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Mutanen Senufo

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Mutanen Senufo

Jimlar yawan jama'a
3,800,000
Yankuna masu yawan jama'a
Ivory Coast, Mali da Burkina Faso
Addini
Mabiya Sunnah
Senufo
Senufo people
Jimlar yawan jama'a

c. miliyan 3 (2013);

miliyan 0.8 a Mali
Yankuna masu yawan jama'a
Arewa maso gabas Cote d'Ivoire, kudu maso gabas Mali da kudu maso yamma Burkina Faso, da kuma rukuni ɗaya a yammacin Ghana
Harsuna
Harsunan Senufo, Farasanci
Addini
Galibi masu son rai; wasu musulmi
Mutanen senufo


Mutanen Senufo, waɗanda kuma aka sani da Siena, Senefo, Sene, Senoufo, da Syénambélé, ƙungiyar ƙabilanci ce ta yammacin Afirka. Sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi daban-daban da ke zaune a yankin da ya shafi arewacin Ivory Coast, kudu maso gabashin Mali da kuma yammacin Burkina Faso.[1][2][3] Ƙungiya ɗaya, Nafana, ana samunsa a arewa maso yammacin Ghana.[4]

Mutanen Senufo galibinsu masu son rai ne,[3] wasu kuma musulmi ne.[5] Sun shahara a yanki saboda sana'o'in hannu, da yawa daga cikinsu sun ƙunshi jigogin al'adu da imani na addini.

Alkaluma da harsuna

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kimanin rabon mutanen Senufo a Ivory Coast, Mali, Burkina Faso da Ghana

A cikin shekarun 1980, alkaluma sun nuna jimillar al'ummar kabilar Senufo a tsakanin miliyan 1.5 zuwa 2.7.[6] Wani kiyasi na shekarar 2013 ya nuna jimlar sama da miliyan 3, inda akasarinsu ke zaune a Ivory Coast a wurare irin su Katiola, da kuma wasu miliyan 0.8 a kudu maso gabashin Mali.[2][3][5] Mafi yawan yawan jama'a ana samun su a cikin ƙasa tsakanin kogin Black Volta, kogin Bagoe da kogin Bani.[1]

Ƙungiyarsu ta matrilineal ce. Yawanci, ana nazarin mutanen Senufo a cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi uku waɗanda aka keɓe.[7] Ana kiran Senufo na arewacin "Supide ko Kenedugou", wanda aka samo a kusa da Odienne, kuma wanda ya taimaka wajen kafa wata muhimmiyar masarauta ta yammacin Afirka kuma ya kalubalanci Musulmai mishan da 'yan kasuwa. Kudancin Senufo sune rukuni mafi girma, wanda ya kai sama da miliyan 2, waɗanda suka ba da izinin ƴan kasuwa musulmi su zauna a cikin al'ummominsu a ƙarni na 18 waɗanda suka yi ƙwazo, kuma kusan kashi 20% na kudancin Senufo Musulmai ne. Ƙungiya ta uku ƙanana ce kuma ta keɓe daga arewaci da kudancin Senufo.[1] Wasu masana ilimin zamantakewa irin su Masanin Faransa Holas ya ambaci wasu ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Senufo guda goma sha biyar, masu yaruka talatin da sifofi huɗu sun warwatse a tsakaninsu.[4]

Kalmar Senufo tana nufin ƙungiyar harshe da ta ƙunshi yaruka kusan talatin masu alaƙa a cikin babban dangin harshen Gur.[8] Nasa ne na reshen Gur-gur na dangin yaren Nijar-Congo, kuma ya ƙunshi yaruka daban-daban guda huɗu waɗanda suka haɗa da Palaka (wanda aka fi sani da Kpalaga), Djimini (wanda kuma ake rubuta Dyimini), da Senari a Côte d'Ivoire da Suppire (wanda aka rubuta Supyire) a Mali, da kuma Karaboro a Burkina Faso.[9][10][11] A cikin kowace ƙungiya, ƙungiyoyi masu yawa suna amfani da sunayensu don mutane da harshe; sunan Senufo ya fito daga waje. Palaka ya rabu da babban hannun jari na Senufo tun kafin ad karni na 14; a daidai lokacin da aka kafa garin Kong a matsayin tashar kasuwanci ta Bambara, sauran jama'a sun fara ƙaura zuwa kudanci, yamma, da arewa, wanda ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna a yanzu. Mutanen da ke magana da Senufo sun kai 800,000. zuwa miliyan daya kuma suna zaune a cikin al'ummomin da suka dogara da aikin noma galibi suna cikin Cote d'Ivoire, Afirka ta Yamma, Afirka.[12]

Korhogo, wani tsohon gari ne a arewacin Ivory Coast tun daga karni na 13, yana da alaƙa da mutanen Senufo. Ana iya danganta wannan rarrabuwar harsuna da ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci da ƙaura na ƙarni na 14 tare da kafuwarta tare da hanyar kasuwanci ta Bambara.[10]

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A al'adance mutanen Senufo sun zauna a cikin bukkoki na laka mai siffar madauwari, noma a tarihi shine babban abin rayuwarsu.[13]

Mutanen Senufo sun fito a matsayin rukuni wani lokaci a cikin karni na 15 ko na 16.[7] Sun kasance wani muhimmin yanki na Masarautar Kénédougou na ƙarni na 17 zuwa 19 (a zahiri "ƙasar fili") tare da babban birnin Sikasso. Wannan yanki ya ga yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa da suka haɗa da mulkin Daoula Ba Traoré, wani mugun zalunci wanda ya yi mulki tsakanin 1840 zuwa 1877.[2][14] Musuluntar mutanen Senufo ya fara ne a cikin wannan lokaci na tarihi na Masarautar Kénédougou, amma sarakuna & sarakuna ne suka musulunta, yayin da suka musulunta jama'ar Senufo gabaɗaya sun ƙi.[2] Daoula Ba Traoré ya yi ƙoƙari ya Musuluntar da mulkinsa, inda ya lalata ƙauyuka da yawa a cikin masarautar kamar Guiembe da Nielle a 1875 saboda sun ki amincewa da ra'ayinsa.[2] Su ma sarakunan daular Kénédougou sun kai hari ga maƙwabtansu, irin su mutanen Zarma kuma su ma sun kai farmaki sau da yawa tsakanin 1883 zuwa 1898.[2]

Yaƙe-yaƙe da tashe-tashen hankula kafin mulkin mallaka ya haifar da ƙaura zuwa Burkina Faso a yankunan da suka zama garuruwa irin su Tiembara a Sashen Kiembara.[2] Masarautar Kénédougou da daular Traoré sun wargaje ne a shekara ta 1898 bayan zuwan turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa.[14]

Bauta

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Al’ummar Senufo duk sun kasance wadanda aka azabtar da su kuma sun yi ta bautar da su yayin da suke cin zarafin wasu kabilu ta hanyar bauta.[15] An bautar da su daga kabilu daban-daban na Afirka kamar yadda aka kai wa jihohin Denkyira da Akan hari ko kuma aka fada a karni na 17 da 18. Su da kansu sun saya da sayar da bayi ga ’yan kasuwa musulmi, mutanen Asante da mutanen Baoulé. Yayin da 'yan gudun hijira daga wasu ƙabilun Afirka ta Yamma suka tsere daga yaƙe-yaƙe, in ji Paul Lovejoy, wasu daga cikinsu sun ƙaura zuwa ƙasashen Senufo, suka kwace filayensu kuma suka bautar da su.[15][16]

Bukatar bayi mafi girma da farko ta fito ne daga kasuwannin Sudan, kuma da dadewa, cinikin bayi wani muhimmin aiki ne na tattalin arziki a yankin Sahel da yammacin Afirka, in ji Martin Klein. Sikasso da Bobo-Dioulasso sun kasance mahimman tushen bayi da aka kama waɗanda aka ƙaura zuwa Timbuktu da Banamba akan hanyarsu ta zuwa kasuwannin bayi na Sudan da Mauritaniya.[17]

Waɗanda aka bautar a ƙasashen Senufo sun yi aikin ƙasar, da kiwo da kuma hidima a cikin gida. Shi ma mai gidansu da wanda yake dogara da shi suna da hakkin yin jima'i da kuyangin gida mata. 'Ya'yan baiwa mace sun gaji matsayin bawa.[18]

Daular Kong

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Al'umma da al'adu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sana'ar hannun mutanen Senufo[19]


Senufo galibin manoma ne masu noman masara, gero, dawa, da gyada. Kauyukan Senufo sun kunshi kananan gidajen bulo na laka. A yankunan kudancin Senufo da ake ruwan sama, rufin ciyayi ya zama ruwan dare, yayin da rufin rufin ya zama ruwan dare a busasshiyar hamada kamar arewa. Senufo wata al'umma ce ta dangin dangi, inda aka shirya auren dangi da mata fiye da ɗaya ya zama gama gari, duk da haka, gado da gadon kadara ya kasance na matrilineal.[7][10]

A matsayinsu na masu noma, suna noma iri-iri iri-iri da suka hada da auduga da kayan amfanin gona don kasuwannin duniya. A matsayinsu na mawaƙa, sun shahara a duniya, suna wasa da kayan kida da yawa daga: na'urorin iska (Aerophones), kidan zare (Chordaphones) da kayan kida (Membranophones). Al'ummomin Senufo suna amfani da tsarin yanki, kowane yanki da aka sani da katioula.[20] A cikin wannan tsarin manoma, wanda aka fi sani da Fo no, da masu sana'a a kishiyar ƙarshen bakan. Kalmar artisan ta ƙunshi ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun mutane a cikin al'ummar Senufo da suka haɗa da maƙera (Kule), masu sassaƙa (Kpeene), maƙeran ƙarfe (Tyeli), masu tukwane, da ma'aikatan fata, waɗanda rayuwarsu ta ta'allaka ne akan ayyuka, nauyi, da tsarin da aji ɗaya ke zama.[20] Horon zama mai sana'a yana ɗaukar kimanin shekaru bakwai ko takwas; farawa tare da horarwa inda masu horarwa ke ƙirƙirar abubuwan da ba su da alaƙa da addinin Senufo, sannan su ƙare tare da tsarin farawa inda suke samun damar ƙirƙirar abu na al'ada.[21]

A yanki, Senufo sun shahara a matsayin mawaƙa da ƙwararrun masu sassaƙa sassa na itace, abin rufe fuska, da figurines.[10] Mutanen Senufo sun ƙware aikin fasaha da aikin hannu ta ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, inda ake koyan fasahar a cikin wannan rukunin, daga tsara zuwa na gaba. Kulubele sun ƙware a matsayin masu sassaƙa katako, Fonombele sun kware a aikin maƙera da ƙwallon kwando, Kpeembele sun ƙware wajen yin simintin ƙarfe, Djelebele sun shahara wajen sana’ar fata, Tchedumbele ƙwararrun maƙeran bindigogi ne, yayin da Numu ya kware a sana’a da saƙa.[4] A waje da ƙungiyoyin masu sana'a, mutanen Senufo suna da mafarauta, mawaƙa, masu tona kabari, masu duba, da masu warkarwa waɗanda ake kira Fejembele.[4] A cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, ma'aikatan fata ko Djelebele su ne waɗanda suka fi karɓar Musulunci, kodayake waɗanda suka musulunta suna riƙe da yawa daga cikin ayyukansu na tashin hankali.[4]

A al'adance, al'ummar Senufo sun kasance al'umma mai ratsa jiki, kama da yawancin kabilun Yammacin Afirka da ke da ƙabilu.[22][23] Waɗannan ɓangarorin da ke da iyaka ana kiran su Katioula a cikin gida, kuma ɗayan sassan wannan rukunin ya haɗa da bayi da zuriyar bayi.[7] A cewar Dolores Richter, tsarin kabilanci da aka samu a tsakanin mutanen Senufo yana da fasalin "matsayin matsayi wanda ya hada da ƙananan simintin gyare-gyare, ƙayyadaddun sana'a, haɗin kai na al'ada, zamantakewar aure, zama memba na gado, warewar zama, da fifikon siyasa na manoma a kan masana'antar fasaha".[4]

Mutanen Senufo yawanci suna fada cikin al'ummomi huɗu a cikin al'adun su: Poro, Sandogo, Wambele, ko Tyekpa. Yayin da dukkanin al'ummomi ke cika matsayi na musamman a cikin harkokin mulki da ilimi na mutanen Senufo, Poro da Sandogo.[20] Ruhaniya da duba sun kasu kashi biyu tsakanin wadannan al'ummomi guda biyu masu wajabta jinsi tare da mata sun fada karkashin al'ummar Sando ko Sandogo, da maza suna fada karkashin al'ummar Poro ban da mazan da suke cikin matan saboda mahaifiyarsu.[8] Waɗannan al'ummomin su ne biyu waɗanda ke ƙirƙirar mafi yawan fasahar Seunfo.[24]

Yawanci, ƙauyukan Senufo suna da 'yancin kai daga juna, kuma kowannensu yana da ƙungiyar asiri na maza da ake kira Poro tare da ƙayyadaddun al'ada na farawa a cikin gandun daji da suke ɗauka a matsayin mai tsarki.[2][4] Ayyukan ƙaddamarwa sun haɗa da abin rufe fuska, siffofi, da kayan aikin al'ada waɗanda mutanen Senufo suka sassaƙa kuma suka inganta. Sirrin da aka yi ya taimaka wa mutanen Senufo don kiyaye al'adunsu a lokutan yaƙe-yaƙe da matsin lamba na siyasa. Senufo yana sa kayan ado na tagulla na musamman, kamar waɗanda ke kwaikwayon namun daji.

"Babban aikin Poro shine tabbatar da kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin duniya mai rai da kakanni. Nerejao kakanin kakanni ne wanda aka gane shi a matsayin ainihin shugaban al'ummar Poro, duba, wanda ke karkashin jagorancin al'ummar Sandogo, kuma yana da mahimmanci. wani bangare na addinin Senufo, duk da cewa ana daukar Sandogo a matsayin al'ummar mata, amma mazan da aka kira zuwa wannan sana'a kuma suka gaji ta hanyar matrilineal an yarda su zama masu duba."[20]

Hoton Caryatid da aka yi amfani da shi yayin bikin jana'izar al'umma ta tyekpa tare da Ganguna

'Yan Sandogo mata ne masu duba a cikin mutanen Senufo. Suna da nasu ibada da tsarin sirri.[25][26] Bugu da kari, mutanen Senufo suna da Wambele da Typka, masu yin sihiri da tsafi.[7]

A cikin al'adun Senufo, nau'in mace yana da fifiko fiye da kowa dangane da kyau da kayan ado kuma ana ganin siffofin caryatid tare da al'adu daban-daban.[24] Wannan yana da alaƙa cikin bautar ruhu, "Uwar Tsohuwar", ko ruhu, "uwa", Maleeo, wanda ake girmamawa a matsayin jagorar jagora ta duk ƙungiyar Poro da mambobi.[24][27] Goddess Maleeo yana da abokin tarayya, allahn Kolocolo, wanda ake gani a matsayin allahntakar Sandogo, wanda ya ba wa mutane aure da irin wannan nau'i na jinsi don ba da damar sadarwa daga bil'adama da kuma duniyar ruhu.[20] Ana ganin kididdigar Caryatid a matsayin wakilcin matsayin mata a matsayin masu shiga tsakani na ruhaniya kuma Sandogo suna amfani da su a cikin bukukuwa a matsayin alamomin wannan magana ta sama.[24] Hakazalika, a game da Poro, akwai rubuce-rubucen da ake amfani da su na caryatid a cikin bukukuwan da ake amfani da su don tunawa da ci gaba a cikin zagayowar shekaru,[24] da kuma amfani da su don tara kudade ta hanyar farawa na al'umma. An yi amfani da ƙididdiga masu ƙididdiga a wani bikin jana'izar tyekpa a matsayin sassaka na rawa, wanda aka yi a kan masu rawa yayin bikin.[24]

Addinin Senufo na gargajiya nau'in tashin hankali ne. Wannan imani na Senufo ya haɗa da kakanni da ruhohin yanayi, waɗanda za a iya tuntuɓar su. Sun yi imani da Mafifici, wanda ake kallonsa a cikin mace biyu-namiji: Uwar Tsohuwar, Maleeo ko Katieleo, da Allah Mahalicci na namiji, Kolotyolo ko Koulotiolo.[7]

Tasiri

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Fasahar mutanen Senufo ta zaburar da masu fasahar Turai na ƙarni na ashirin kamar Pablo Picasso da Fernand Léger.[28][29][30] Cubism da abin rufe fuska da aka samu a cikin sassan Senufo sun kasance babban tasiri ga lokacin Pablo Picasso na Afirka.[31]

Kalmar Senufo ta zama nau'i ga masu tattara kayan fasaha da masana, alamar al'adun fasaha na yammacin Afirka, tun daga farkon karni na ashirin. Ana samun tsoffin sassan fasahar Senufo a manyan manyan gidajen tarihi na duniya.[32]

Cornélius Yao Azaglo August, mai daukar hoto, ya kirkiro mujallar daukar hoto na mutanen Senufo daga 1955 zuwa gaba.[33]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 James Stuart Olson (1996). The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 515. ISBN 978-0-313-27918-8.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Cyril K. Daddieh (2016). Historical Dictionary of Cote d'Ivoire (The Ivory Coast). Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 426–427. ISBN 978-0-8108-7389-6.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Pascal James Imperato; Gavin H. Imperato (2008). Historical Dictionary of Mali. Scarecrow. p. 266. ISBN 978-0-8108-6402-3.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Richter, Dolores (1980). "Further considerations of caste in West Africa: The Senufo". Africa. Cambridge University Press. 50 (01): 37–54. doi:10.2307/1158641.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Diagram Group (2013). Encyclopedia of African Peoples. Routledge. p. 184. ISBN 978-1-135-96334-7.
  6. ↑ Garber (1987) estimates the total number of Senufos at some 1.5 million; the Ethnologue (15th edition), based on various population estimates, counts 2.7 million.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 John A. Shoup III (2011). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 253–254. ISBN 978-1-59884-363-7.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Senufo Sculpture from West Africa: an influential exhibition at The Museum of Primitive Art, New York, 1963 Essay - Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History". The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2016-02-29.
  9. ↑ "Senufo people". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2016-03-03.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Senufo people, Encyclopædia Britannica
  11. ↑ Language characteristics: Sénoufo, Cebaara in Ivory Coast, Sénoufo, Mamara in Mali, 15 sub-languages within Senufo
  12. ↑ "Sister Wendy's American Collection". www.pbs.org. Archived from the original on 2016-03-12. Retrieved 2016-02-29.
  13. ↑ Patricia Sheehan; Jacqueline Ong (2010). Côte D'Ivoire. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-0-7614-4854-9.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Pascal James Imperato; Gavin H. Imperato (2008). Historical Dictionary of Mali. Scarecrow. pp. lxxviii, 266. ISBN 978-0-8108-6402-3.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Paul E. Lovejoy (2011). Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. Cambridge University Press. pp. 170–171, 57–58. ISBN 978-1-139-50277-1.
  16. ↑ Martin A. Klein (1998). Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa. Cambridge University Press. pp. 117–124. ISBN 978-0-521-59678-7.
  17. ↑ Martin A. Klein (1998). Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa. Cambridge University Press. pp. 53–58. ISBN 978-0-521-59678-7.
  18. ↑ Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch (2007). Gwyn Campbell, Suzanne Miers and Joseph Calder Miller (ed.). Women and Slavery: Africa, the Indian Ocean world, and the medieval north Atlantic. Ohio University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-8214-1723-2.
  19. ↑ Avner Shakarov; Lyubov Senatorova (2015). Traditional African Art: An Illustrated Study. McFarland. pp. 41–45. ISBN 978-1-4766-2003-9.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 "Senufo - Art & Life in Africa - The University of Iowa Museum of Art". africa.uima.uiowa.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-03-23. Retrieved 2016-02-29.
  21. ↑ "Creativity Resource for Teachers  » Blog Archive  » Drums of Africa". creativity.denverartmuseum.org. Retrieved 2016-02-29.
  22. ↑ Jean-Pierre Olivier de Sardan (1984). Les sociétés Songhay-Zarma (Niger-Mali): chefs, guerriers, esclaves, paysans. Paris: Karthala. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-2-86537-106-8.
  23. ↑ Tal Tamari (1991). "The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa". The Journal of African History. Cambridge University Press. 32 (2): 221–250. doi:10.1017/s0021853700025718. JSTOR 182616., Quote: "[Castes] are found among the Soninke, the various Manding-speaking populations, the Wolof, Tukulor, Senufo, Minianka, Dogon, Songhay, and most Fulani, Moorish and Tuareg populations".
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 Glaze, Anita (1993). "Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies". Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies. JSTOR 4108736.
  25. ↑ Robert Farris Thompson (1974). African Art in Motion: Icon and Act. University of California Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-520-03843-1.
  26. ↑ Rosalind Hackett; Rowland Abiodun (1998). Art and Religion in Africa. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-0-8264-3655-9.
  27. ↑ [http://www.clevelandart.org/art/1961.198# image of deity from Cleveland Museum collection now available on line
  28. ↑ Peter Read (2008). Picasso and Apollinaire: The Persistence of Memory. University of California Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-520-24361-3.
  29. ↑ Robert Keith Sawyer (2006). Explaining Creativity: The Science of Human Innovation. Oxford University Press. pp. 190–192. ISBN 978-0-19-516164-9.
  30. ↑ Robert John Goldwater (1986). Primitivism in Modern Art. Harvard University Press. pp. 152–154. ISBN 978-0-674-70490-9.
  31. ↑ Senufo African art that inspired Picasso comes to France Archived 2019-04-25 at the Wayback Machine, RFI (2015); Senufo: Art and Identity in West Africa, Cleveland Museum of Art (2015), Quote: "Some of the most beloved artistic creations of sub-Saharan Africa, masks, figures, and decorative art labeled as Senufo have been the subject of numerous studies by African, American, and European scholars since the 1930s. The interest in sculpture identified as Senufo was largely stimulated by its discovery by the artistic avant-garde in the early twentieth century. Pablo Picasso and Fernand Léger were among those to find inspiration in the oeuvre of their West African counterparts."
  32. ↑ Senufo Sculpture from West Africa: An Influential Exhibition at The Museum of Primitive Art, New York, 1963, Susan Elizabeth Gagliardi (2010), Art History Department, Emory University
  33. ↑ Cyril K. Daddieh (2016). Historical Dictionary of Cote d'Ivoire (The Ivory Coast). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-8108-7389-6.

Littafi Mai Tsarki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Holas, Bohumil (1957) Les Sénoufo (y compris les Minianka), Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
  • Spindel, Carol (1989). In the Shadow of the Sacred Grove. Vintage. 08033994793.ABAISBN 0-679-72214-9. 08033994793.ABAISBN 978-0-679-72214-4.
  • Glaze, Anita J. (1981) Art and Death in a Senufo Village. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
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