Climatology

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Climatology
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Climatology (daga Girkanci κλίμα</link> , klima, "tudu"; da -λογία</link> , -logia ) ko kimiyyar yanayi shine binciken kimiyya na yanayin duniya, yawanci ana bayyana shi azaman yanayin yanayi wanda ya wuce tsawon shekaru akalla 30. [1] Sauyin yanayi ya shafi yanayin yanayi a cikin tsawaitawa zuwa wani lokaci mara iyaka; yanayi shine yanayin yanayi a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci na dangi. Muhimman batutuwan bincike su ne nazarin sauyin yanayi, hanyoyin sauyin yanayi da sauyin yanayi na zamani.[2] [3] Wannan batu na nazari ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na ilimin kimiyyar yanayi da yanki na labarin kasa, wanda ɗaya ne daga cikin ilimin kimiyyar duniya . Ilimin yanayi ya haɗa da wasu ɓangarori na nazarin teku da nazarin halittu.

Babban hanyoyin da masana kimiyyar yanayi ke amfani da su su ne nazarin abubuwan lura da kuma tsara tsarin tafiyar da jiki wanda ke ƙayyade yanayi. Ana iya fassara hasashen yanayi na ɗan gajeren lokaci dangane da ilimin abubuwan da ke faruwa na dogon lokaci, alal misali yanayin yanayin yanayi kamar El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO), the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO). ), da Arctic oscillation (AO), da Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), da kuma Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO). Ana amfani da nau'ikan yanayi don dalilai daban-daban tun daga nazarin yanayin yanayi da tsarin yanayi zuwa hasashen yanayi na gaba. [4]

Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Girkawa sun fara nazarin yanayin yanayi; a haƙiƙa kalmar yanayi ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Helenanci klima, ma'ana "tudu", tana nufin gangara ko karkata ga axis na duniya. Tabbataccen rubutu mafi tasiri game da yanayi shine On Airs, Ruwa da Wurare [5] wanda Hippocrates ya rubuta game da 400 KZ . Wannan aikin ya yi tsokaci kan tasirin yanayi kan lafiyar ɗan adam da bambance-bambancen al'adu tsakanin Asiya da Turai. [5] Wannan ra'ayin cewa sauyin yanayi ke sarrafa abin da al'umma suka yi fice dangane da yanayinsu, ko ƙayyadaddun yanayin yanayi, ya kasance mai tasiri cikin tarihi. [5] Masanin kimiyyar kasar Sin Shen Kuo (1031-1095) ya yi nuni da cewa, yanayin yanayi ya canza zuwa wani lokaci mai tsawo, bayan da ya lura da bambos da aka samu a karkashin kasa kusa da Yanzhou (Lardin Yan'an na zamani, lardin Shaanxi ), wani yanki mai bushewa da bai dace ba a lokacin. girma na bamboo. [6]

Ƙirƙirar ma'aunin zafi da sanyioi a lokacin juyin juya halin kimiyya ya ba da damar yin rikodin tsari, wanda ya fara tun daga 1640-1642 a Ingila. [5] Masu binciken yanayi na farko sun hada da Edmund Halley, wanda ya buga taswirar iskar kasuwanci a 1686 bayan tafiya zuwa kudancin kudancin. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) ya fara zana taswirar kogin Gulf don amfani da shi wajen aika wasiku daga Arewacin Amurka zuwa Turai. Francis Galton (1822-1911) ya ƙirƙira kalmar anticyclone . [7] Helmut Landsberg (1906-1985) ya haɓaka yin amfani da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga a cikin climatology.

A farkon karni na 20, climatology an fi jaddada bayanin yanayin yanki. Wannan ma'anar yanayin yanayi galibi kimiyya ce mai amfani, tana ba manoma da sauran masu sha'awar kididdiga game da yanayin yanayi na yau da kullun da kuma yadda babbar dama ta kasance na abubuwan da suka faru. [8] Don yin wannan, masana kimiyyar yanayi dole ne su ayyana yanayin yanayi na yau da kullun, ko matsakaicin yanayi da matsananciyar yanayi na tsawon shekaru 30. [9] Yayin da masana kimiyya suka san sauyin yanayi da suka gabata kamar shekarun kankara, manufar sauyin yanayi kamar canzawa kawai a hankali yana da amfani don kwatanta yanayin yanayi. Wannan ya fara canzawa a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, kuma yayin da tarihin kimiyyar canjin yanayi ya fara a baya, sauyin yanayi kawai ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan batutuwan binciken masana yanayi a cikin shekarun 1970 da kuma bayan haka. [10]

Filayen ƙasa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Daban-daban batutuwa na climatology suna nazarin fannoni daban-daban na yanayi. Akwai rarrabuwa daban-daban na ƙananan batutuwa na climatology.

alal misali tana gano ilimin yanayin yanayi, kimiyyar yanayi da kuma amfani da yanayin yanayi a matsayin rukuni uku na climatology, rarrabuwa dangane da sarƙaƙƙiya da manufar binciken. [11] Kwararrun masana yanayin yanayi suna amfani da ƙwarewar su ga masana'antu daban-daban kamar masana'antu da noma . [12]

Paleoclimatology shine ƙoƙari na sake ginawa da fahimtar yanayin da suka gabata ta hanyar nazarin bayanan irin su kankara da zoben bishiyoyi ( dendroclimatology ). Paleotempestology yana amfani da waɗannan bayanan guda ɗaya don taimakawa tantance mitar guguwa sama da millenni. Ilimin yanayi na tarihi shine nazarin yanayi dangane da tarihin ɗan adam don haka ya fi damuwa da ƴan shekaru dubu da suka gabata.

Yanayin yanayi na iyaka-Layer ya shafi musanya a cikin ruwa, makamashi da kuzari kusa da saman. [13] Ƙarin da aka gano ƙananan batutuwa sune ilimin yanayi na jiki, climatology mai ƙarfi, climatology na hadari, climatology na yanki, bioclimatology, da kuma climatology na synoptic . Nazarin zagayowar ruwa a kan ma'auni na tsawon lokaci wani lokaci ana kiransa hydroclimatology, musamman lokacin nazarin tasirin sauyin yanayi akan zagayowar ruwa. [13]

Hanyoyin[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Nazarin yanayin yanayi na zamani ya ƙunshi bayanan yanayi da aka tara sama da shekaru masu yawa, kamar bayanan ruwan sama, yanayin zafi da yanayin yanayi. Ilimin yanayi da yanayinsa shima yana kunshe a cikin ƙididdiga, ko dai na ƙididdiga ko lissafi, waɗanda ke taimakawa ta haɗa abubuwan lura daban-daban da gwada yadda suka dace. Ana amfani da ƙirar ƙira don fahimtar abubuwan da suka gabata, na yanzu da yuwuwar yanayi na gaba.

Binciken yanayin yana da wahala ta hanyar babban ma'auni, tsawon lokaci, da kuma hadaddun matakai waɗanda ke tafiyar da yanayin. Ana gudanar da yanayin ta hanyar ka'idodin zahiri waɗanda za a iya bayyana su azaman daidaitattun daidaito . Waɗannan ma'auni suna haɗe-haɗe kuma ba a kan layi ba, don haka ana samun kusan mafita ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin lambobi don ƙirƙirar samfuran yanayi na duniya . Wani lokaci ana yin ƙirƙira yanayin yanayi azaman tsari na stochastic amma ana karɓar wannan gabaɗaya azaman ƙimayar tafiyar matakai waɗanda in ba haka ba suna da wuyar tantancewa.

Bayanan yanayi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tarin dogon rikodin canjin yanayi yana da mahimmanci don nazarin yanayi. Climatology yana hulɗa da jimillar bayanan da masana yanayi suka rubuta. [14] Masana kimiyya suna amfani da duban yanayi kai tsaye da kaikaice, tun daga duniya suna kallon tauraron dan adam da kayan aikin kimiyya kamar cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya na ma'aunin zafi da sanyio, zuwa kankara na tarihi da aka ciro daga glaciers . [15] Yayin da aunawa fasahar ke canzawa a kan lokaci, yawancin bayanan ba za a iya kwatanta su kai tsaye ba. Yayin da biranen ke da zafi fiye da wuraren da ke kewaye da su, ƙauyuka ya sa ya zama dole a koyaushe a daidaita bayanai don wannan tasirin tsibirin zafi na birane . [16]

Samfura[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Samfuran yanayi suna amfani da hanyoyin ƙididdigewa don kwaikwayi mu'amalar yanayi, tekuna, saman ƙasa, da kankara. Ana amfani da su don dalilai daban-daban tun daga nazarin yanayin yanayi da tsarin yanayi zuwa hasashen yanayi na gaba. Duk samfuran yanayi ma'auni, ko kusan ma'auni, makamashi mai shigowa a matsayin gajeriyar igiyar ruwa (ciki har da bayyane) radiation na lantarki zuwa ƙasa tare da makamashi mai fita kamar tsayin igiyar ruwa (infrared) electromagnetic radiation daga ƙasa. Duk wani rashin daidaituwa yana haifar da canjin matsakaicin zafin duniya. Yawancin samfuran yanayi sun haɗa da tasirin radiyo na iskar gas kamar carbon dioxide . Waɗannan samfuran suna hasashen yanayin haɓakar yanayin zafi na saman, da kuma saurin haɓakar zafin jiki a manyan latitudes.

Samfuran na iya kasancewa daga ɗan sauki zuwa hadaddun:

  • Samfurin canja wurin zafi mai sauƙi mai haskakawa wanda ke ɗaukar ƙasa a matsayin maki ɗaya da matsakaicin kuzari mai fita.
  • Ana iya faɗaɗa wannan a tsaye (samfurin radiyo-convective), ko a kwance.
  • Haɗaɗɗen yanayi – teku- ƙanƙara samfurin yanayin yanayi na duniya suna ɓata kuma suna warware cikakkun ma'auni don yawan adadin kuzari da canja wurin makamashi da musayar haske.
  • Tsarin tsarin duniya ya ƙara haɗa da biosphere.

Bugu da ƙari, ana samun su tare da ƙuduri daban-daban daga> 100 km da 1 km. Babban ƙudiri a cikin tsarin yanayin duniya na lissafin ƙididdigewa sosai kuma kaɗan ne kawai ake samun saitin bayanai na duniya. Misalai sune ICON [17] ko bayanan da aka saukar da injiniyoyi kamar CHELSA (Yanayin yanayi a babban ƙuduri don wuraren saman ƙasa). [18] [19]

Batutuwan bincike[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Batutuwa da suka yi nazarin Kungiyoyi uku: Canjin yanayi, Canji na Canji na Lokaci, kuma canje-canje na zamani na yanayin yanayi.[20]

Hanyoyin yanayi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Abubuwa daban-daban suna shafar matsakaicin yanayin yanayi a wani wuri na musamman. Misali, tsakiyar-latitudes za su sami yanayin yanayin yanayin yanayi mai faɗi yayin da yankuna masu zafi ke nuna ƙarancin yanayin zafi sama da shekara guda. [21] Wani babban canjin yanayi shine nahiya: nisa zuwa manyan ruwayen ruwa kamar tekuna . Tekun ruwa suna aiki ne azaman hanyar daidaitawa, ta yadda ƙasar da ke kusa da ita ba ta da bambancin yanayin zafi tsakanin hunturu da bazara fiye da wuraren da ke da nisa daga gare ta. [21] Yanayi yana mu'amala da sauran sassan tsarin yanayi, tare da iskoki da ke haifar da igiyoyin teku waɗanda ke ɗaukar zafi a duniya. [21]

Rarraba yanayi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rarraba hanya ce mai mahimmanci don sauƙaƙe matakai masu rikitarwa. An haɓaka rarrabuwar yanayi daban-daban a cikin ƙarni, tare da na farko a tsohuwar Girka . Yadda ake rarraba yanayi ya dogara da menene aikace-aikacen. Mai samar da makamashin iska zai buƙaci bayanai daban-daban (iska) a cikin rarrabuwa fiye da wanda ya fi sha'awar noma, wanda hazo da zafin jiki sun fi mahimmanci. [21] Mafi yawan rarrabuwa da aka yi amfani da su, Tsarin yanayi na Köppen, an haɓaka shi a ƙarshen karni na sha tara kuma ya dogara ne akan ciyayi. Yana amfani da bayanan kowane wata game da zafin jiki da hazo . [21]

Sauyin yanayi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai nau'ikan sauye-sauye daban-daban: yanayin zafi mai maimaitawa ko wasu sauyin yanayi. Ana ƙididdige su da fihirisa daban-daban. Da yawa a cikin hanyar Dow Jones Industrial Average, wanda ya dogara da farashin hannun jari na kamfanoni na 30, ana amfani da shi don wakiltar sauye-sauye na farashin farashi a gaba ɗaya, ana amfani da alamun yanayi don wakiltar mahimman abubuwan yanayi. An ƙirƙiri fihirisar yanayi gabaɗaya tare da maƙasudin tagwaye na sauƙi da cikawa, kuma kowace fihirisa tana wakiltar matsayi da lokacin yanayin yanayin da yake wakilta. Ta hanyar dabi'arsu, fihirisa suna da sauƙi, kuma suna haɗa bayanai da yawa a cikin ƙayyadaddun bayanin yanayi ko teku waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don bayyana abubuwan da ke tasiri tsarin yanayin duniya.

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) wani lamari ne mai haɗe-haɗe na yanayin teku a cikin Tekun Pasifik da ke da alhakin yawancin canjin yanayin zafin duniya, [21] kuma yana da zagayowar tsakanin shekaru biyu zuwa bakwai. [22] Arewacin Atlantic oscillation wani yanayi ne na sauye-sauye wanda aka fi ƙunsa zuwa ƙananan yanayi, troposphere . Tsarin yanayin da ke sama, stratosphere shima yana da ikon ƙirƙirar nasa sauye-sauye, mafi mahimmanci Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO), wanda ke da zagaye na kusan kwanaki 30 zuwa 60. Ƙwaƙwalwar Fasific na Interdecadal na iya haifar da canje-canje a cikin Tekun Pasifik da ƙananan yanayi akan ma'auni na lokaci goma.

Canjin yanayi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sauyin yanayi yana faruwa ne lokacin da canje-canjen tsarin yanayi na duniya ya haifar da sabon yanayin yanayi wanda ya rage na tsawon lokaci. Wannan tsawon lokaci na iya zama ɗan gajeren lokaci kamar ƴan shekarun da suka gabata zuwa tsawon miliyoyin shekaru. Tsarin yanayi yana karɓar kusan dukkan ƙarfinsa daga rana. Tsarin yanayi kuma yana ba da makamashi zuwa sararin samaniya . Ma'auni na makamashi mai shigowa da mai fita, da nassi na makamashi ta hanyar tsarin yanayi, yana ƙayyade kasafin makamashi na duniya . Lokacin da makamashi mai shigowa ya fi makamashi mai fita, kasafin makamashi na duniya yana da kyau kuma tsarin yanayi yana dumama. Idan ƙarin makamashi ya fita, kasafin makamashi mara kyau kuma duniya tana samun sanyi. [23] Canjin yanayi kuma yana rinjayar matsakaicin matakin teku.

Sauye-sauyen yanayi na zamani yana faruwa ne ta hanyar fitar da iskar gas da ɗan adam ke fitarwa daga kona man fetur wanda ke ƙara ma'ana a yanayin zafi a duniya . Ƙara yawan zafin jiki abu ɗaya ne kawai na canjin yanayi na zamani, wanda kuma ya haɗa da canje-canjen da aka gani na hazo, waƙoƙin hadari da girgije. Yanayin zafi yana haifar da ƙarin canje-canje na tsarin yanayi, kamar narkewar dusar ƙanƙara, hawan matakin teku da sauye-sauye na flora da fauna.[24]

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ Climate Prediction Center. Climate Glossary.
  2. ↑ http://drought.unl.edu/DroughtBasics/WhatisClimatology.aspx
  3. ↑ Archived 6 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 23 November 2006.
  4. ↑ http://drought.unl.edu/DroughtBasics/WhatisClimatology.aspx
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwcc.61
  6. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=ttMUHDRgr6MC&pg=PA293
  7. ↑ Life Stories. Francis Galton. Retrieved on 19 April 2007.
  8. ↑ https://history.aip.org/climate/climogy.htm
  9. ↑ Robinson & Henderson-Sellers 1999.
  10. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatology#CITEREFRobinsonHenderson-Sellers1999
  11. ↑ https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199874002/obo-9780199874002-0096.xml
  12. ↑ Wang & Gillies 2012.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Rohli & Vega 2018
  14. ↑ https://www.climate.gov/maps-data/primer/processing-climate-data
  15. ↑ https://climate.nasa.gov/faq/34/what-kinds-of-data-do-scientists-use-to-study-climate
  16. ↑ Rohli & Vega 2011.
  17. ↑ Dipankar, A.; Heinze, Rieke; Moseley, Christopher; Stevens, Bjorn; Zängl, Günther; Brdar, Slavko (2015). "A Large Eddy Simulation Version of ICON (ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic): Model Description and Validation". Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems. 7
  18. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5584396
  19. ↑ https://doi.org/10.48364%2FISIMIP.836809
  20. ↑ https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-climatology-3443689
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 Rohli & Vega 2018.
  22. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20090827143632/http://www.cpc.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/ensofaq.shtml#HOWOFTEN
  23. ↑ https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/EnergyBalance
  24. ↑ https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/global-warming-effects/
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