Nauyi na gama-gari amma masu bambamci
 Nauyi na gama-gari amma masu bambamci | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
principle (en)  |
Nauyi na gama-gari Amma masu Bambanci (CBDR) wani tsari ne wanda aka tsara a cikin Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Sauyin yanayi ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNFCCC) na Taron Duniya a Rio de Janeiro, a 1992. An ambaci ka'idar CBDR a cikin labarin UNFCCC na 3 a sakin layi na 1..,[1] da labari na 4 a sakin layi na 1.[2] Ita ce shirin shari'a na farko na duniya don magance sauyin yanayi da kuma mafi girman yunƙuri na ƙasashe don magance munanan tsarin ga muhallin yankunan duniya.[3] Tsarin CBDR ta yarda cewa duk jihohi su yi tarayya da alhakin magance lalata muhalli, amma ya musanta alhakin duk jihohi game da kare muhalli.
A taron baje kolin Duniya, jihohi sun amince da bambancin ci gaban tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashe da suka cigaba da kuma masu tasowa. An ci gaba da haɓaka masana'antu a ƙasashen da suka ci gaba da wuri fiye da yadda ake yi a ƙasashe masu tasowa. CBDR ya dogara ne akan dangantaka tsakanin masana'antu da canjin yanayi.[4] Duk kasar da ke da cigaba a fannin sarrafe-sarrafe da masana'antu, suna kara taimakawa a wajen jawo sauyin yanayi. Kasashen sun amince da matsaya kan cewa kasashen da suka ci gaba sunfi ba da gudummawa sosai wajen lalata muhallin duniya kuma ya kamata sufi daukan nauyin kan hanyoyin daƙile sauyin yanayi fiye da sauran kasashe masu tasowa. Don haka ana iya cewa ka'idojin CBDR ta dogara ne akan ka'idar "polluter-pays principle" (wato wadanda sukafi gurbata muhalli zasu dauki nauyin kula da muhallin) a yayin da aka kafa tarihi akan gudummuwa akan sauyin yanayi da kuma kawo ƙarshen sauyin yanayin kuma ya zamo cikin ka'idojin kiyaye muhalli don tsaftace muhalli na duniya.[5]
Manufar shirin CBDR ta samo asali ne daga ra'ayin "damuwa na gama gari (common concern)" a cikin Yarjejeniya don Ƙaddamar da Hukumar Tuna ta Tsakanin Amurka na 1949[6] da kuma shirin abubuwan gado na mutanen duniya wato common heritage of mankind a cikin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Teku, 1982. 1][7]
Manufofi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Gabaɗaya akwai manufofi guda uku na tsarin kula daban-daban; 1-don samar da daidaito mai ma'ana a cikin tsarin tabbatar da adalci,
2-samar da hadin kai tsakanin kasashe,
3-da kuma samar da kwarin gwiwa ga kasshe don aiwatar da ayyukansu.[8]
A wajen taron baje kolin Duniya, an kafa ka'idar CBDR don fadakar da duniya cewa gurbatar yanayi ya ketare iyakokin siyasa kuma ya kamata a kare muhalli ta hanyar hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashe. UNFCCC 1992, Mataki na 3 sakin layi na 1, “Ya kamata jam’iyyu (kasashen da suka ci gaba) su kare tsarin lafiyayyen yanayi don amfanin al’ummar duniya na yanzu da masu zuwa, dangane ga daidaito da kuma daidai da nauyin da ya rataya a wuyansu da kuma bambancin ra’ayi da ikon su. Don haka ya kamata jam’iyyun kasashen da suka ci gaba su ja gaba wajen yakar sauyin yanayi da illolinsa.”[1]
Asali: bayanan kula daban-daban
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]CBDR ba ita bace farkon hanyar kula da muhalli na ƙasashe daban-daban ba na yarjejeniyar duniya ba. Akwai wasu ƙa'idodi da yarjejeniyoyin da suka yi amfani da ƙa'idajin kula da muhalli daban-daban:
- Yarjejeniyar Montreal akan Abubuwan da ke tarwatsa Sararin Ozone (Ka'idar Montreal)
- Yarjejeniyar sojin Ruwa (Naval) na Washington
- Sashe na IV na Babban Yarjejeniyar Kan Tariffs da Ciniki (GATT) 1979
- Ka'ida ta 23 na Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli na shekara ta 1972[9]
Soke-soke
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Todd Stern, jakadan Amurka na musamman kan lamurran sauyin yanayi na lokacin, ya fada a jawabinsa na farko a bikin yaye daliban Dartmouth na 2012 cewa duniya ba za ta iya samun nau'i biyu na kasashe daban-daban da ke da alhakin rage sauyin yanayi ba. A maimakon haka ya kamata ƙasashe su bi hanyoyi daban daban na ci gaba, inda ake buƙatar kashe su yi aiki gwargwadon karfinsu kan sauyin yanayi, dangane da nauyin da ke kansu. Ya kuma jaddada cewa kowacce kasa ta dauki nauyin rage fitar da iskar Carbon a maimakon sanya nauyin akan wasu kasashe tsiraru wajen dauki nauyin rage yawan iskar.
Stone yayi jayayya da cewa ma'anar kalmar 'kasashe na daban' na iya zama matsala kamar yadda kowace yarjejeniya take bambantawa.[10] Ya kuma ce CBDR "ba ta duka duniya bace kuma ba abin koyi bace ga sauran kasashe."[11]
Cullet yayi nuni tare da cewa CBDR, yana iya zama abu mai wahala a tantance kasancewar takamaiman ƙa'ida da ta dace.[12]
Rajmani ya ce kasashe masu tasowa za su sami karancin fa'ida tattalin arziki saboda ba za su fuskanci takunkumi irin na kasashen da suka ci gaba ba. Yarjejeniya kan sauyin yanayi ba zai taba yin tasiri ba ba tare da sa kasancewar kasashe masu tasowa ba acikin shirin. Amurka ta ba da shawarar cewa kasashe masu tasowa ba sa yin abin da ya dace don gamsar da rabonsu na 'alhaki na gama-gari akan matsalolin canjin yanayi ba. Kasashe masu tasowa, suna jayayya cewa iskar carbon da suke fitarwa yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwarsu, yayin da na ƙasashen da suka ci gaba ke zama 'suna saki ne saboda kayan shakatawa da alatu'.[13]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" (PDF). UNFCCC. 1992. p. 4. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
The Parties should protect the climate system for the benefit of present and future generations of humankind, on the basis of equity and in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. Accordingly, the developed country Parties should take the lead in combating climate change and the adverse effects thereof
- ↑ "United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change" (PDF). UNFCCC. 1992. p. 5. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
All parties, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and their specific national and regional development priorities, objectives and circumstances...
- ↑ Harris, Paul G. (1999). "Common But Differentiated Responsibility: The Kyoto Protocol and United States Policy". New York University Environmental Law Journal. 27.
- ↑ Cullet, Philippe (1999). "Differential Treatment in International Law: Towards a New Paradigm of Inter-state Relations". European Journal of International Law. 10, 3: 578.
- ↑ Rajamani, Lavanya. "The Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibility and the Balance of Commitments under the Climate Regime". Review of European Community & International Environmental Law. 9, 2: 122. ISSN 0962-8797.
- ↑ "Convention for the Establishment of an Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission" (PDF). Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission. 31 May 1949. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
... by tuna fishing vessels in the eastern Pacific Ocean which by reason of continued use have come to be of common concern and desiring to co-operate in the gathering and interpretation of factual information to facilitate maintaining the populations of these fishes ...
- ↑ "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea" (PDF). United Nations. 1982. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
... the General Assembly of the United Nations solemnly declared inter alia that the area of the seabed and ocean floor and the subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, as well as its resources, are the common heritage of mankind, the exploration and exploitation of which shall be carried out for the benefit of mankind as a whole, irrespective of the geographical location of States,
- ↑ Cullet, Philippe (1999). "Differential Treatment in International Law: Towards a New Paradigm of Inter-state Relations". European Journal of International Law. 10, 3: 552–553.
- ↑ "Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment". United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 1972. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
Without prejudice to such criteria as may be agreed upon by the international community, or to standards which will have to be determined nationally, it will be essential in all cases to consider the systems of values prevailing in each country, and the extent of the applicability of standards which are valid for the most advanced countries but which may be inappropriate and of unwarranted social cost for the developing countries.
- ↑ Stone, Christopher D. (2004). "Common But Differentiated Responsibilities In International Law". The American Journal of International Law. 98, 2 (2): 276–301. doi:10.2307/3176729. JSTOR 3176729. S2CID 145020223.
- ↑ Stone, Christopher D. (2004). "Common But". The American Journal of International Law. 98, 2 (2): 281. doi:10.2307/3176729. JSTOR 3176729. S2CID 145020223.
- ↑ Cullet, Philippe (1999). "Differential Treatment in International Law: Towards a New Paradigm of Inter-state Relations". European Journal of International Law. 10, 3: 579.
- ↑ Rajamani, Lavanya. "The Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibility and the Balance of Commitments under the Climate Regime". Review of European Community & International Environmental Law. 9, 2: 128–129.