Masarautar Kalabari
 Masarautar Kalabari | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Wuri | ||||
| ||||
| Ƴantacciyar ƙasa | Najeriya | |||
| Jiha | Jihar rivers | |||
| Babban birni | Calabar | |||
| Yawan mutane | ||||
| Harshen gwamnati | Turanci | |||
| Bayanan tarihi | ||||
| Ƙirƙira | 1600 | |||
| Rushewa | 1885 | |||
| Bayanan Tuntuɓa | ||||
| Kasancewa a yanki na lokaci | ||||
Masarautar Kalabari, wacce kuma ake kira Elem Kalabari ( Kalabari : Sabuwar Tashar Jirgin Ruwa ), ita ce jihar gargajiya mai cin gashin kanta ta al'ummar Kalabari, kabilar Ijaw, a cikin Kogin Neja Delta. An amince da ita a matsayin jihar gargajiya a cikin jihar Rivers, Najeriya.
Babban Amachree I, kakan daular Amachree ne ya kafa Masarautar, wanda a yanzu dangin Princewill ke jagoranta.[ana buƙatar hujja]
Sarki Amachree XI ( Farfesa Theophilus Princewill CF R) ne ke mulki kuma yake da iko da Masarautar.[ana buƙatar hujja] tare da Majalisar Sarakunansa, waɗanda yawancinsu sarakunan sarauta ne. Tare, sun kasance gidan sarauta na Kalabari na gargajiya, irin na sarauta.
Mutane da al'adu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A wata al'ada, mutanen Kalabari sun fito ne daga Calabar (wanda ake kira "Tsohon Calabar" ta Turawa), wani wuri da ke gabas da mutanen Efik suka mamaye. Wannan wataƙila tun a ƙarni na 19. Su kansu Efik sun ce Turawa ne suka ba garinsu sunan "Calabar".[1] Wasu al’adun sun ce ‘yan ƙabilar Ijo daga Amafo ne suka kafa Kalabari, a gabar yamma da kogin Calabar, kuma mazauna wasu al’ummomi ne suka haɗa su.[1]
Mutanen sun mamaye jerin tsibirai a cikin dazukan mangrove na yankin delta, inda suke kamun kifi da ciniki.[2] Za su kwashe amfanin gonakin yankin delta har zuwa kogin New Calabar da Imo, su kuma musanya su da abinci da kayayyakin da ake amfani da su a yankin.[1] A cikin ƙarni na 15, ƴan kasuwa na Turai na farko sun lura cewa su kaɗai ne mutanen delta suka ƙi yin ciniki a kan bashi.[2]
Tun asali mutanen Elem Kalabari suna bauta wa wata baiwar Allah Owemenakaso ( ko Awamenakaso, Akaso ), mahaifiyar dukan gumakan dangin Kalabari, ko da a lokacin ƙauyuka ɗaya suna da nasu alloli da alloli na gama-gari. Ta yi adawa da yaƙi da zubar da jini, kuma daga baya Kalabari sun yi iƙirarin cewa ita ƴar'uwar baiwar Birtaniya ce, Brittana, wadda ke mulkin teku. A cikin makwabtansu, saboda "wayewa" da halin zaman lafiya gabaɗaya, ana kiran Kalabari "Turawa".[3][4]
Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An ce wani sarki mai suna King Owerri Daba, ya kawo cinikin bayi a Kalabari da Bonny, kuma ya kafa gidajen Duke Monmouth da Duke Africa. Wannan ya faru a wani lokaci kafin shekarar 1699, tun lokacin da James Barbot ya rubuta cewa yana ba da kyauta ga Duke Monmouth na Kalabari a wannan shekarar.[1] Kalabari ta zama kasuwar cinikin bayi a tekun Atlantika, galibi yana sayar da bayi da aka saya daga yankin Igbo, zuwa arewa.[5]
Amachree I, wanda ya mutu a kusa da 1800, shine wanda ya kafa daular da ke ɗauke da sunansa. Yawancin manyan gidajen kasuwanci sun faɗaɗa a lokacin mulkinsa.[6] A cikin ƙarni na 19, Masarautar Kalabari ta kasance a tsakiyar yakin neman iko a gabashin yankin Delta. Elem Kalabari ya yi yaƙi da Masarautar Nembe a yamma, Masarautar Bonny a kudu maso gabas da Okrika a arewa maso gabas.[5] Babban abokin hamayyar shi ne Okrika, wanda ke da damar hana Kalabari shiga ciki.[1] Kalabari sun kawo kayansu zuwa Elem Ifoko, a bakin sabon kogin Calabar, amma sun ƙi su ƙara tafiya mai nisan mil bakwai zuwa Bonny don sauƙaƙa wa yan kasuwar Turawa.[1] Kasuwanci ya haɗa da sayen bayi, giwaye da dabino, wanda aka ba da kayan sawa, kayan aiki, bindigogi da foda a musayar. Gishiri, wanda aka yi ta hanyar evaporation, ya kasance muhimmin batu a kasuwancin.[7]
A cikin watan Yuli 1863, rikici da mutanen Nembe na Brass ya faru, tare da Nembe masu nasara, A watan Disamba na shekarar 1865 Okrika ya fara kwanton bauna kan kwale-kwalen kasuwanci na Kalabari, kuma Bonny yana barazanar shiga ciki tun lokacin da Kalabari ke toshe hanyarsu ta yankin Kalabari. Tilas ne ƙaramin jakadan na Burtaniya ya shiga tsakani don hana ɓarkewar wani tashin hankali.[1] Lokacin da Jubo Jubogha ("Ja-Ja") ya yi ƙaura daga Bonny a cikin 1869 ya kafa jihar Opobo daban, ya zama abokin Kalabari. Yanzu dai Bonny ya fara matsananciyar matsatsi zuwa yankin Kalabari domin murmurewa daga asarar cinikin da ya yi wa Opobo.[5] A cikin 1873 an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta din-din-din tsakanin Kalabari da Bonny a ranar da aka ƙulla yarjejeniya tsakanin ɓangarorin biyu da ke gaba da juna a Kalabari.[1]
Ba a kiyaye ko ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin ba. A cikin watan Yuli 1882 dole ta saka ƙaramin jakadan Burtaniya ya sake shiga tsakani a cikin gwagwarmayar Bonny.[1] Daga 1882 zuwa 1884 ƙungiyoyi biyu na gidan sarauta sun ci gaba da fafutukar neman iko. Ɓangaren Amachree ya yi nasara, yayin da ƙungiyar Barboy ko Will Braide, suka koma sabon mazauna garin Bakana a 1881.
Ba da jimawa ba, ragowar ɓangaren, wanda ya kunshi mafi yawan ƴan ƙungiyar Amachree ne, su ma sun kwashe Elem Kalabari, suka koma Abonnema a 1882 da Buguma a 1884, duk sun kara bazama a yankuna.[5] Ƴan kasuwan Turawa sun bi su, yanzu sun haura kogin Sombreiro zuwa Abonnema. A yanzu gwamnatin Kalabari ta zama majalisar sarakuna da sarakunan sarauta da Sarki ke jagoranta da kulawa.[1]
Masu mulki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Jiha mai zaman kanta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sunaye da kwanakin da aka ɗauko daga John Stewart's African States and Rulers (1989).[8]
| Fara mulki | Gama mulki | Mai mulki |
|---|---|---|
| c.1550 | c.1575 | Kalabari |
| c.1575 | c.1590 | Owoma |
| c.1590 | c.1600 | Opukoroye |
| c.1600 | c.1620 | Owerri Daba |
| c.1620 | c.1655 | Igbessa |
| c.1655 | c.1680 | Kamalo (King Robert) |
| c.1680 | c.1720 | Mangi Suku |
| c.1720 | c.1726 | Igonibaw |
| c.1726 | c.1733 | Ngbesa |
| c.1733 | c.1740 | Omuye |
| c.1740 | c.1745 | Bokoye |
| c.1745 | c.1750 | Daba |
| c.1750 | c.1770 | Kalagba |
| c.1770 | c.1790 | Amakiri (Amachree) I |
| c.1790 | c.1835 | Amakuru/Amakiri (Amachree) II |
| c.1835 | Afrilu 1863 | Karibo (Amakiri/Amachree III) |
| Afrilu 1863 | c.1900 | Abe (Amakiri/Amachree IV) (Abbe Prince Will) |
Protectorate da Tarayyar Najeriya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sarakuna bayan daular sun zama wani ɓangare na mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, sannan Tarayyar Najeriya mai cin gashin kanta:[9]
| Fara mulki | Gama mulki | Mai mulki |
|---|---|---|
| 1900 | 1918 | Amachree V (Charlie Keini) |
| 1919 | 1927 | Amachree VI (Willie Keini) |
| 1927 | 1960 | Amachree VII (Obenibo JT Princewill) |
| 1960 | 1973 | Amachree VIII (Frederick Princewill) (b. 1906 - d. 1973) |
| 1973 | 1975 | Amachree IX (Cottone Keini) |
| 1975 | 7 ga Yuni 1998 | Amachree X (Abbiye Suku) (d. 1998) |
| 7 ga Yuni 1998 | 2002 | Ba kowa |
| 2002 | 2021 | Amachree XI (Theophilus JT Princewill) (b. 1930 - d. 2021) |
Duba kuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 G. I. Jones (2001). The trading states of the oil rivers: a study of political development in Eastern Nigeria. James Currey. p. 15ff. ISBN 0-85255-918-6.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Jasleen Dhamija (2004). Asian embroidery. Abhinav Publications. p. 237. ISBN 81-7017-450-3.
- ↑ Mogens Herman Hansen, Københavns universitet. Polis centret (2000). A comparative study of thirty city-state cultures: an investigation. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. p. 539. ISBN 87-7876-177-8.
- ↑ "Kalabari | people". Encyclopedia Britannica (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-09-13.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 J. F. Ade Ajayi (1989). Africa in the nineteenth century until the 1880s. University of California Press. p. 733ff. ISBN 0-520-03917-3.
- ↑ Mark R. Lipschutz, R. Kent Rasmussen (1989). Dictionary of African historical biography. University of California Press. p. 15. ISBN 0-520-06611-1.
- ↑ The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge, Vol.IV, (1848) London, Charles Knight, p.17
- ↑ Stewart, John (1989). African States and Rulers. London: McFarland. p. 194. ISBN 0-89950-390-X.
- ↑ "Traditional States of Nigeria". World Statesmen. Retrieved 5 September 2010.