Sauyin yanayi

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Sauyin yanayi ya haɗa da duk bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin da ke dadewa fiye da abubuwan da suka faru na kowanne yanayi, yayin da kalmar canjin yanayi kawai tana nufin wadannan bambance-bambancen da ke dawwama na tsawon lokaci, yawanci shekarun da suka gabata ko fiye. Canjin yanayi na iya nufin kowane lokaci a tarihin duniya, amma yanzu ana amfani da kalmar don kwatanta wasauyin yanayi na zamani, wanda aka fi sani da dumamar yanayi. Tun bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu, yanayin yana ƙara shafar ayyukan ɗan adam.[1]

Tsarin yanayi yana karɓar kusan dukkan ƙarfinsa daga rana kuma yana haskaka makamashi zuwa sararin samaniya . Ma'auni na makamashi mai shigowa da mai fita da hanyar makamashi ta tsarin yanayi shine kasafin makamashi na duniya . Lokacin da makamashi mai shigowa ya fi makamashi mai fita girma, kasafin makamashi na duniya yana da kyau kuma tsarin yanayi yana dumama. Idan ƙarin makamashi ya fita, kasafin makamashi mara kyau ne kuma Duniya tana samun sanyi.

Ƙarfin da ke tafiya a cikin tsarin yanayi na duniya yana samun magana a cikin yanayi, ya bambanta akan ma'auni na yanki da lokaci. Matsakaicin tsayin lokaci da sauye-sauyen yanayi a cikin yanki sune yanayin yankin. Irin waɗannan sauye-sauye na iya zama sakamakon "saɓanin ciki", lokacin da tsarin yanayi ya shafi sassa daban-daban na tsarin yanayi ya canza rarraba makamashi. Misalai sun haɗa da sãɓãwar launukansa a cikin kwalayen teku kamar Pacific decadal oscillation da Atlantic multidecadal oscillation . Canjin yanayi kuma na iya haifarwa daga tilastawa waje, lokacin da abubuwan da suka faru a wajen sassan tsarin sauyin yanayi suka haifar da canje-canje a cikin tsarin. Misalai sun haɗa da canje-canje a fitowar hasken rana da volcanism .

Canjin yanayi yana da sakamako ga canje-canjen matakin teku, rayuwar shuka, da ɓarnawar taro; yana kuma shafar al'ummomin mutane.

Kalmomi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Canjin yanayi shine kalmar don bayyana bambance-bambance a cikin ma'anar jihar da sauran halaye na yanayi (kamar dama ko yiwuwar matsanancin yanayi, da dai sauransu) "a kan duk ma'auni na sararin samaniya da na wucin gadi fiye da abubuwan da suka faru na kowane yanayi." Wasu daga cikin sauye-sauyen ba ya bayyana sun haifar da sanannun tsarin kuma yana faruwa a wasu lokuta bazuwar. Irin wannan sauye-sauye ana kiransa bazuwar bazuwar ko hayaniya . A gefe guda, sauye-sauye na lokaci-lokaci yana faruwa akai-akai kuma a cikin yanayi daban-daban na sauye-sauye ko yanayin yanayi.[2]

Ana amfani da kalmar sauyin yanayi sau da yawa don nuni musamman ga canjin yanayi na ɗan adam. Sauyin yanayi na ɗan adam yana faruwa ne ta hanyar ayyukan da ɗan adam, sabanin sauyin yanayi wanda zai iya haifar da wani ɓangare na tsarin yanayin duniya gaba daya. [3] Dumamar yanayi ta zama sanannen lokaci a cikin 1988, amma a cikin mujallu na kimiyya dumamar yanayi tana nufin karuwar zafin jiki yayin da sauyin yanayi ya haɗa da dumamar yanayi da duk wani abu da haɓaka matakan iskar gas ke shafar.[4]

Kalmar da ke da alaƙa, canjin yanayi, ita ce Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya (WMO) ta gabatar da ita a cikin 1966 don haɗa duk nau'ikan canjin yanayi akan ma'aunin lokaci fiye da shekaru 10, amma ba tare da la'akari da dalili ba. A cikin shekarun 1970s, kalmar canjin yanayi ta maye gurbin canjin yanayi don mai da hankali kan abubuwan da ke haifar da ɗan adam, kamar yadda ya bayyana a fili cewa ayyukan ɗan adam suna da yuwuwar canza yanayin.[5] An shigar da canjin yanayi a cikin taken Kwamitin Gudanar da Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) da Tsarin Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin Yanayi (UNFCCC). Ana amfani da canjin yanayi yanzu azaman bayanin fasaha na tsari, da kuma suna da ake amfani da shi don bayyana matsalar.[5]

Dalilai[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A mafi girman ma'auni, adadin kuzarin da ake samu daga Rana da adadin da ya ɓace zuwa sararin samaniya yana ƙayyade ma'aunin zafin jiki da yanayin duniya. Ana rarraba wannan makamashi ne a ko'ina cikin duniya ta hanyar iska, magudanar ruwa, [6] [7] da sauran hanyoyin da za su shafi yanayin yankuna daban-daban.[8]

Abubuwan da za su iya siffanta yanayi ana kiransu da tilastawa yanayi ko "hanyoyin tilastawa".[9] Waɗannan sun haɗa da matakai irin su bambance-bambance a cikin hasken rana, bambance-bambance a cikin kewayar duniya, bambance-bambance a cikin albedo ko tunani na nahiyoyi, yanayi, da tekuna, ginin dutse da raƙuman nahiyoyi da canje-canje a cikin ƙididdigar iskar gas . Tilastawa na waje na iya zama ko dai ɗan adam (misali ƙarar hayaƙin iskar gas da ƙura) ko na halitta (misali, canje-canjen fitowar hasken rana, kewayawar duniya, fashewar aman wuta). [10] Akwai ra'ayoyin canjin yanayi iri-iri waɗanda zasu iya haɓakawa ko rage tilastawa ta farko. Hakanan akwai maɓalli na maɓalli waɗanda idan sun wuce su na iya haifar da canji mai sauri ko mara jurewa.

Wasu sassa na tsarin yanayi, irin su tekuna da kankara, suna mayar da martani da sannu a hankali game da tilasta yanayi, yayin da wasu ke mayar da martani da sauri. Misalin sauyi cikin sauri shine sanyin yanayi bayan fashewar aman wuta, lokacin da tokar aman wuta ke nuna hasken rana. Fadada yanayin zafi na ruwan teku bayan ɗumamar yanayi yana jinkirin, kuma yana iya ɗaukar dubban shekaru. Haɗin kai kuma yana yiwuwa, misali, asarar albedo kwatsam a cikin Tekun Arctic yayin da ƙanƙara na teku ke narkewa, sannan kuma a hankali fadada yanayin zafi na ruwa.

Har ila yau, canjin yanayi na iya faruwa saboda matakai na ciki. Hanyoyin da ba a tilasta su cikin ciki sukan haɗa da canje-canje a cikin rarraba makamashi a cikin teku da yanayi, alal misali, canje-canje a cikin yanayin zafi na thermohaline.

Canjin ciki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Canjin yanayi saboda canjin cikin gida wani lokaci yana faruwa a cikin hawan keke ko oscillations. Ga sauran nau'ikan canjin yanayi na yanayi, ba za mu iya yin hasashen lokacin da ya faru ba; Ana kiran canjin bazuwar ko stochastic.[11] Daga yanayin yanayi, ana iya ɗaukar yanayin bazuwar. [12] Idan akwai ƙananan gizagizai a cikin shekara ta musamman, akwai rashin daidaituwar makamashi kuma za a iya ɗaukar karin zafi daga teku. Saboda rashin jin daɗi na yanayi, ana iya 'ajiye wannan siginar' a cikin teku kuma za'a bayyana shi azaman sauye-sauye akan ma'auni mai tsayi fiye da na asali na rikicewar yanayi.[13] [14]Idan hargitsi na yanayin gaba daya bazuwar, yana faruwa kamar farin amo, inertia na glaciers ko tekuna na iya canza wannan zuwa canje-canjen yanayi inda tsawon lokaci oscillations ma ya fi girma oscillations, wani sabon abu da ake kira a ja amo . [15] Yawancin canje-canjen yanayi suna da yanayin bazuwar da yanayin zagaye. Wannan halin ana yiwa lakabi da resonance stochastic . Rabin kyautar Nobel ta 2021 akan ilimin kimiyyar lissafi an ba shi don wannan aikin ga Klaus Hasselmann tare da Syukuro Manabe don aiki mai alaƙa akan ƙirar yanayi . Yayin da Giorgio Parisi wanda tare da masu haɗin gwiwa suka gabatar da [14] an ba da ra'ayin stochastic resonance rabin rabin amma akasari don aiki akan ilimin kimiyyar lissafi.

Canjin yanayin yanayin[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Teku da yanayi na iya yin aiki tare don samar da canjin yanayi na cikin gida ba tare da bata lokaci ba wanda zai iya dawwama shekaru zuwa shekaru aru-aru a lokaci guda. [16] [17] [18]Waɗannan bambance-bambancen na iya shafar matsakaicin zafin jiki na duniya, ta hanyar sake rarraba zafi tsakanin teku mai zurfi da yanayi [19] [20] da/ko ta hanyar canza girgije/ tururin ruwa/ rarraba kankarar teku wanda zai iya shafar jimillar kasafin makamashi na duniya.[21][22]

Oscillations da hawan keke[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Juyin yanayi ko zaga yowar yanayi shine duk wani yanayi mai maimaitawa a cikin yanayin duniya ko yanki. Suna da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun lokaci (ba daidai ba na lokaci-lokaci), don haka bincike na Fourier na bayanan ba shi da kololuwa mai kaifi a cikin bakan . An samo ko hasashen da yawa akan ma'auni daban-daban na lokaci: [23]

  • da El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) - Babban sikelin sikelin na warmer ( El Niño ) da kuma sanyi ( La Niña ) yanayin zafi na teku a cikin Tekun Pacific tare da tasirin duniya. Yana da juzu'i mai ɗorewa, wanda aka yi nazarin tsarinsa da kyau. [24] ENSO shine sanannen sanannen tushen bambancin shekara-shekara a yanayi da yanayi a duniya. Zagayowar tana faruwa a kowacce shekara biyu zuwa bakwai, tare da El Niño yana ɗaukar watanni tara zuwa shekaru biyu a cikin dogon lokaci. [25] Harshen sanyi na tekun Pasifik na equatorial ba ya yin ɗumama da sauri kamar sauran tekun, saboda haɓakar ruwan sanyi a yammacin gabar tekun Kudancin Amirka. [26] [27]
  • Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) - Tsarin motsi na gabas na karuwar ruwan sama a kan wurare masu zafi tare da tsawon kwanaki 30 zuwa 60, ana lura da shi a kan Tekun Indiya da Pacific. [28]
  • Arewacin Atlantic oscillation (NAO) - Fihirisa na NAO sun dogara ne akan bambanci na daidaitaccen yanayin matakin teku (SLP) tsakanin Ponta Delgada, Azores da Stykkishólmur / Reykjavík, Iceland. Kyawawan dabi'u na ma'auni suna nuna ƙarfi fiye da matsakaicin yamma a kan tsakiyar latitudes. [29]
  • oscillation na Quasi-biennial - ƙawancin fahimta mai kyau a cikin yanayin iska a cikin stratosphere kewaye da equator. A cikin tsawon watanni 28 iskar da ke da rinjaye tana canzawa daga gabas zuwa yamma da baya. [30]
  • Pacific Centennial Oscillation - girgizar yanayi da wasu samfuran yanayi suka annabta
  • the Pacific decadal oscillation - Mafi girman tsarin canjin yanayin teku a Arewacin Pacific akan sikelin decadal. A lokacin "dumi", ko "tabbatacce", lokaci, yammacin Pacific ya zama sanyi kuma wani ɓangare na tekun gabas yana dumama; a lokacin “sanyi” ko “mara kyau”, akasin tsarin yana faruwa. Ana tunanin ba a matsayin abu ɗaya ba, amma a maimakon haka haɗuwa da matakai daban-daban na jiki. [31]
  • the Interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO) - Basin faffadan sauye-sauye a cikin Tekun Pacific tare da tsawon shekaru 20 zuwa 30.[32]
  • Atlantic multidecadal oscillation - Wani nau'i na sauye-sauye a cikin Arewacin Atlantic na kimanin shekaru 55 zuwa 70, tare da tasiri akan ruwan sama, fari da yawan guguwa da kuma tsanani. [33]
  • Juyin yanayi na Arewacin Afirka - bambancin yanayi da Damina ta Arewacin Afirka ke tafiyar da shi, tare da tsawon dubban shekaru. [34]
  • da Arctic oscillation (AO) da Antarctic oscillation (AAO) - Hanyoyin annular suna faruwa ne ta dabi'a, nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i na bambancin yanayi. A kan ma'auni na makonni zuwa watanni suna bayyana 20-30% na sauye-sauye a cikin sassansu. Yanayin Annular Arewa ko Arctic oscillation (AO) a cikin Arewacin Hemisphere, da Yanayin Kudancin Kudancin ko Antarctic oscillation (AAO) a cikin Kudancin Kudancin. Hanyoyin shekara-shekara suna da tasiri mai ƙarfi a kan zafin jiki da hazo na tsaka-tsaki zuwa tsayin ƙasa talakawa, kamar Turai da Ostiraliya, ta hanyar canza matsakaitan hanyoyin guguwa. Ana iya ɗaukar NAO a matsayin yanki na AO/NAM. [35] An bayyana su azaman EOF na farko na matsin matakin teku ko tsayin ƙasa daga 20°N zuwa 90°N (NAM) ko 20°S zuwa 90°S (SAM).
  • Keke Dansgaard-Oeschger - yana faruwa akan zagayowar kusan shekaru 1,500 a lokacin Glacial na ƙarshe.

canjen yanayin teku[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Abubuwan da ke cikin teku na sauye-sauyen yanayi na iya haifar da sauye-sauye a kan lokutan shekaru ɗari saboda tekun yana da yawan ɗaruruwan sau fiye da na yanayi, don haka yana da ƙarfin rashin kuzari. Misali, sauye-sauyen hanyoyin tafiyar teku kamar yanayin yanayin thermohaline suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sake rarraba zafi a cikin tekunan duniya.

Ruwan na teku yana ɗaukar ƙarfi da yawa daga wurare masu zafi zuwa yankuna masu sanyi. Canje-canje da ke faruwa a kusa da shekarun ƙanƙara na ƙarshe (a cikin sharuddan fasaha, glacial na ƙarshe) ya nuna cewa wurare dabam dabam shine Arewacin Atlantika na iya canzawa ba zato ba tsammani kuma yana haifar da canjin yanayi na duniya, kodayake yawan adadin kuzarin da ke shigowa cikin tsarin yanayi bai yi ba'. t canza da yawa. Waɗannan manyan canje-canjen ƙila sun fito ne daga abubuwan da ake kira abubuwan da ake kira Heinrich inda rashin kwanciyar hankali na zanen kankara ya haifar da sakin manyan ƙanƙara a cikin teku. Lokacin da takardar kankara ta narke, ruwan da aka samu yana da ƙasa sosai a cikin gishiri da sanyi, yana motsa canje-canje a wurare dabam dabam.[36]

Rayuwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rayuwa tana shafar yanayi ta hanyar rawar da take takawa a cikin hawan carbon da ruwa da kuma hanyoyin kamar albedo, evapotranspiration, samuwar gajimare, da yanayin yanayi . [37] [38] [39] Misalan yadda rayuwa ta iya shafar yanayin da ta gabata sun haɗa da:

  • glaciation 2.3 shekaru da suka wuce ya jawo ta hanyar juyin halitta na oxygenic photosynthesis, wanda ya lalatar da yanayi na greenhouse gas carbon dioxide da gabatar da free oxygen [40][41].
  • wani glaciation 300 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce shigar a cikin dogon lokaci binne na bazuwa resistant detritus na jijiyoyin bugun gini ƙasa-shuke-shuke (ƙirƙirar a carbon nutse da kafa kwal ) [42] [43]
  • Ƙarshen Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum shekaru miliyan 55 da suka wuce ta hanyar bunƙasa phytoplankton na ruwa [44] [45]
  • Juyayin dumamar yanayi shekaru miliyan 49 da suka gabata ta hanyar shekaru 800,000 na furen arctic azolla [46] [47]
  • sanyayawar duniya a cikin shekaru miliyan 40 da suka gabata wanda ya haifar da haɓakar yanayin ciyawar [48] [49]

Tilasta yanayi na waje[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Greenhouse gas

Yayin da iskar gas da biosphere ke fitarwa galibi ana ganin su azaman martani ko tsarin yanayi na ciki, iskar gas da ke fitowa daga dutsen mai aman wuta yawanci masana yanayin ke rarraba su azaman waje.[50] Gas na kore, irin su CO , methane da nitrous oxide, suna dumama tsarin yanayi ta hanyar kama hasken infrared. Volcanoes kuma wani bangare ne na tsawaita zagayowar carbon . A cikin dogon lokaci (geological) lokaci, suna sakin carbon dioxide daga ɓawon burodi da alkyabbar duniya, suna hana ɗaukar ta da duwatsu masu ruɗi da sauran abubuwan da ke nutsewar carbon dioxide .

Tun bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu, bil'adama yana ƙara haɓaka iskar gas ta hanyar fitar da CO 2 daga konewar burbushin mai, canza amfani da ƙasa ta hanyar sare bishiyoyi, kuma ya ƙara canza yanayin yanayi tare da aerosols (ɓangarorin kwayoyin halitta a cikin yanayi), [51] sakin iskar gas. (misali nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, ko methane).[52] Sauran dalilai, ciki har da amfani da ƙasa, ragewar ozone, kiwo na dabbobi (dabbobin dabbobi kamar shanu suna samar da methane [53] ), da sare bishiyoyi, suma suna taka rawa. [54]

Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙirar ƙasa ta Amurka ita ce fitar da hayaƙi mai aman wuta ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa fiye da tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam na yanzu, wanda ke samar da adadin carbon dioxide sau 100-300 da volcanoes ke fitarwa. [55] Adadin shekara-shekara da ayyukan ɗan adam ke fitarwa na iya zama mafi girma fiye da adadin da supereruptions ya fitar, wanda na baya-bayan nan shine fashewar Toba a Indonesia shekaru 74,000 da suka gabata.[56]

bambancen Orbital[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bambance-bambancen kaɗan a cikin motsin duniya yana haifar da canje-canje a yanayin rarraba hasken rana zuwa saman duniya da yadda ake rarraba shi a duk faɗin duniya. Akwai ɗan canji kaɗan ga matsakaicin matsakaicin hasken rana a kowace shekara; amma ana iya samun sauye-sauye masu ƙarfi a cikin yanayin ƙasa da na yanayi. Nau'ukan canji na kinematic guda uku su ne bambance-bambance a cikin eccentricity na duniya, canje-canje a kusurwar karkatar jujjuyawar duniya, da kuma gaban axis na duniya. Haɗe, waɗannan suna haifar da zagayowar Milankovitch waɗanda ke shafar yanayin yanayi kuma suna sane da alaƙar su da lokutan glacial da tsaka-tsakin lokaci, [57] dangantakarsu da ci gaba da ja da baya na Sahara, [57] da kuma bayyanar su a cikin rikodin ma'auni.[58] [59]

A lokacin zagayowar glacial, an sami babban alaƙa tsakanin ma'aunin CO da yanayin zafi. Nazarin farko ya nuna cewa yanayin zafi na CO ya ragu, amma ya bayyana a fili cewa ba koyaushe haka lamarin yake ba. [60] Lokacin da yanayin teku ya ƙaru, ƙarfin CO yana raguwa ta yadda za a sake shi daga cikin teku. Hakanan ana iya yin tasiri akan musayar CO tsakanin iska da teku ta ƙarin abubuwan canjin yanayi. [61] Waɗannan da sauran hanyoyin ƙarfafa kai suna ba da damar ƙananan canje-canje a cikin motsin duniya don yin tasiri mai yawa akan yanayi.[60]

Fitowar hasken rana[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rana ita ce babbar hanyar shigar da makamashi zuwa tsarin yanayin duniya. Sauran hanyoyin sun haɗa da makamashin ƙasa daga tushen duniya, makamashin ruwa daga wata da zafi daga ruɓar mahadi na rediyoaktif. Dukansu bambance-bambancen na dogon lokaci a cikin ƙarfin hasken rana an san su suna shafar yanayin duniya. [62] Fitowar hasken rana ya bambanta akan guntun ma'auni na lokaci, gami da zagayowar hasken rana na shekaru 11 [63] da gyare-gyare na tsawon lokaci. [64] Daidaituwa tsakanin wuraren rana da yanayin yanayi da rashin ƙarfi a mafi kyau. [62]

Shekaru biliyan uku zuwa hudu da suka wuce, Rana ta fitar da kashi 75% kawai kamar yadda take a yau. [65] Idan da yanayin yanayi ya kasance iri ɗaya da na yau, bai kamata ruwa ya kasance a saman duniya ba. Duk da haka, akwai shaidar kasancewar ruwa a farkon Duniya, a cikin Hadean [66] [67] da Archean [68] [69] eons, wanda ke haifar da abin da aka sani da ƙananan matasa Sun paradox.[70] Maganganun da aka yi hasashe game da wannan sabani sun haɗa da yanayi daban-daban, tare da mafi girman yawan iskar gas fiye da yadda ake da su a halin yanzu. [71] A cikin kimanin shekaru biliyan 4 masu zuwa, yawan makamashin Rana ya karu. A cikin shekaru biliyan biyar masu zuwa, ƙarshen mutuwar rana yayin da ta zama ja-jajayen giant sannan kuma farar dodanniya za ta yi tasiri mai yawa akan yanayi, tare da jan giant lokaci mai yiwuwa ya kawo ƙarshen duk wata rayuwa a duniya da ke wanzuwa har zuwa lokacin.[72]

Volcanism[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Fashewar fashewar da ake ganin tana da girma da za ta iya shafar yanayin duniya a ma'aunin sama da shekara 1, su ne suka yi allurar sama da tan 100,000 na SO 2 a cikin ma'aunin sararin samaniya . [73] Wannan ya faru ne saboda kaddarorin gani na SO 2 da sulfate aerosols, waɗanda ke da ƙarfi sosai ko watsar da hasken rana, suna haifar da hazo na sulfuric acid na duniya.[74] A matsakaicin irin wannan fashewar yana faruwa sau da yawa a cikin karni, kuma yana haifar da sanyaya (ta hanyar hana watsa hasken rana zuwa saman duniya) na tsawon shekaru da yawa. Kodayake dutsen mai aman wuta a zahiri wani bangare ne na lithosphere, wanda shi kansa wani bangare ne na tsarin yanayi, IPCC ta bayyana karara volcanism a matsayin wakili na tilastawa waje.[75]

Fitattun fashe-fashe a cikin bayanan tarihi sune fashewar tsaunin Pinatubo a 1991 wanda ya rage zafin duniya da kusan 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) har zuwa shekaru uku, [76] [77] da fashewar 1815 na Dutsen Tambora wanda ya haifar da Shekara Ba tare da bazara ba.[78]

A mafi girman ma'auni - 'yan lokuta a kowace shekara miliyan 50 zuwa miliyan 100 - fashewar manyan lardunan da ba su da kyau suna kawo adadi mai yawa na dutsen wuta daga riga da lithosphere zuwa saman duniya. Ana fitar da Carbon dioxide da ke cikin dutsen zuwa sararin samaniya. [79] [80] Ƙananan fashewa, tare da alluran kasa da 0.1 Mt na sulfur dioxide a cikin stratosphere, yana rinjayar yanayi kawai a hankali, kamar yadda canje-canjen zafin jiki yayi kama da bambancin yanayi. Duk da haka, saboda ƙananan fashewa suna faruwa a mafi girma mita, su ma suna tasiri sosai a yanayin duniya.[81][73]

Plate tectonics[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin tsawon miliyoyin shekaru, motsin faranti na tectonic yana sake fasalin ƙasa da yankunan teku kuma yana haifar da yanayin yanayi. Wannan zai iya shafar yanayin duniya da na gida na yanayi da yanayin yanayi-teku. [82]

Matsayin nahiyoyi yana ƙayyadaddun lissafi na tekuna don haka yana tasiri yanayin zagawar teku. Wuraren teku suna da mahimmanci wajen sarrafa yanayin zafi da danshi a fadin duniya, don haka, wajen tantance yanayin duniya. Misali na baya-bayan nan na sarrafa tectonic akan zagayawan teku shine samuwar Isthmus na Panama kimanin shekaru miliyan 5 da suka gabata, wanda ya rufe hada-hadar kai tsaye tsakanin Tekun Atlantika da Pacific . Wannan ya yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin tekun abin da ke yanzu mashigin Gulf Stream kuma mai yiwuwa ya kai ga rufe kankara ta Arewacin Hemisphere. [83] [84] A cikin lokacin Carboniferous, kimanin shekaru miliyan 300 zuwa 360 da suka gabata, tectonics na farantin karfe na iya haifar da babban adadin ajiyar carbon da haɓaka glaciation . [85] Shaidar ilimin kasa tana nuni ne da tsarin “megamonsoonal” da ake yadawa a lokacin babban yankin Pangea, kuma tsarin yanayin yanayi ya nuna cewa kasancewar babban nahiyar ya taimaka wajen kafa damina.[86]

Girman nahiyoyi kuma yana da mahimmanci. Saboda yanayin daidaitawar tekuna akan zafin jiki, sauye-sauyen yanayin zafi na shekara gabaɗaya yana ƙasa da ƙasa a yankunan bakin teku fiye da yadda suke cikin ƙasa. Don haka babban nahiya mafi girma zai sami ƙarin yanki wanda yanayin ke da ƙarfi fiye da nahiyoyi da tsibirai da yawa.

Sauran hanyoyin[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An ba da sanarwar cewa ionized barbashi da aka sani da cosmic haskoki na iya yin tasiri ga murfin gajimare kuma ta haka ne yanayin. Yayin da rana ke kare duniya daga waɗannan barbashi, an yi hasashen canje-canjen ayyukan hasken rana don yin tasiri ga yanayin a kaikaice. Don gwada hasashe, CERN ta tsara gwajin CLOUD, wanda ya nuna tasirin hasken sararin samaniya yana da rauni sosai don rinjayar yanayi a hankali. [87] [88]

Shaidu sun nuna cewa tasirin asteroid na Chicxulub a shekaru miliyan 66 da suka gabata ya shafi yanayin duniya sosai. An harba iskar sulfate mai yawa zuwa cikin sararin samaniya, wanda yana rage yanayin zafi a duniya har zuwa 26. °C da kuma samar da yanayin sanyi mai sanyi na tsawon shekaru 3-16. Lokacin dawowa don wannan taron ya ɗauki fiye da shekaru 30.[89] An kuma gudanar da bincike kan yawan amfani da makamin nukiliya saboda tasirinsa ga yanayin. Hasashen ita ce ɗigon da gobara mai girma ke fitarwa yana toshe wani yanki mai mahimmanci na hasken rana har tsawon shekara guda, wanda ke haifar da raguwar yanayin zafi na ƴan shekaru. An kwatanta wannan abu mai yiwuwa a matsayin lokacin sanyi na nukiliya[90]

Amfani da ƙasa na ɗan adam yana tasiri yadda hasken rana ke nunawa da yawan ƙura. Samuwar gajimare ba wai yawan ruwan da ke cikin iska da yanayin zafi ne kadai ke tasiri ba, har ma da yawan iskar da ke cikin iska kamar kura.[91] A duniya, ana samun ƙarin ƙura idan akwai yankuna da yawa tare da ƙasa bushe, ciyayi kaɗan da iska mai ƙarfi.[92]

Shaida da auna canjin yanayi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Paleoclimatology shine nazarin canje-canjen yanayi a cikin dukkan tarihin duniya. Yana amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na wakili daga Duniya da kimiyyar rayuwa don samun bayanan da aka adana a cikin abubuwa kamar duwatsu, sediments, zanen kankara, zoben bishiya, murjani, bawo, da microfossils. Daga nan sai ta yi amfani da bayanan don tantance jahohin da suka gabata na yankuna daban-daban na yanayi da yanayin duniya. Ma'aunin kai tsaye yana ba da ƙarin cikakken bayani game da canjin yanayi.

Kai tsaye ma'auni[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Canje-canjen yanayi waɗanda suka faru bayan yaɗuwar na'urorin aunawa ana iya lura da su kai tsaye. Cikakkun bayanan yanayin zafin duniya cikin hikima yana samuwa tun daga tsakiyar ƙarshen karni na 19. Ana samun ƙarin abubuwan lura a kaikaice daga takardun tarihi. Gajimare na tauraron dan adam da bayanan hazo yana samuwa tun shekarun 1970. [93]

Ilimin yanayi na tarihi shine nazarin canje-canjen tarihi a yanayi da tasirinsu akan tarihin ɗan adam da ci gabansa. Tushen farko sun haɗa da rubutattun bayanai kamar sagas, tarihin tarihi, taswirori da wallafe-wallafen tarihin gida da kuma hotunan hoto kamar zane-zane, zane har ma da fasahar dutse . Ana iya samun sauye-sauyen yanayi a baya-bayan nan daga canje-canjen matsuguni da tsarin noma. [94] Shaidar archaeological, tarihin baka da takaddun tarihi na iya ba da haske game da canje-canjen da suka gabata a cikin yanayi. Canje-canjen yanayi yana da alaƙa da habɓaka[95] da rugujewar wayewa daban-daban.[95]

Ma'aunin wakili[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ma'ajiya daban-daban na yanayin da suka gabata suna nan a cikin duwatsu, bishiyoyi da burbushin halittu. Daga waɗannan ɗakunan ajiya, ana iya samun matakan yanayi kai tsaye, waɗanda ake kira proxies. Ƙididdigar bambancin yanayin na hazo a ƙarnin da suka gabata da zamanin da ba a cika cika ba amma ana ƙididdige su ta hanyar amfani da proxies kamar ruwan teku, ruwan dusar ƙanƙara, stalagmites kogo, da zoben bishiya. [96] Damuwa, karancin hazo ko yanayin zafi da bai dace ba, na iya canza girman girmar bishiyoyi, wanda ke baiwa masana kimiyya damar sanin yanayin yanayi ta hanyar yin nazari kan girman zoben bishiyar. Wannan reshe na kimiyya yana nazarin wannan da ake kira dendroclimatology.[97] Glaciers suna barin bayan moraine waɗanda ke ɗauke da ɗimbin kayan—ciki har da kwayoyin halitta, ma'adini, da potassium waɗanda ƙila za a yi kwanan watan - suna rikodin lokutan da dusar ƙanƙara ta ci gaba da ja da baya

Ana iya yin nazarin ƙanƙara a cikin muryoyin da aka haƙa daga takardar kankara irin su Antarctic kankara, ana iya amfani da su don nuna alaƙa tsakanin yanayin zafi da bambancin matakin teku na duniya. Iskar da ke makale a cikin kumfa a cikin ƙanƙara kuma na iya bayyana bambance-bambancen CO 2 na yanayi daga nesa mai nisa, tun kafin tasirin muhalli na zamani. Nazarin waɗannan nau'ikan kankara ya kasance mai nuna alama mai mahimmanci na canje-canje a cikin CO 2 a cikin shekaru dubu da yawa, kuma yana ci gaba da ba da bayanai masu mahimmanci game da bambance-bambance tsakanin yanayin yanayi na da da na zamani. Matsakaicin 18 O/ 16 O a cikin samfuran ƙididdiga da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙanƙara da aka yi amfani da su don cire yanayin zafin teku a baya mai nisa misali ne na hanyar wakili na zafin jiki.

Ragowar tsire-tsire, musamman pollen, ana kuma amfani da su don nazarin canjin yanayi. Rarraba tsire-tsire ya bambanta a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban. Ƙungiyoyin tsire-tsire daban-daban suna da pollen tare da nau'i na musamman da nau'in launi, kuma tun da yanayin waje na pollen ya ƙunshi abu mai juriya sosai, suna tsayayya da lalacewa. Canje-canje a cikin nau'in pollen da aka samu a cikin nau'ikan laka daban-daban suna nuna canje-canje a cikin al'ummomin shuka. Wadannan sauye-sauye sau da yawa alama ce ta sauyin yanayi. [98] [99] A matsayin misali, an yi amfani da nazarin pollen don bin diddigin yanayin ciyayi a cikin glaciations na Quaternary [100] kuma musamman tun daga ƙarshen glacial.[101]

Bincike da rashin tabbas[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wahala ɗaya wajen gano zagayowar yanayi ita ce yanayin duniya yana canzawa ta hanyoyin da ba za a iya jujjuyawa ba fiye da mafi yawan lokutan nazarin halittu. A halin yanzu muna cikin lokacin dumamar yanayi a duniya . A cikin mafi girman lokaci, Duniya tana fitowa daga sabon zamanin ƙanƙara, sanyaya daga yanayin yanayi na Holocene da kuma ɗumamawa daga " Ƙananan Ice Age ", wanda ke nufin cewa yanayin yana ci gaba da canzawa cikin shekaru 15,000 da suka gabata ko makamancin haka. A lokacin dumi, sauyin yanayi sau da yawa yana da ƙarancin girma. Lokacin Pleistocene, wanda aka maimaita akai - akai, ya haɓbaka daga mafi kwanciyar hankali yanayi a cikin yanayin Miocene da Pliocene . Yanayin Holocene ya kasance ɗan kwanciyar hankali. Duk waɗannan canje-canje suna rikitar da aikin neman ɗabi'a na cyclical a cikin yanayi.


Magana mai kyau, ra'ayi mara kyau, da inertia na muhalli daga tsarin yanayin yanayi na ƙasa-teku sau da yawa yana ragewa ko juyar da ƙananan tasiri, ko daga tilastawa orbital, bambancin hasken rana ko canje-canje a cikin yawan iskar gas. Wasu ra'ayoyin da suka shafi matakai kamar girgije kuma ba su da tabbas; don contrails, gajimare cirrus na halitta, dimethyl sulfide na teku da kuma daidai da tushen ƙasa, ka'idoji masu gasa sun wanzu game da tasirin yanayin yanayin yanayi, misali sabanin hasashen Iris da hasashe na CLAW.

Tasiri[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsire

Canjin nau'in, rarrabawa da ɗaukar ciyayi na iya faruwa idan aka yi la'akari da canjin yanayin. Wasu canje-canjen a cikin yanayi na iya haifar da habɓakar hazo da zafi, haifar da ingantacciyar habɓakar tsire-tsire da habɓakar iska ta CO 2 na gaba. Ana sa ran tasirin zai shafi ƙimar yawancin zagayowar yanayi kamar ƙimar ruɓewar shuka.[102] A hankali karuwa a cikin zafi a cikin yanki zai haifar da farkon furanni da lokutan 'ya'yan itace, yana haifar da canji a cikin lokutan yanayin rayuwa na kwayoyin dogara. Akasin haka, sanyi zai sa tsire-tsire masu hawan keke su ragu.[103]

Canje mafi girma, sauri ko mafi girma, duk da haka, na iya haifar da damuwa ciyayi, saurin asarar shuka da kwararowar hamada a wasu yanayi.[104] [105] Misalin wannan ya faru ne a lokacin Rushewar Dajin Carboniferous (CRC), abin da ya faru shekaru miliyan 300 da suka wuce. A wannan lokacin dazuzzuka masu yawa sun mamaye yankin equatorial na Turai da Amurka. Sauyin yanayi ya lalata waɗannan dazuzzukan na wurare masu zafi, ba zato ba tsammani ya wargaza mazaunin zuwa 'tsibirin' keɓe kuma ya haifar da bacewar nau'ikan tsirrai da dabbobi da yawa.[106]

Dabbobin daji[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman hanyoyin da dabbobi za su iya magance sauyin yanayi shine ƙaura zuwa yankuna masu zafi ko sanyi. [107] > A tsawon lokaci mai tsawo, juyin halitta yana sa tsarin halittu ciki har da dabbobi ya fi dacewa da sabon yanayi[108]. Sauyin yanayi mai sauri ko babba na iya haifar da rugujewar jama'a lokacin da halittu suka miƙe da nisa don su iya daidaitawa. [107]

Dan Adam[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rushewar wayewar da ta gabata irin ta baya na iya kasancewa tana da alaƙa da zagayowar hazo, musamman fari, wanda a cikin wannan misalin kuma yana da alaƙa da tafkin Dumi na Yamma. Kusan shekaru 70 000 da suka wuce fashewar dutsen na Toba ya haifar da lokacin sanyi musamman a lokacin lokacin kankara, wanda ke haifar da yuwuwar lalacewar kwayoyin halitta a cikin yawan mutane.

Canje a cikin cryosphere[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Glacier da zanen kankara

Ana ɗaukar dusar ƙanƙara a cikin mafi mahimmancin alamun sauyin yanayi. [109] An ƙayyade girman su ta hanyar ma'auni mai yawa tsakanin shigarwar dusar ƙanƙara da fitarwar narkewa. Yayin da yanayin zafi ke ƙaruwa, dusar ƙanƙara tana ja da baya sai dai idan ruwan dusar ƙanƙara ya ƙaru don yin ƙarin narke. Glaciers suna girma kuma suna raguwa saboda duka biyun bambancin yanayi da tilastawa waje. Canje-canje a cikin zafin jiki, hazo da ilimin ruwa na iya ƙayyadad da ƙaƙƙarfan juyin halittar glacier a cikin wani yanayi na musamman.

Mafi mahimmancin tsarin sauyin yanayi tun daga tsakiyar zuwa marigayi Pliocene (kimanin shekaru miliyan 3 da suka wuce) sune hawan glacial da interglacial . Lokacin interglacial na yanzu ( Holocene ) ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 11,700.[110] Siffata ta hanyar bambance-bambancen orbital, martani kamar tashi da faɗuwar zanen kankara na nahiyar da gagarumin canje-canjen matakin teku sun taimaka wajen haifar da yanayi. Sauran canje-canje, ciki har da abubuwan da suka faru na Heinrich, abubuwan Dansgaard-Oeschger da Dryas Younger, duk da haka, sun nuna yadda bambancin glacial zai iya rinjayar yanayi ba tare da tilasta orbital ba.

Canjin matakin teku[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A lokacin Ƙarshen Glacial Maximum, kimanin shekaru 25,000 da suka wuce baya, matakan teku sun yi ƙasa da nisan mitoci 130 fiye da na yau. Ragewar bayan haka yana da saurin canjin matakin teku. [107] A farkon Pliocene, yanayin zafi na duniya ya fi 1-2˚C zafi fiye da yanayin da ake ciki, duk da haka matakin teku ya fi mita 15-25 fiye da na yau.[111]

Kankarar teku[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kankarar teku tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a yanayin duniya yayin da yake shafar adadin hasken rana da ke nesa da duniya.[112] A baya, tekun duniya sun kasance kusan gaba ɗaya sun rufe da ƙanƙara a lokuta da yawa, lokacin da duniya ke cikin yanayin da ake kira Snowball Earth, [113] kuma ba shi da ƙanƙara a lokutan yanayi mai dumi.[114] Lokacin da akwai ƙanƙara mai yawa a duniya, musamman a cikin wurare masu zafi da wurare masu sanyi, yanayin ya fi dacewa da tilastawa kamar yadda bayanin kankara-albedo ke da ƙarfi sosai.[115]

Tarihin yanayi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Daban na tilasta sauyin yanayi yawanci suna jujjuyawa cikin lokacin yanayin ƙasa, kuma wasu hanyoyin zafin duniya na iya zama masu sarrafa kansu . Alal misali, a lokacin Snowball Duniya a lokacin, manyan kankara zanen gado na glacial dusar ƙanƙara a kan duniya ta equator, rufe kusan dukan surface, da kuma sosai high albedo halitta matsananci yanayin zafi, yayin da tarawar dusar ƙanƙara da kankara iya cire carbon dioxide ta yanayi ajiya . Duk da haka, rashin murfin shuka don ɗaukar yanayi CO 2 da ke fitowa daga volcanoes yana nufin cewa iskar gas na iya taruwa a cikin sararin samaniya. Har ila yau, akwai rashin fallasa duwatsun siliki, waɗanda ke amfani da CO 2 lokacin da suke fuskantar yanayi. Wannan ya haifar da dumamar yanayi wanda daga baya ya narkar da kankara kuma ya dawo da yanayin zafin duniya.

Mafi girman zafi na Paleo-eocene[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) lokaci ne tare da fiye da 5-8 °C matsakaicin yanayin zafi na duniya ya tashi a duk faɗin taron.[116] Wannan yanayin ya faru a lokacin iyakar Paleocene da zamanin Eocene.[117] A yayin taron an saki methane mai yawa, iskar gas mai ƙarfi. [107] PETM yana wakiltar "binciken shari'a" don canjin yanayi na zamani kamar yadda ake fitar da iskar gas a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci na yanayin ƙasa.[118] A lokacin PETM, yawan bacewar kwayoyin halitta a cikin zurfin teku ya faru.

Cenozoic[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A ko'ina cikin Cenozoic, sauyin yanayi da yawa ya haifar da ɗumamar yanayin da sanyaya yanayi, wanda ya haifar da farkon samuwar takardar ƙanƙara ta Antarctic, narkewar gaba, da sake sakewa daga baya. Canje-canjen yanayin zafi ya faru ba zato ba tsammani, a yawan adadin carbon dioxide na kusan 600 – 760 ppm da yanayin zafi kusan 4. °C ya fi na yau zafi. A lokacin Pleistocene, zagayowar glaciations da interglacials sun faru akan zagayowar kusan 100,000. shekaru, amma yana iya zama mai tsayi a cikin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin lokaci lokacin da eccentricity na orbital ya kusan kusan sifili, kamar lokacin interglacial na yanzu. Interglacials da suka gabata irin su lokacin Eemiyan sun haifar da yanayin zafi sama da na yau, matakan teku mafi girma, da wani ɗan narkewar takardar kankara ta yammacin Antarctic.

Yanayin shafar murfin gajimare da hazo sosai. A ƙananan yanayin zafi, iska na iya ɗaukar ƙarancin tururin ruwa, wanda zai haifar da raguwar hazo.[119] A lokacin Ƙarshe na Glacial Maximum na shekaru 18,000 da suka wuce, ƙawancen zafin zafi daga tekuna zuwa kan ƙasashen nahiyoyi ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda ya haifar da manyan yankunan hamada mai tsananin gaske, gami da sahara na iyakacin duniya (sanyi amma tare da ƙarancin murfin gajimare da hazo).[104] Sabanin haka, yanayin duniya ya fi gajimare da ruwa fiye da na yau a kusa da farkon lokacin dumin Atlantika na shekaru 8000 da suka gabata.[104]

Holocene[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An kwatanta Holocene ta hanyar sanyaya na dogon lokaci wanda ya fara bayan Mafi kyawun Holocene, lokacin da yanayin zafi zai iya zama ƙasa da yanayin zafi na yanzu (shekaru na biyu na karni na 21st), [120] da kuma damina mai karfi na Afirka ya haifar da yanayin ciyawa a cikin Sahara a lokacin da ake ciki. Neolithic Subpluvial . Tun daga wannan lokacin, abubuwan sanyaya da yawa sun faru, gami da:

  • the Piora Oscillation
  • the Middle Bronze Age Cold Epoch
  • the Iron Age Cold Epoch
  • the Little Ice Age
  • the phase of cooling c. 1940–1970, which led to global cooling hypothesis

Sabanin haka, lokutan dumi da yawa su ma sun faru, kuma sun haɗa amma ba'a iyakance wa ga:

  • a warm period during the apex of the Minoan civilization
  • the Roman Warm Period
  • the Medieval Warm Period
  • Modern warming during the 20th century

An sami wasu tasiri yayin waɗannan zagayowar. Misali, a lokacin Lokacin Dumi na Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Amurka, Tsakiyar Yammacin Amurka tana cikin fari, gami da Sand Hills na Nebraska wadanda suke dunes yashi.

GAyyukan hasken rana na iya ba da gudummawa ga wani ɓangaren na ɗumamar zamani wanda ya kai kololuwa a cikin 1930s. Koyaya, zagayowar rana sun kasa yin lissafin ɗumamar da aka gani tun daga shekarun 1980 zuwa yau. faru kamar budewa na Arewa maso yamma Passage da kuma rikodin ƙananan ƙarancin ƙanƙara na zamani na Arctic shrinkage ba su faru ba har tsawon ƙarni da yawa, kamar yadda masu bincike na farko duk sun kasa yin hanyar wucewa ta Arctic, har ma a lokacin rani. Sauye-sauye a cikin halittun halittu da jeri na mazaunin su ma ba a taɓa yin irin su ba, suna faruwa a ƙimar da ba su zo daidai da sanannun girgizar yanayi ba.

Sauyin yanayi na zamani da dumamar yanayi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sakamakon yadda mutane ke fitar da iskar gas, yanayin zafi na duniya ya fara tashi. Dumamar yanayi wani al'amari ne na sauyin yanayi na zamani, kalmar da ta haɗa da sauye-sauyen da aka gani a hazo, hanyoyin guguwa da gajimare. A sakamakon haka, glaciers a duk duniya an gano yana raguwa sosai.[121] [122] Tushen kankara na ƙasa a duka Antarctica da Greenland sun kasance suna yin asarar taro tun 2002 kuma sun ga haɓakar asarar ƙanƙara tun 2009.[123] Matakan teku na duniya suna karuwa sakamakon fadada yanayin zafi da narke kankara. Rushewar ƙanƙaramar tekun Arctic, duka da girma da kauri, cikin shekaru da dama da suka gabata ƙarin shaida ce ga saurin sauyin yanayin.[124]

Sauyawa tsakanin yankuna[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Misalai na canjin yanayi na yanki.

Kasa-teku. Yanayin zafin saman ƙasa yana ƙaruwa da sauri fiye da waɗanda ke kan teku,[125] tekun yana ɗaukar kusan kashi 90% na wuce gona da iri.[126]

Hemispheres. Matsakaicin canjin yanayi na Hemispheres[127] ya bambanta saboda yawan kaso na yankin Arewa, da kuma ruwan tekun duniya.[128]

Latitude makada. Ƙungiyoyin latitude uku waɗanda ke rufe kashi 30, 40 da 30 bisa ɗari na sararin saman duniya suna nuna yanayin girma dabam dabam na yanayin zafi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.[129]

Tsayi Hoton ratsi mai zafi (blues yana nuna sanyi, ja yana nuna dumi) yana nuna yadda tasirin greenhouse ke kama zafi a cikin ƙasan yanayi ta yadda yanayi na sama, yana samun ƙarancin haske, yayi sanyi. Volcanos yana haifar da hauhawar zafin jiki na sama.[130]

Duniya da yanki. Don dalilai na yanki da ƙididdiga, ana tsammanin manyan bambance-bambancen shekara zuwa shekara[131] don yankuna na yanki (misali, Caribbean) fiye da matsakaicin duniya.[132]

Sabanin dangi. Ko da yake arewacin Amurka ya yi zafi sosai fiye da wurare masu zafi, wurare masu zafi sun fi fice a fili daga bambancin tarihi na al'ada (magunguna masu launi: 1σ, 2σ daidaitattun daidaituwa).[133]

Baya ga sauye-sauyen yanayi na duniya da kuma sauyin yanayi na duniya kan lokaci, sauye-sauyen yanayi da yawa suna faruwa a lokaci guda a yankuna daban-daban na zahiri.

Ruwan ruwa na kusan kashi 90% na zafi mai yawa ya taimaka wajen haifar da yanayin yanayin ƙasa da sauri fiye da yanayin yanayin teku. Arewacin Hemisphere, yana da mafi girman girman ƙasa zuwa teku fiye da Kudancin Ƙasar, yana nuna matsakaicin matsakaicin haɓaka. Bambance tsakanin makada daban-daban suma suna nuna wannan bambance-bambancen a matsakaitawar karuwar zafin jiki, tare da karuwar zafin zafi na karin zafi na arewa ya wuce na wurare masu zafi, wanda hakan ya zarce na kudanci extratropics.[134]

Yankuna na sama na yanayi sun kasance suna yin sanyi lokaci guda tare da ɗumamar yanayi a cikin ƙananan yanayi, suna tabbatar da aikin tasirin greenhouse da raguwar ozone.[135]

bambancen yanayi na yanki da aka lura sun tabbatar da tsinkaya game da sauye-sauye masu gudana, alal misali, ta hanyar bambanta (mai laushi) bambance duniya na shekara zuwa shekara tare da (mafi canzawa) bambancin shekara zuwa shekara a cikin yankuna.[136] Akasin haka, kwatanta yanayin ɗumamar yankuna daban da bambance tarihi daban-daban, yana ba da damar ɗora girman girman canjin yanayin zafi a cikin mahangar abin da ke faruwa na yau da kullun ga kowane yanki.[137]

Abubuwan lura da canjin yanki suna ba da damar yin nazari akan wuraren da aka raba sauyin yanayi kamar asarar dazuzzukan dazuzzuka, narkewar kankara da kankara na teku, da narkewar permafrost.[138] Irin wannan bambance-bambancen yana haifar da bincike a cikin yuwuwar yuwuwar balaguron balaguro na duniya .[138]

Duba kuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Climatological normal

Anthropocene

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

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  127. ↑ https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs_v4/
  128. ↑ https://www.climatecentral.org/news/in-global-warming-northern-hemisphere-is-outpacing-the-south-15850
  129. ↑ https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs_v4/
  130. ↑ "Kwafin ajiya". Archived from the original on 2019-09-12. Retrieved 2023-09-19.
  131. ↑ https://thespinoff.co.nz/science/17-09-2018/the-climate-visualisations-that-leave-no-room-for-doubt-or-denial/
  132. ↑ https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/global/time-series/globe/land_ocean/12/12/1880-2019
  133. ↑ (Direct link to image; Hawkins credits Berkeley Earth for data.) "The emergence of observed temperature changes over both land and ocean is clearest in tropical regions, in contrast to the regions of largest change which are in the northern extra-tropics. As an illustration, northern America has warmed more than tropical America, but the changes in the tropics are more apparent and have more clearly emerged from the range of historical variability. The year-to-year variations in the higher latitudes have made it harder to distinguish the long-term changes."
  134. ↑ https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs_v4/
  135. ↑ "Kwafin ajiya". Archived from the original on 2019-09-12. Retrieved 2023-09-19.
  136. ↑ https://thespinoff.co.nz/science/17-09-2018/the-climate-visualisations-that-leave-no-room-for-doubt-or-denial/
  137. ↑ (Direct link to image; Hawkins credits Berkeley Earth for data.) "The emergence of observed temperature changes over both land and ocean is clearest in tropical regions, in contrast to the regions of largest change which are in the northern extra-tropics. As an illustration, northern America has warmed more than tropical America, but the changes in the tropics are more apparent and have more clearly emerged from the range of historical variability. The year-to-year variations in the higher latitudes have made it harder to distinguish the long-term changes."
  138. ↑ 138.0 138.1 Correction dated 9 April 2020
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