Marie Tharp

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Marie Tharp
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Ypsilanti (en) Fassara, 30 ga Yuli, 1920
ƙasa Tarayyar Amurka
Mazauni New York
Mutuwa Nyack (en) Fassara, 23 ga Augusta, 2006
Yanayin mutuwa Sababi na ainihi (ciwon nono)
Karatu
Makaranta University of Michigan (en) Fassara
University of Tulsa (en) Fassara
Ohio University (en) Fassara
Matakin karatu Digiri
master's degree (en) Fassara
Harsuna Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a cartographer (en) Fassara, oceanographer (en) Fassara da geologist (en) Fassara
Employers Amoco (en) Fassara  (1944 -
Columbia University (en) Fassara  (1952 -  1983)
Kyaututtuka
Mamba Society of Woman Geographers (en) Fassara
Bathymetric globe wanda Bruce Heezen da Marie Tharp suka samar
Taswirar rubuce-rubucen da Heezen-Tharp ya ƙirƙira wanda ke nuna farkon abubuwan da suka faru na fahimtar gindin teku (1957)

Marie Tharp (Yuli 30, 1920 - Agusta 23, 2006) wata ƙwararriyar ilimin ƙasa ce Ba'amurke kuma mai daukar hoto ta teku wacce, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Bruce Heezen, suka ƙirƙiri taswirar kimiyya ta farko na bene na Tekun Atlantika. Ayyukan Tharp sun bayyana cikakken yanayin yanayin ƙasa da yanayin ƙasa mai nau'i-nau'i na ƙasan teku.[1] Har ila yau, aikinta ya bayyana kasancewar wani ci gaba da tsatsauran ragi tare da axis na Rijiyar Tsakiyar Atlantika, wanda ya haifar da sauyi a cikin kimiyyar duniya wanda ya haifar da karɓar ka'idodin tectonics farantin karfe da drift na nahiyar.[2]

Rayuwar farko[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An haife Marie Tharp a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 1920, a Ypsilanti, Michigan, ɗiya tilo ga Bertha Louise Tharp, malamin Jamus da Latin, da William Edgar Tharp, mai binciken ƙasa na Ma'aikatar Aikin Noma ta Amurka.[3] Sau da yawa takan raka mahaifinta aikin filin da yake yi, wanda ya ba ta farkon gabatarwar taswira. Duk da haka, ba ta da sha'awar neman aikin fage domin a lokacin an fahimci wannan aikin na maza ne.

Saboda yanayin aikin William Tharp, iyalin sun ci gaba da tafiya har sai da ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1931. A lokacin Marie ta halarci makarantun gwamnati fiye da goma a Alabama, Iowa, Michigan da Indiana, wanda ya sa ya yi mata wuya ta kulla abota.[3] Mahaifiyarta, wacce ta mutu lokacin da Marie ke da shekaru 15,[4] ita ce mafi kusancin mata da ita.[3] Cikakkiyar shekarar makaranta a Florence, Alabama, ta kasance mai tasiri musamman a gare ta. A nan, ta halarci wani aji mai suna Current Science, inda ta koyi game da masana kimiyya na zamani da kuma ayyukan bincike da suke aiki. Bugu da kari, ta samu damar gudanar da tafiye-tafiyen fili na makaranta a karshen mako don nazarin bishiyoyi da duwatsu.[4]

Ilimi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bayan ya yi ritaya, William Tharp da sauran danginsa sun ƙaura zuwa wata gona a Bellefontaine, Ohio, inda, ba da daɗewa ba, Marie ta sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare. Mahaifiyarta, wata malama ce ta rinjayi ta, ta dauki hutun shekara guda kafin ta tafi jami'a; Bayan ta kammala karatu ita ma ta shirya zama malama. Kasancewa a gona don taimakawa bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarta a 1936, Marie daga baya ta kammala karatun digiri.[5] Da mahaifinta ya shawarce ta ta zabar wani fanni na karatun da ba wai kawai ta ke so ba, har ma zai samar mata da sana’o’i da tsaro na kudi, Tharp ta kammala karatun digiri a jami’ar Ohio a shekarar 1943 inda ta yi digiri na farko a fannin Turanci da kade-kade da kuma kananan yara hudu.

Bayan harin da Japan ta kai kan Pearl Harbor, samari da dama sun fice daga makarantu da jami'o'i domin shiga aikin soja.[6] A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, an dauki karin mata aikin sana'o'i kamar ilimin kasa na man fetur, wanda aka saba kebance ga maza. Kasa da 4% na duk digirin digiri na kimiyyar duniya a lokacin mata ne suka samu.[7] Bayan ta yi digirin digiri a Ohio, an dauke Tharp zuwa Jami'ar Michigan a shirin Ann Arbor's petroleum geology, inda ta kammala digiri na biyu.[8]

Marie Tharp

Tharp ta ɗauki aiki a kamfanin Stanolind Oil da ke Tulsa, Oklahoma, a matsayin ƙaramar ƙwararren masanin ilimin ƙasa, amma ba da daɗewa ba ta ga bai gamsu ba. Mata a lokacin ba a ba su damar fita yawon bude ido don neman mai da iskar gas. Ta keɓe a ofis, aikinta shi ne tattara taswira da bayanai ga mazajen da ke cikin filin.[6] Duk da yake har yanzu yana aiki a matsayin masanin ilimin ƙasa na kamfanin Stanolind Oil, Tharp ya shiga cikin sashin ilimin lissafi a Jami'ar Tulsa, yana samun BSc ta biyu.[6]

Aiki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A 1948, Tharp ta yi shekaru hudu a Tulsa kuma tana neman aikinta na gaba. Ta koma birnin New York kuma da farko ta nemi aiki a gidan tarihin tarihi na Amurka, amma bayan ta koyi yadda binciken burbushin halittu yake cin lokaci, ta nemi mukamai a Jami'ar Columbia.[9] A ƙarshe ta sami aikin tsarawa tare da Maurice Ewing, wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Kula da Yanayin Kasa ta Lamont (yanzu Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory). Abin mamaki, lokacin da aka yi hira da shi don aikin, Tharp ba ta ambaci tana da digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin kasa ba.[10] Tharp na ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka fara aiki a Lamont Geological Observatory.

A wurin, ta sadu da Bruce Heezen, kuma a farkon aikin tare sun yi amfani da bayanan hoto don gano jirgin saman soja da ya fadi daga yakin duniya na biyu.[11] Daga k'arshe ta yi wa Heezen aiki ta musamman, tana tsara shimfidar tekun.[9] An yi mata aiki kuma ta ci gaba da girma daga 1952 zuwa 1968, lokacin da aka yanke matsayinta kuma aka koma matsayin tallafi saboda siyasar lab da ta shafi Heezen (ta kasance a matsayin tallafi har zuwa mutuwar Heezen a 1977). Saboda yakin cacar baka, gwamnatin Amurka ta hana buga taswirorin da ke saman teku, saboda tsoron kada jiragen ruwa na Soviet na iya amfani da su.[6]

A cikin shekaru 18 na farko na haɗin gwiwa, Heezen ta tattara bayanan wanka a cikin jirgin binciken Vema, yayin da Tharp ta zana taswira daga waɗannan bayanan, tunda an hana mata yin aiki a cikin jiragen ruwa a lokacin. Daga baya ta sami damar shiga balaguron tattara bayanai na 1968. Ta yi amfani da kanta ta yi amfani da bayanan da aka tattara daga jirgin bincike na Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution na Atlantis, da bayanan girgizar kasa na karkashin teku. Aikinta tare da Heezen ya wakilci yunƙuri na farko na tsari na taswirar ƙasan teku.

Ka'idar drift na nahiyar[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kafin farkon shekarun 1950, masana kimiyya sun san kadan game da tsarin benen teku. Ko da yake nazarin ilimin ƙasa a ƙasa ya kasance mai rahusa da sauƙi, ba za a iya fahimtar tsarin duniya gaba ɗaya ba tare da sanin tsari da juyin halittar teku ba.

A cikin 1952, bayanan sauti na Tharp sun haɗa kai tsaye daga Atlantis, wanda aka samu a lokacin 1946-1952, kuma bayanin martaba ɗaya daga jirgin ruwa Naval Stewart ya samu a lokacin 1921. Ta ƙirƙiri jimillar bayanan bayanan kusan shida waɗanda ke shimfiɗa yamma zuwa gabas a arewacin Tekun Atlantika. Daga waɗannan bayanan martaba, ta sami damar bincika yanayin wanka na sassan arewa na Ridge Mid-Atlantic. Tharp ya gano wani madaidaicin tsari, mai siffa v da ke gudana ta ci gaba ta cikin kusurwar tudun kuma ya yi imanin cewa yana iya zama kwarin tsagewa.[9][12] Ta yi imanin cewa kwarin rafuffukan da aka kafa da saman tekun ke janye.[9] Da farko Heezen bai gamsu ba saboda ra'ayin zai goyi bayan drift na Nahiyar, sannan ka'idar cece-kuce. A lokacin masana kimiyya da yawa ciki har da Heezen sun yi imanin cewa ƙetare nahiyoyi ba zai yiwu ba. Maimakon haka, na ɗan lokaci, ya yarda da faɗaɗa hasashen Duniya,[13][14] (yanzu maras kyau) yana watsi da bayaninta a matsayin "maganar yarinya".[15]

Ba da daɗewa ba Heezen ya ɗauki Howard Foster don tsara wurin da girgizar ƙasa ta kasance a cikin tekuna don aikin da ya shafi manyan igiyoyin ruwa da girgizar ƙasa. Ƙirƙirar wannan taswirar tsakiyar girgizar ƙasa ya tabbatar da zama saitin bayanai na sakandare mai fa'ida don nazarin yanayin wanka na Rijiyar Tsakiyar Atlantika. Lokacin da aka lulluɓe taswirar Foster na wuraren girgizar ƙasa tare da bayanin martabar Tharp na Rijiyar Tsakiyar Atlantika ya bayyana a sarari cewa wurin da waɗannan girgizar asa ke daidai da kwarin rift na Tharp. Bayan haɗa waɗannan bayanan guda biyu, Tharp ya gamsu da cewa a haƙiƙa akwai ƙwarin ƙwari a cikin ƙwanƙolin tsakiyar Tekun Atlantika. Sai da ta ga wurin da girgizar ƙasa ta kasance daidai da rafin rift valley na Tharp ne Heezen ta yarda da hasashenta kuma ta juya zuwa ga madadin ka'idojin tectonics na farantin karfe da drift na nahiyar.[16][17]

Zanen Rijiyar Tsakiyar Teku ta Heinrich Berann (1977) dangane da bayanan kimiyyar Marie Tharp da Bruce Heezen

Tharp da Heezen sun buga taswirar physiographic na farko na Arewacin Atlantika a cikin 1957.[9] Duk da haka, sunan Tharp bai bayyana a cikin manyan takardu akan tectonics na farantin karfe wanda shi da wasu suka buga tsakanin 1959 da 1963. Tharp ya ci gaba da aiki tare da mataimakan dalibai masu digiri don ci gaba taswirar iyakar tsakiyar ragi. Tharp ya gano cewa kwarin da aka yi ya fadada tare da tsakiyar tsakiyar Atlantic Ridge zuwa Kudancin Atlantic,[9] kuma ya sami irin wannan tsari na kwari a cikin Tekun Indiya, Tekun Arabiya, Bahar Maliya, da Gulf of Aden, wanda ke nuna kasancewar yankin tekun teku na duniya.[18] Daga baya, tare da haɗin gwiwar mai zanen shimfidar wuri na Austriya Heinrich Berann, Tharp da Heezen sun gane taswirarsu na dukkan benen teku, wanda National Geographic ya buga a 1977 a ƙarƙashin taken The World Ocean Floor.[6] Ko da yake daga baya an gane kuma an danganta shi da aikinta a yau a kan Rijiyar Mid-Atlantic, Heezen, wacce a lokacin a cikin 1956, ta fitar kuma ta karɓi ƙima don binciken da aka yi.

Ritaya da mutuwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bayan mutuwar Heezen, Tharp ta ci gaba da aiki a tsangayar Jami'ar Columbia har zuwa 1983, bayan haka ta gudanar da kasuwancin rarraba taswira a Kudancin Nyack lokacin ritayarta.[19] Tharp ta ba da gudummawar tarin taswirorinta da bayanin kula ga Map da Geography Division na Library of Congress a 1995.[20] A cikin 1997, Tharp ta sami karramawa sau biyu daga Library of Congress, wanda ya ba ta suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu zane-zane huɗu na ƙarni na 20 kuma ya haɗa da ita. aiki a wani nuni a cikin bikin cika shekaru 100 na Geography da Map Division.[21] A cikin 2001, an ba wa Tharp lambar yabo ta Lamont-Doherty Heritage Award na farko na shekara-shekara a cibiyarta ta gida don aikin rayuwarta a matsayin majagaba na ilimin teku.[2] Tharp ya mutu da ciwon daji a Nyack, New York, a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2006, yana da shekaru 86.[22]

Rayuwa ta sirri[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A 1948, ta auri David Flanagan kuma ta koma New York tare da shi. An sake su a shekara ta 1952.[23]

Kyaututtuka da karramawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kamar yawancin mata masana kimiyya na zamaninta, Marie Tharp an san shi musamman daga baya a rayuwa. Kyautar da ta samu sun hada da:

  • 1978 - Medal Hubbard ta National Geographic Society
  • 1996 - Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Geographers Mace Na Musamman Kyautar Nasara
  • 1999 - Woods Holes Oceanographic Institution's Mary Sears Woman Pioneer in Oceanography Award
  • 2001 - Lamont-Doherty Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Duniya[24]

Gado[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An gane Tharp a cikin 1997 ta Library of Congress a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu daukar hoto hudu na karni na 20.[25] An halicci matsayin Farfesa Marie Tharp Lamont don girmama ta.[26]

Marie Tharp Fellowship[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Lamont ne ya ƙirƙira a cikin 2004, Marie Tharp Fellowship gasa ce ta haɗin gwiwar ziyarar ilimi da aka baiwa mata don yin aiki tare da masu bincike a Cibiyar Duniya ta Jami'ar Columbia.[27][28] Matan da aka karɓa ana ba su damar yin aiki tare da malamai, ma'aikatan bincike, masu bincike na postdoctoral da daliban digiri kuma a cikin tsawon watanni 3, ana ba su har zuwa $ 30,000 a matsayin taimakon kudi.[29][30]

Ganewar bayan mutuwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Google Earth ya haɗa da Layer na Taswirar Tarihi na Marie Tharp a cikin 2009, yana bawa mutane damar duba taswirar tekun Tharp ta amfani da fasahar Google Earth.[31] Ita ce batun tarihin rayuwar 2013 ta Hali Felt mai suna Soundings: The Story of the Remarkable Woman Who Mapped the Ocean Floor, wanda New York Times ta ambata don tsayawarta a matsayin "babban shaida duka ga mahimmancin Tharp da kuma ikon Felt. na hasashe."[32]

Ta kasance mai raye-raye a cikin "The Lost Worlds of Planet Earth", kashi na tara na Neil deGrasse Tyson's Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey, kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Amanda Seyfried ta bayyana. Labarin ya nuna yadda ta gano tsakiyar Atlantic Ridge kuma daga baya a cikin shirin deGrasse Tyson ya gane Tharp ba kawai a matsayin masanin kimiyya mai tasiri wanda ya zama mace ba amma kuma a matsayin wanda ya kamata a gane shi a matsayin masanin kimiyya wanda ya ci nasara akan jima'i don taimakawa filin ta.[33] An ba da labarin rayuwarta a cikin littattafan yara guda uku, Solving the Puzzle Under the Sea" Marth Tharp Maps the Ocean Floor, na Robert Burleigh kuma Raúl Colón ya kwatanta, Ocean Speaks: How Marie Tharp Revealed the Ocean's Biggest Secret na Jess Keatting kuma Katie Hickey ta kwatanta kuma a cikin 2020 MacMillan ya buga Marie's Ocean: Marie Tharp Maps the Mountains under the Sea wanda Josie James ya rubuta kuma ya kwatanta shi. Ilimin zamantakewa 2021 Sanannen Littafin Kasuwancin Nazarin Zamantake don Matasa Masu Karatu.

Marie Tharp

A cikin 2015 Ƙungiyar Taurari ta Duniya ta sanya sunan dutsen Tharp Moon a matsayin girmamawarta.

Wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  • Tharp, Marie; Heezen, Bruce C.; Ewing, Maurice (1959). The floors of the oceans: I. The North Atlantic. 65. Geological Society of America. doi:10.1130/SPE65-p1.
  • Heezen, B C; Bunce, Elizabeth T; Hersey, J B; Tharp, Marie (1964). "Chain and Romanche fracture zones". Deep-Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts. 11 (1): 11–33. Bibcode:1964DSROA..11...11H. doi:10.1016/0011-7471(64)91079-4.
  • Heezen, B C; Tharp, Marie (1965). "Tectonic fabric of the atlantic and indian oceans and continental drift". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A. 258 (1088): 90–106. Bibcode:1965RSPTA.258...90H. doi:10.1098/rsta.1965.0024. S2CID 121476006.
  • Tharp, Marie; Friedman, Gerald M (2002). "Mapping the world ocean floor". Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences. 24 (2): 142–149.

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ "Marie Tharp | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2019-02-07.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Bestows Heritage Award on Marie Tharp, Pioneer of Modern Oceanography, Published Jul 10, 2001, Retrieved Oct 12, 2014
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Higgs, Bettie Matheson (2020-07-13). "Understanding the Earth: the contribution of Marie Tharp". Geological Society, London, Special Publications (in Turanci). 506: SP506–2019–248. doi:10.1144/SP506-2019-248. hdl:10468/11315. ISSN 0305-8719.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Felt, Hali (June 2017). "Marie Tharp - Plate Tectonics Pioneer" (PDF). Geological Society of America.
  5. ↑ "Marie Tharp - Ages of Exploration" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-02-07.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Yount, L. (2006). Modern Marine Science: Exploring the Deep. Facts On File, Incorporated. ISBN 9781604130669.
  7. ↑ Blakemore, Erin (2016-08-30). "Seeing Is Believing: How Marie Tharp Changed Geology Forever". Smithsonian (in Turanci).
  8. ↑ Barton, Cathy (2002). "Marie Tharp, oceanographic cartographer, and her contributions to the revolution in the Earth sciences". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 192 (1): 215–228. Bibcode:2002GSLSP.192..215B. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1032.1530. doi:10.1144/gsl.sp.2002.192.01.11. S2CID 131340403.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Tharp, Marie (2006-12-12). "Marie Tharp biography". Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Archived from the original on 2007-01-08. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  10. ↑ A Student's Guide to Earth Science, Volume 2. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2004. ISBN 031332901X.
  11. ↑ Evans, R. (November 2002). "Plumbing Depths to Reach New Heights". Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  12. ↑ North, Gary W. (2010-01-01). "Marie Tharp: The lady who showed us the ocean floors". Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C (in Turanci). 35 (15–18): 881–886. Bibcode:2010PCE....35..881N. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2010.05.007. ISSN 1474-7065.
  13. ↑ Barton, C. (2002). "Marie Tharp, oceanographic cartographer, and her contributions to the revolution in the Earth sciences". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 192 (1): 215–228. Bibcode:2002GSLSP.192..215B. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1032.1530. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.192.01.11. S2CID 131340403.
  14. ↑ Doel, R.E.; Levin, T.J.; Marker, M.K. (2006). "Extending modern cartography to the ocean depths: military patronage, Cold War priorities, and the Heezen-Tharp mapping project, 1952–1959". Journal of Historical Geography. 32 (3): 605–626. doi:10.1016/j.jhg.2005.10.011.
  15. ↑ Tharp, Marie (1999). "Chapter 2: Connect the Dots: Mapping the Seafloor and Discovering the Mid-ocean Ridge". In Lippsett, Laurence (ed.). Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia, Twelve Perspectives on the First Fifty Years 1949-1999. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY. OCLC 43636190.
  16. ↑ Felt, Hali (2017). "ROCK STARS: Marie Tharp - Plate Tectonics Pioneer". GSA Today. 27: 32–33.
  17. ↑ Wills, Matthew (2016-10-08). "The Mother of Ocean Floor Cartography". JSTOR. Retrieved 2016-10-14. While working with the North Atlantic data, she noted what must have been a rift between high undersea mountains. This suggested earthquake activity, which then [was] only associated with [the] fringe theory of continental drift. Heezen infamously dismissed his assistant's idea as "girl talk." But she was right, and her thinking helped to vindicate Alfred Wegener's 1912 theory of moving continents. Yet Tharp's name isn't on any of the key papers that Heezen and others published about plate tectonics between 1959–1963, which brought this once-controversial idea to the mainstream of earth sciences.
  18. ↑ 1961-, Lawrence, David M. (2002). Upheaval from the abyss : ocean floor mapping and the Earth science. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0813530284. OCLC 605755403.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  19. ↑ "PennState - College of Earth and Mineral Sciences - Marie Tharp".
  20. ↑ "Primary Sources in Science Classrooms: Mapping the Ocean Floor, Marie Tharp, and Making Arguments from Evidence (Part 1) | Teaching with the Library of Congress". blogs.loc.gov. 2015-10-08. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
  21. ↑ Jarvis, Brooke (2014-12-09). "How One Woman's Discovery Shook the Foundations of Geology". mentalfloss.com (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2017-10-12. Retrieved 2021-12-17.
  22. ↑ Fox, Margalit (August 26, 2006). "Marie Tharp, Oceanographic Cartographer, Dies at 86". New York Times. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
  23. ↑ Felt, Hali (2012). Soundings: The Story of the Remarkable Woman Who Mapped The Ocean Floor. Henry Holt.
  24. ↑ "Marie Tharp". Physics Today (in Turanci). 2018-07-30. doi:10.1063/PT.6.6.20180730a.
  25. ↑ "Join Us in Celebrating #MarieTharp100". State of the Planet (in Turanci). 2020-07-23. Retrieved 2020-09-13.
  26. ↑ "Lamont's Marie Tharp: She Drew the Maps That Shook the World". State of the Planet (in Turanci). 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2020-09-13.
  27. ↑ "Marie Tharp Fellowship Information" (PDF). earth.columbia.edu. Columbia University. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-12-21. Retrieved 2021-12-17.
  28. ↑ "The Marie Tharp Fellowship". earth.columbia.edu. The Earth Institute, Columbia University. Archived from the original on 2018-07-08. Retrieved 2016-08-22.
  29. ↑ "Applications Now Being Accepted for Marie Tharp Visiting Fellowship". The Earth Institute Columbia University. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  30. ↑ "Marie Tharp". Penn State College of Earth and Mineral Sciences. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  31. ↑ "Google Earth drops into the oceans". Guardian News. 2009-02-02. Retrieved 2020-09-13.
  32. ↑ Washburn, Michael (2013-01-25). "Floating Ideas: Soundings, About Marie Tharp, by Hali Felt". New York Times. Retrieved 2020-09-13.
  33. ↑ Algar, Jim (2014-05-07). "Cosmos Episode 9 'The Lost Worlds of Planet Earth': Amanda Seyfried walks us through Earth's early past". Tech Times. Retrieved 2020-09-13.

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