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Climate

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Climate

Yanayi shine yanayin yanayi na dogon lokaci a cikin yanki, yawanci matsakaicin sama da shekaru 30.[1][2] Fiye da haka, shine matsakaici da bambancin canjin yanayi a tsawon lokaci daga watanni zuwa miliyoyin shekaru. Wasu daga cikin masu canji na yanayi waɗanda aka saba auna su ne zafin jiki, danshi, Matsin yanayi, iska, da hazo. A cikin ma'ana mai zurfi, yanayi shine yanayin abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin yanayi, gami da yanayi, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere da biosphere da ruwa hulɗar tsakanin su.[1] Yanayin yanayi na wani wuri yana shafar latitude, longitude, ƙasa, tsawo, Amfani da ƙasa da ruwa da ke kusa da su da kuma raƙuman su.[3]

Ana iya rarraba yanayi bisa ga matsakaicin da masu canji na al'ada, galibi zafin jiki da hazo. Tsarin rarrabuwa da aka fi amfani da shi shine rarraba yanayi na Köppen. Tsarin Thornthwaite, [4] wanda ake amfani dashi tun 1948, ya haɗa da evapotranspiration tare da yanayin zafi da bayanin hazo kuma ana amfani dashi wajen nazarin bambancin halittu da yadda Canjin yanayi ke shafar shi. Manyan rarrabuwa a cikin rarrabawar yanayi na Thornthwaite sune microthermal, mesothermal, da megathermal.[5] A ƙarshe, tsarin rarrabawar Bergeron da Spatial Synoptic yana mai da hankali kan asalin iska wanda ke bayyana yanayin yankin.

Paleoclimatology shine nazarin yanayin yanayi na dā. Masana ilimin yanayi na zamanin d ̄ a suna neman bayyana bambancin yanayi ga dukkan sassan Duniya a kowane lokacin da aka ba su, farawa da lokacin da aka kafa Duniya.[6] Tun da yake akwai ƙananan abubuwan lura na kai tsaye na yanayi kafin karni na 19, ana ƙaddara yanayin yanayi daga masu canji. Sun haɗa da shaidar da ba ta ƙwayoyin cuta ba - kamar su datti da aka samo a cikin gadajen tafkin da ƙwayoyin ƙanƙara - da shaidar ƙwayoyin halitta - kamar zoben itace da murjani. Misalai na yanayi sune tsarin lissafi na yanayi na baya, yanzu, da na gaba. Canjin yanayi na iya faruwa a cikin dogon lokaci da gajeren lokaci saboda dalilai daban-daban. Ana tattauna dumama na baya-bayan nan dangane da dumama na duniya, wanda ke haifar da sake rarraba halittu. , kamar yadda masanin kimiyyar yanayi Lesley Ann Hughes ya rubuta: "canji na 3 ° C [5 ° F] a cikin matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara ya dace da canji a cikin isotherms na kusan 300-400 [190-250 mi] a latitude (a cikin yankin matsakaici) ko 500 metres (1,600 ft) m a tsawo. Saboda haka, ana sa ran jinsuna su matsa sama a cikin tsawo ko zuwa ga sanduna a cikin latitude don mayar da martani ga sauya yanayin yanayi.[7]  

Ma'anar

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Climate (Samfuri:Etymology) is commonly defined as the weather averaged over a long period. The standard averaging period is 30 years,[8] but other periods may be used depending on the purpose. Climate also includes statistics other than the average, such as the magnitudes of day-to-day or year-to-year variations. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2001 glossary definition is as follows:

"Climate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the "average weather", or more rigorously, as the statistical description in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period ranging from months to thousands or millions of years. The classical period is 30 years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). These quantities are most often surface variables such as temperature, precipitation, and wind. Climate in a wider sense is the state, including a statistical description, of the climate system."[9]

Ƙungiyar Yanayi ta Duniya (WMO) ta bayyana "yanayin yanayi na al'ada" a matsayin "maɓuɓɓuka da masu ilimin yanayi suka yi amfani da su don kwatanta yanayin yanayi na yanzu da na baya ko abin da ake la'akari da shi. An bayyana yanayin yanayi na al-ada a matsayin matsakaicin lissafi na yanayin yanayi (misali zafin jiki) a cikin shekaru 30. An yi amfani da tsawon shekaru 30 don tace duk wani bambancin shekara-shekara ko anomalies kamar El Niño-Southern Oscillation, amma kuma gajere don iya nuna yanayin yanayi.[10]

WMO ta samo asali ne daga Ƙungiyar Meteorological ta Duniya wacce ta kafa kwamiti na fasaha don ilimin yanayi a cikin 1929. A taron Wiesbaden na 1934, hukumar fasaha ta sanya tsawon shekaru talatin daga 1901 zuwa 1930 a matsayin lokacin bincike don yanayin yanayi. A cikin 1982, WMO ta amince da sabunta yanayin yanayi, kuma an kammala waɗannan bisa ga bayanan yanayi daga 1 ga Janairu 1961 zuwa 31 ga Disamba 1990.[11] Yanayin yanayi na 1961-1990 ya zama lokacin tushe. Saitin na gaba na yanayin yanayi da WMO za ta buga daga 1991 zuwa 2010.[12] Baya ga tattarawa daga sauye-sauyen yanayi na yau da kullun (zafin jiki, matsin lamba, hazo da iska), wasu masu canji kamar danshi, ganuwa, adadin girgije, radiation na rana, zafin jiki na ƙasa, yawan evaporation, kwanaki tare da tsawa da kwanakin da ƙanƙara ana tattara su don auna canji a yanayin yanayi.

Climate
Climate

Bambanci tsakanin yanayi da yanayi an taƙaita shi da amfani ta hanyar sanannen magana "Yanayin yanayi shine abin da kuke tsammani, yanayi shine abin abin da kuke samu". A cikin tarihi lokaci, akwai kusan masu canji na yau da kullun waɗanda ke ƙayyade yanayi, gami da latitude, tsawo, rabo na ƙasa zuwa ruwa, da kusanci da teku da duwatsu. Duk waɗannan masu canji suna canzawa ne kawai a cikin miliyoyin shekaru saboda matakai kamar tectonics. Sauran abubuwan da ke ƙayyade yanayi sun fi ƙarfin gaske: yaduwar thermohaline na teku yana haifar da dumama 5 °C (41 °F) ° C (41 ° F) na arewacin Tekun Atlantika idan aka kwatanta da sauran wuraren teku.[13] Sauran raƙuman teku suna sake rarraba zafi tsakanin ƙasa da ruwa a kan sikelin yanki. Yawanci da nau'in shuke-shuke yana shafar shawo kan zafi na rana, riƙe ruwa, da ruwan sama a matakin yanki.[14] Canje-canje a cikin yawan iskar gas mai sanyaya yanayi (musamman carbon dioxide da methane suna ƙayyade adadin hasken rana da duniya ke riƙewa, wanda ke haifar da dumama duniya ko sanyaya duniya. Masu canji waɗanda ke ƙayyade yanayi suna da yawa kuma suna da ma'amala mai rikitarwa, amma akwai yarjejeniya ta gaba ɗaya cewa an fahimci cikakkun bayanai, aƙalla gwargwadon abubuwan da ke ƙayyades canjin yanayi na tarihi. [15][16]

Yanayin yanayi

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Rarraba yanayi shine tsarin da ke rarraba yanayin duniya. Rarrabawar yanayi na iya danganta da rarrabawar Halitta, saboda yanayi yana da babban tasiri ga rayuwa a yankin. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka fi amfani da su shine tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen wanda aka fara haɓaka a cikin 1899. [17]

Climate

Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don rarraba yanayi zuwa irin wannan tsarin mulki. Da farko, an bayyana yanayi a Tsohon Girka don bayyana yanayin dangane da latitude na wuri. Hanyoyin rarraba yanayi na zamani za a iya raba su cikin hanyoyin kwayoyin halitta, waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan abubuwan da ke haifar da yanayi, da hanyoyin da suka dace, waɗanda ke mayar da hankali kan tasirin yanayi. Misalan rarraba kwayoyin halitta sun haɗa da hanyoyin da suka danganci dangi na nau'ikan iska daban-daban ko wurare a cikin rikice-rikicen yanayi. Misalan rarrabuwa na kwarewa sun haɗa da Yankunan yanayi da aka ayyana ta hanyar tsananin tsire-tsire, evapotranspiration, ko kuma gabaɗaya rarraba yanayin yanayi na Köppen wanda aka tsara shi don gano yanayin da ke da alaƙa da wasu halittu. Rashin daidaituwa na yau da kullun na waɗannan tsare-tsaren rarrabuwa shine cewa suna samar da iyakoki daban-daban tsakanin yankunan da suka bayyana, maimakon sannu a hankali sauya yanayin yanayi da ya fi dacewa a cikin yanayi.

Rubuce-rubuce

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Paleoclimatology

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Paleoclimatology shine nazarin yanayin da ya gabata a cikin babban lokaci na tarihin Duniya. Yana amfani da shaidu tare da ma'auni daban-daban na lokaci (daga shekarun da suka gabata zuwa dubban shekaru) daga kankara, zoben bishiyoyi, datti, pollen, coral, da duwatsu don tantance yanayin da ya gabata. Yana nuna lokutan kwanciyar hankali da lokutan canji kuma yana iya nuna ko canje-canje suna bin alamu kamar sake zagayowar yau da kullun.

manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matthews, J.B. Robin; Möller, Vincent; van Diemen, Renée; Fuglestvedt, Jan S.; Masson-Delmotte, Valérie; Méndez, Carlos; Semenov, Sergey; Reisinger, Andy (2021). "Annex VII. Glossary: IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" (PDF). IPCC Sixth Assessment Report. p. 2222. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-06-05. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
  2. ↑ Shepherd, J. Marshall; Shindell, Drew; O'Carroll, Cynthia M. (1 February 2005). "What's the Difference Between Weather and Climate?". NASA. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  3. ↑ Gough, William A.; Leung, Andrew C. W. (2022). "Do Airports Have Their Own Climate?". Meteorology (in Turanci). 1 (2): 171–182. doi:10.3390/meteorology1020012. ISSN 2674-0494.
  4. ↑ Thornthwaite, C. W. (1948). "An Approach Toward a Rational Classification of Climate" (PDF). Geographical Review. 38 (1): 55–94. doi:10.2307/210739. JSTOR 210739. Archived from the original (PDF) on Jan 24, 2012. Retrieved 2010-12-13.
  5. ↑ "All About Climate". Education | National Geographic Society (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-09-25.
  6. ↑ "paleoclimatology | science". Britannica (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2022-09-01.
  7. ↑ Hughes, Leslie (1 February 2000). "Biological consequences of global warming: is the signal already apparent?". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 15 (2): 56–61. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01764-4. PMID 10652556. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
  8. ↑ "Climate averages". Met Office. Archived from the original on 2008-07-06. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
  9. ↑ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Appendix I: Glossary. Archived 2017-01-26 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2007-06-01.
  10. ↑ "Climate Data and Data Related Products". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 1 October 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  11. ↑ "Commission For Climatology: Over Eighty Years of Service" (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. 2011. pp. 6, 8, 10, 21, 26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  12. ↑ "WMO Climatological Normals". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 2022-08-21. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
  13. ↑ Rahmstorf, Stefan. "The Thermohaline Ocean Circulation: A Brief Fact Sheet". Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research. Archived from the original on 2013-03-27. Retrieved 2008-05-02.
  14. ↑ de Werk, Gertjan; Mulder, Karel (2007). "Heat Absorption Cooling For Sustainable Air Conditioning of Households" (PDF). Sustainable Urban Areas Rotterdam. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-27. Retrieved 2008-05-02.
  15. ↑ What Is Climate Change?
  16. ↑ Ledley, T.S.; Sundquist, E. T.; Schwartz, S. E.; Hall, D. K.; Fellows, J. D.; Killeen, T. L. (1999). "Climate change and greenhouse gases". EOS. 80 (39): 453. Bibcode:1999EOSTr..80Q.453L. doi:10.1029/99EO00325. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  17. ↑ Beck, Hylke E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan, Noemi; Berg, Alexis; Wood, Eric F. (30 October 2018). "Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution". Scientific Data (in Turanci). 5: 180214. Bibcode:2018NatSD...580214B. doi:10.1038/sdata.2018.214. ISSN 2052-4463. PMC 6207062. PMID 30375988.
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