haired Asian man in a white shirt, dark suit and tie.
Ngô Đình Nhu (hoton dama) yana ganawa da mataimakin shugaban Amurka Lyndon B. Johnson

A cewar Pentagon Papers, "mummunan gazawar dukkanin rahotannin biyu shine fahimtar muhimmiyar rawar siyasa da sojojin ke zuwa a Vietnam". Takardun sun kammala cewa ARVN ita ce kawai cibiya da ke da ikon yin watsi da maye gurbin Diệm. Diệm da Nhu sun fahimci yuwuwar barazanar, [9] suna amsawa tare da rarrabuwar kawuna da cin nasara . Sun kwace ikon karin girma na babban hafsa tare da nada janar-janar bisa biyayya ga fadar, suna ba da umarni kai tsaye ga hafsoshi. [16] Wannan matakin ya haifar da rashin yarda sosai a tsakanin manyan hafsoshi tare da wargaza karfinsu. [16] Krulak ya ƙasa gane cewa idan al’amarin ya tabarbare har ya kai ga rashin gamsuwa da Diệm ya haifar da yiwuwar samun nasarar gurguzu, janar-janar za su sa baki cikin siyasa domin abin da zai faru da su a ƙarƙashin mulkin gurguzu. Ko Krulak ko Mendenhall ba su yi tsammanin cewa idan gwamnatin mulkin soja ta hau kan karagar mulki, tasirin rarrabuwar kawuna na inganta siyasar Diệm zai bayyana kansa yayin da janar-janar ke neman mulki. Babu wani daga cikin ma'auratan da ya ba da wani fifiko kan illolin da zai haifar da rigingimun siyasa a tsakanin janar-janar. [9]

A yayin taron NSC, Frederick Nolting - wanda ya riga Lodge a matsayin Jakadan Amurka a Kudancin Vietnam - ya dauki batun nazarin Mendenhall. [14] An ɗauke shi a matsayin mai neman afuwar Diệm, [17] Nolting ya nuna cewa Mendenhall ya kasance mai raɗaɗi game da Kudancin Vietnam tsawon shekaru da yawa. Mecklin ya kara ingiza ra'ayin Mendenhall tare da yin kira ga gwamnati da ta matsa lamba kai tsaye kan Saigon ta hanyar dakatar da taimakon da ba na soji ba, a kokarin kawo sauyi na gwamnati. A cikin kalmomin Mecklin:

This would unavoidably be dangerous. There was no way to be sure how events would develop. It was possible, for example, that the Vietnamese forces might fragment into warring factions, or that the new government would be so incompetent and/or unstable that the effort against the Viet Cong would collapse. The US should therefore resolve now to introduce American combat forces if necessary to prevent a Communist triumph midst the debris of the Diệm regime.[9]

Takardun Pentagon sun yi nuni da cewa Mecklin ya fahimci ramummuka na mulkin soja da Krulak da Mendenhall suka yi watsi da su. Ko ta yaya, Mecklin ya kammala da cewa ya kamata Amurka ta ci gaba da inganta tsarin mulki, ta yarda da sakamakon, kuma ta yi la'akari da shigar da sojojin Amurka don dakatar da yiwuwar nasarar Viet Cong. [18]

Sai taron NSC ya ji mummunan hasashen da Phillips ya yi na halin da ake ciki a yankin Mekong Delta. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa Shirin Hamlet na Dabarun ya zama tartsatsi a cikin yankin delta, yana mai cewa "Kungiyar Viet Cong tana cin duri". [18] Lokacin da aka lura cewa kwanan nan Phillips ya ga wani yaƙi a yankin delta, Kennedy ya tambayi Phillips don tantance shi. Phillips ya amsa da cewa: “To, ba na son saba wa Janar Krulak, amma dole ne in gaya maka, ya shugaban kasa, cewa ba mu ci nasara a yakin ba, musamman a yankin Delta. Sojojin sun gurgunce, suna cikin bariki, kuma wannan shi ne ainihin abin da ke faruwa a wani lardi da ke kusa da Saigon.” [18] Phillips ya tabbatar da cewa cire Nhu ita ce kadai hanyar da za a inganta lamarin. [14] Phillips ya tabbatar da cewa hanya daya tilo ta cire Nhu ita ce kawo Kanar Edward Lansdale, [18] jami'in CIA wanda ya karfafa matsayin Diệm shekaru goma da suka gabata, [19] shawarar da Kennedy ya yi watsi da shi. Phillips ya ba da shawarar matakai uku:

  • Kashe agaji ga Sojoji na musamman na ARVN na Kanar Lê Quang Tung, [18] wanda ya karɓi umarninsa kai tsaye daga fadar ba umurnin soja ba. [20] Tung ya jagoranci hare-haren da aka kai a wuraren bautar addinin Buddah a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta inda aka kashe daruruwan mutane tare da lalata jiki. [21] An yi amfani da dakaru na musamman domin murkushe ‘yan adawa maimakon fada da ‘yan gurguzu. [22]
  • Yanke kuɗi zuwa Cibiyar Hoton Motion, wanda ya samar da fina-finai na hagiographic game da Nhus. [18]
  • Bi ayyukan ɓoye da nufin rarrabawa da ɓata Tung da Manjo Janar Tôn Thất Đính . [18] Dinh shi ne gwamnan soja na Saigon kuma Kwamandan ARVN III Corps . Dinh shine janar mafi ƙaranci a tarihin ARVN, da farko saboda amincinsa ga dangin Ngo. [23] [24]

A muhawarar da ta biyo baya, Kennedy ya tambayi Phillips abin da zai faru idan Nhu ya mayar da martani game da ratsewar ta hanyar karkatar da kudade daga hannun sojoji don inganta dabarunsa. Lokacin da Kennedy ya tambayi ko Nhu zai zargi Amurka da duk wani lalacewar soji da ya haifar, Phillips ya amsa cewa ARVN za ta yi tawaye, saboda jami'an ARVN da ke cikin jerin sunayen 'yan Viet Cong ba za su bari 'yan gurguzu su yi sako-sako ba. Phillips ya ce, idan Nhu ya yi kokarin karkatar da tallafin soji daga hannun sojojin don tsara makircinsa, Amurkawa za su iya kai kudaden kai tsaye zuwa karkara cikin akwatuna. [25]

Rashin jituwa mai ƙarfi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mataimakin shugaban Amurka Lyndon B. Johnson, shugaban RVN Ngô Đình Diệm da Frederick Nolting a fadar shugaban kasar Vietnam ta Kudu a 1961

Ganawar ta zama tirjiya a lokacin da Krulak ya katse Phillips, yana mai cewa masu ba da shawara kan sojan Amurka a kasa sun ki amincewa da kimar jami'in na USOM. Phillips ya yarda cewa duk da cewa an samu ingantuwar yanayin soji gaba daya, amma ba haka lamarin yake ba a yankunan da ke da matukar muhimmanci. [25] Phillips ya lura cewa mai ba da shawara kan soji na lardin Long An kusa da Saigon, ya ba da rahoton cewa Viet Cong sun mamaye Hamlets Strategic Hamlets 200 a cikin makon da ya gabata, wanda ya tilasta wa mazauna kauyen tarwatsa matsugunin. McNamara ya girgiza kai saboda rahotannin da suka bambanta. Lokacin da Krulak ya yi wa Phillips ba'a, Mataimakin Sakataren Harkokin Wajen W. Averell Harriman ba zai iya kame kansa ba kuma ya kira Janar "Wawa ne". [25] Phillips ya karbe mulki daga hannun Harriman ta hanyar diflomasiyya kuma ya tabbatar da cewa yaki ne don zukata da tunani maimakon tsantsar awo na soja. [25]

Mecklin ya haifar da ƙarin damuwa ta hanyar ba da shawarar yin amfani da sojojin Amurka don kawar da mulkin Diệm da cin nasara a yakin. Ya kara da cewa, "Lokaci ya yi da Amurka za ta yi amfani da matsin lamba kai tsaye don kawo sauyi na gwamnati, duk da rashin kunya". [26] Mecklin ya tabbatar da cewa za a samu koma baya idan aka yanke taimakon kawai, don haka dole ne sojojin Amurka su gyara matsalar kai tsaye. Daga baya Mecklin ya rubuta wa shugaban USIS Edward R. Murrow cewa ya nace cewa sojojin Amurka za su yi maraba da yaki a cikin lamarin gurguzu. A lokacin da yake komawa Amurka, ya tabbatar da cewa yin amfani da sojojin Amurkan zai karfafa juyin mulkin da kuma kara kwarin gwiwa kan 'yan Viet Cong. Ya kuma yi kira da a samar da injiniyan juyin mulki. Ya yi kira ga Amurka da ta kara nuna niyya. [26]

Rashin baƙin ciki da Phillips da Mecklin suka bayyana ya ba Frederick Nolting mamaki, wanda ya riga Lodge a matsayin jakadan Amurka a Saigon. Nolting ya ce asusun Phillips "ya yi mamakin jahannama daga gare ni. Na kasa gaskata kunnuwana." [26] Nolting ya tabbatar da cewa Mecklin yana da rauni a tunanin mutum don wanke kwakwalwa saboda kwanan nan ya rabu da matarsa. A lokacin, Mecklin yana zaune tare da 'yan jarida David Halberstam da Neil Sheehan na New York Times da UPI bi da bi. [26] Halberstam da Sheehan dukkansu sun sami lambobin yabo na Pulitzer kuma sun kasance masu sukar Diệm. [27] [28]

Bayan haka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ɗaya daga cikin dabarun da aka ƙara yin la'akari a cikin tarurrukan NSC-da kuma a Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka, Saigon da Majalisa - shine dakatar da taimakon da ba na soja ba ga Diệm. Bayan yada kuskuren muryar Amurka a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, wadda ta sanar da dakatar da agaji, an baiwa Lodge shawarar a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta da ta dakatar da agaji idan hakan zai saukaka juyin mulki . A halin da ake ciki, Majalisar Dattijan Amurka ta fara matsa wa gwamnati lamba don ta dauki mataki kan Diệm. Karamin Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Gabas Mai Nisa ne ya mamaye Hilsman. Senata Frank Church ya sanar da hukumar aniyarsa ta gabatar da wani kuduri na yin Allah wadai da zaluncin Diệm na kyamar mabiya addinin Buddah tare da yin kira da a dakatar da agajin sai dai idan ba a kafa daidaiton addini ba. Wannan ya haifar da Cocin ya amince da jinkirta gabatar da kudirin na wani dan lokaci don gujewa kunyatar da gwamnati. [29]

Yayin da tawagar ta kasance a Vietnam, an tattauna dabarun yin amfani da wani zaɓi na dakatar da taimako don matsawa Diệm don kawo ƙarshen wariyar addini a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen. A wata hira da aka yi da shi ta talabijin a ranar 8 ga Satumba, Daraktan AID David Bell ya yi gargadin cewa Majalisa za ta iya rage tallafin da take ba Kudancin Vietnam idan Diệm bai canza manufofinsa ba. A ranar 9 ga Satumba, Kennedy ya ja baya daga maganganun Bell, yana mai cewa "Ba na tsammanin muna tunanin cewa [raguwar taimako ga Saigon] zai taimaka a wannan lokacin." Ranar 11 ga Satumba, washegarin bayan Krulak da Mendenhall sun gabatar da rahotonsu, Lodge ya sauya matsayinsa. A cikin dogon kebul zuwa Washington, ya ba da shawarar yin la'akari da amfani da dakatarwar agajin da ba na soji ba don tayar da ɗumbin Diệm. Lodge ya kammala da cewa Amurka ba za ta iya samun abin da take so daga Diệm ba, kuma dole ne ta tilasta wa al'amura su zo kan gaba. Bayan wani taron fadar White House a wannan rana, an sanar da Sanata Church cewa kudirin nasa na da karbuwa, don haka ya gabatar da dokar a majalisar dattawa. [9] [29]

Kwamitin tsaro na kasa ya sake zama a ranar 17 ga Satumba don duba shawarwari biyu na Hilsman na tunkarar Diệm. Shirin da Hilsman da takwarorinsa na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka suka amince da shi shine "matsi da lallashi". Wannan ya ƙunshi ƙarin matakan matakai a matakin jama'a da na masu zaman kansu, gami da zaɓin dakatar da agaji da matsawa Diệm don cire Nhu daga mulki. Madadin ita ce " sulhu tare da hanyar GVN da aka gyara", wanda ya haɗa da bayyanar jama'a na yarda da ayyukan Diệm na baya-bayan nan da kuma ƙoƙarin ceto gwargwadon iko daga halin da ake ciki. [9] Duk shawarwarin biyu sun ɗauka cewa juyin mulkin ARVN bai zo ba. [9] Rahoton da ba a gama ba ya ga wani aikin da aka aika zuwa Vietnam, aikin McNamara – Taylor, wanda Sakataren Tsaro Robert McNamara ya jagoranta da Shugaban Hafsan Hafsoshin Sojojin Maxwell D. Taylor . [9] [29]

Bayanan kula[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ Jacobs, pp. 142–143.
  2. ↑ Jacobs, pp. 144–145.
  3. ↑ Jacobs, pp. 147–149.
  4. ↑ Jacobs, pp. 152–154.
  5. ↑ Jacobs, pp. 160–163.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Jones, pp. 356–357.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Tucker, p. 263.
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 Jones, p. 357.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named pp
  10. ↑ Jacobs, pp. 86–87.
  11. ↑ Jacobs, pp. 111–112.
  12. ↑ Tucker, p. 290.
  13. ↑ Karnow, pp. 246, 250.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Hammer, p. 208.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Jones, p. 358.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Karnow, pp. 252–253.
  17. ↑ Tucker, p. 308.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 Jones, pp. 358–359.
  19. ↑ Tucker, p. 220.
  20. ↑ Hammer, p. 130.
  21. ↑ Jones, pp. 297–298.
  22. ↑ Tucker, p. 227.
  23. ↑ Tucker, p. 404.
  24. ↑ Jacobs, p. 169.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Jones, p. 359.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 Jones, p, 360.
  27. ↑ Jacobs, p. 130.
  28. ↑ Karnow, p. 312.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Hammer, pp. 213–214.

Nassoshi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

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