Rashin ruwa

Rashin ruwa
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	scarcity (en)
Fuskar	water stress (en) da water crisis (en)
Has cause (en)	Canjin yanayi
Relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator (en)	Target 6.4 of the Sustainable Development Goals (en)

Rashin ruwa (ko datti na cikin gida, ruwan datti na gida, ruwan sharar gida) wani nau'in ruwan sharar da al'umma ke samarwa. Yawanci ana jigilar shi ta hanyar tsarin sharar gida.[1]::175 Rashin ruwa ya ƙunshi ruwan da aka fitar daga gidaje da kuma kasuwanci, ma'aikata da wuraren jama'a da ke cikin yankin.[2]: 10 Sub-types na datti ne greywater (daga sinks, bathtubs, shower, dishwashers, da tufafi wanki) da kuma baƙar fata (ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi don wanke bayan gida, haɗe da sharar mutum wanda yake fitarwa). Rashin ruwa kuma yana dauke da sabulu da kayan wanki. Za a iya samun sharar abinci daga wankewa, kuma za a iya ƙara yawan abinci inda ake amfani da raka'a na zubar da shara. A yankunan da ake amfani da Takardar bayan gida maimakon bidets, ana ƙara wannan takarda a cikin datti. Rashin ruwa ya ƙunshi macro-polluants da micro-polluents, kuma yana iya haɗawa da wasu sharar gida da gurɓataccen ruwa daga ruwan sharar masana'antu.

Rashin ruwa yawanci yana tafiya daga famfo na gini ko dai a cikin rashin ruwa, wanda zai kai shi wani wuri, ko kuma a cikin wurin da ake amfani da shi. Tarin datti daga gidaje da yawa tare yawanci yana ɗaukar wurare a cikin ko dai magudanar tsabta ko magudanar ruwa. An tsara tsohon don cire ruwan guguwa yayin da aka tsara na ƙarshe don ɗaukar ruwan guguwar. Samar da datti gabaɗaya ya dace da amfani da ruwa. Abubuwa da yawa suna tasiri ga amfani da ruwa kuma saboda haka kwararar ruwa ga kowane mutum. Wadannan sun hada da: mita-linkid="629" href="./Water_scarcity" id="mwLg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Water scarcity">Rashin Ruwa (maimakon karancin ruwa), zaɓuɓɓukan samar da ruwa, yanayi (yanayin zafi na iya haifar da amfani da ruwa mafi girma), girman al'umma, matakin tattalin arziki na al'umma، matakin Masana'antu, ma'auni na amfani da gida, farashin ruwa da matsin ruwa.[1]:20

Babban sigogi a cikin datti wanda aka auna don tantance ƙarfin datti ko inganci da kuma zaɓuɓɓukan magani sun haɗa da: abubuwa masu ƙarfi, alamun kwayoyin halitta, nitrogen, phosphorus, da alamun gurɓataccen datti.: 33 Ana iya la'akari da waɗannan a matsayin manyan gurɓataccen gurɓata a cikin datti. Rashin ruwa ya ƙunshi cututtukan da suka samo asali daga Kwayoyin cuta. Ana samun nau'ikan cututtuka guda huɗu masu zuwa a cikin datti: ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta, protozoa (a cikin nau'in cysts ko oocysts) da helminths (a cikin hanyar ƙwai). Don ƙididdige kwayoyin halitta, ana amfani da hanyoyin da ba a kai tsaye ba: galibi Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) da Chemical Oxyge Demand (COD).

Gudanar da datti ya haɗa da tattarawa da sufuri don saki cikin muhalli, bayan matakin magani wanda ya dace da bukatun gida don fitarwa cikin ruwa, a kan ƙasa ko don sake amfani da aikace-aikace.: Zaɓuɓɓukan zubar sun haɗa da narkewa (tsarkakewa da kai na jikin ruwa, yin amfani da ikon su idan ya yiwu), fitowar ruwa, zubar da ƙasa da gonakin datti. Dukkanin zaɓuɓɓukan zubar da ruwa na iya haɗarin haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa.

Kalmomin

Rashin ruwa da ruwa mai guba

Rashin ruwa (ko ruwan sharar gida) ya ƙunshi ruwan sharar da aka fitar daga gidaje da kuma daga wuraren kasuwanci, hukumomi da na jama'a da ke cikin yankin.: 10 Ruwa shine cakuda ruwa (daga samar da ruwa na al'umma), datti na mutum (feces da fitsari), ruwa da aka yi amfani da shi daga dakunan wanka, sharar abinci, ruwan wanki, da sauran kayan sharar rayuwa na yau da kullun.

Rashin ruwa daga kananan hukumomi ya ƙunshi ruwa mai guba daga ayyukan kasuwanci da cibiyoyi, misali ruwa mai guga da aka fitar daga Gidajen cin abinci, wuraren wanki, asibitoci, makarantu, Kurkuku, ofisoshi, shagunan da cibiyoyin da ke aiki a yankin manyan al'ummomi.

Ana iya rarrabe sharar gida zuwa "sharar gida da ba a kula da ita ba" (wanda ake kira "sharar ruwa") da kuma "sharar da aka kula da ita" (wanda kuma ake kira "mai sharar gida" daga masana'antar tsabtace sharar gida).

Kalmar nan "sharar gida" a zamanin yau ana amfani da ita sau da yawa tare da "sharar ruwa" - yana nuna "sharar gari" - a cikin litattafai da yawa, takardun manufofi da wallafe-wallafen. Don zama daidai, ruwa sharar gida kalma ce mai faɗi, saboda yana nufin kowane ruwa bayan an yi amfani da shi a aikace-aikace daban-daban.: 1 Don haka yana iya nufin "ruwan sharar masana'antu", ruwan sharar aikin gona da sauran hanyoyin da ba su da alaƙa da ayyukan gida.

Ruwa mai laushi

Tashar famfo tana ɗaga datti zuwa masana'antar tsabta a Bujumbura, Burundi

Greywater (wani bangare na datti) a cikin tanki mai daidaitawa

Bayyanar gaba ɗaya

Gabaɗaya bayyanar datti kamar haka: : 30 Yawan zafin jiki yana da ɗan girma fiye da ruwan sha amma ya fi kwanciyar hankali fiye da yanayin zafin jiki. Launi na sabbin datti yana da ɗan launin toka, yayin da tsofaffin datti (wanda ake kira "tsuntsu na septic") yana da launin toka ko baƙar fata. Rashin ƙanshi sabo "mai" ne kuma ba shi da kyau, yayin da tsofaffin ƙanshin ruwa suna da ƙanshin ƙanshin saboda iskar hydrogen sulfide da sauran kayan lalacewa. : 9-38 Rashin ruwa na iya samun babban turbidity daga abubuwan da aka dakatar.

Darajar pH na datti yawanci tana kusa da tsaka-tsaki, kuma tana iya kasancewa a cikin kewayon 6.7-8.0. : 57 

Masu gurɓataccen abu

Rashin ruwa ya kunshi ruwa da farko kuma yawanci yana dauke da kasa da kashi ɗaya na abu mai ƙarfi a kowane ɓangarori dubu na ruwa. A wasu kalmomi, mutum na iya cewa datti ya ƙunshi kusan 99.9% ruwa mai tsabta, kuma sauran 0.1% abubuwa ne masu ƙarfi, wanda zai iya kasancewa a cikin nau'in ko dai abubuwa masu ƙarfi ko Abubuwan da aka dakatar. : 28 Rabin dubu-da-ɗaya tsari ne na kimantawa na girman maimakon ainihin kashi saboda, ban da bambancin da ya haifar da narkewa, ana iya bayyana abubuwa masu ƙarfi daban-daban dangane da hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita don raba waɗannan abubuwa masu ƙarfi daga ɓangaren ruwa. Ruwan da za a iya daidaitawa da aka cire ta hanyar daidaitawa ko dakatar da abubuwa masu ƙarfi da aka cire da tacewa na iya ƙunsar ruwa mai yawa, yayin da busassun abu mai ƙarfi da ya rage bayan evaporation ya kawar da mafi yawan wannan ruwa amma ya haɗa da ma'adanai da aka narke ba a kama su ta hanyar tacewa ko rabuwa ta hanyar nauyi ba. Abubuwan da aka dakatar da kuma narkewa sun haɗa da kwayoyin halitta da inorganic tare da microorganisms. : 28 

Kimanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na wannan abu mai ƙarfi an dakatar da shi ta hanyar rikici, yayin da sauran suka narke ko kuma suka haɗu. Ga halin da ake ciki a Amurka a cikin shekarun 1950 an kiyasta cewa sharar da ke cikin datti na cikin gida kusan rabin kwayoyin halitta ne da rabi inorganic.[1] : 9–38 :9–38

Abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta

Za'a iya rarraba kwayoyin halitta a cikin datti dangane da tsari da girman: An dakatar da su (ƙananan) ko kuma an narke su (mai narkewa). Abu na biyu, ana iya rarraba shi dangane da biodegradability: ko dai inert ko biodegradable.[1] : 35 Abubuwan kwayoyin halitta a cikin datti sun ƙunshi mahaɗan furotin (kimanin 40%), carbohydrates (kimani 25-50%), mai da mai (kimanni 10%) da urea, surfactants, phenols, pesticides da sauransu (ƙananan yawa). [1] : 35 Don ƙididdige abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta, ya zama ruwan dare a yi amfani da "hanyoyi masu kai tsaye" waɗanda suka dogara da amfani da iskar oxygen don shayar da kwayoyin halitta: galibi Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) da Chemical Oxygin Demand (COD). [1] : 36 Wadannan hanyoyin da ba a kai tsaye suna da alaƙa da babban tasirin fitar da kwayoyin halitta a cikin jikin ruwa: kwayoyin halitta za su zama abinci ga microorganisms, wanda yawan su zai girma, kuma ya haifar da amfani da iskar oxygen, wanda zai iya shafar kwayoyin ruwa.

Ana lissafin nauyin abun ciki na kwayoyin halitta yayin da kwararar ruwa ta ninka tare da maida hankali ga kwayoyin halitta a cikin datti. : 55 

Ana ba da dabi'u na al'ada don halaye na jiki-sashin jiki na datti a ƙasa.

Abinci

Baya ga kwayoyin halitta, datti yana dauke da abubuwan gina jiki. Babban abubuwan gina jiki masu ban sha'awa sune nitrogen da phosphorus. Idan an fitar da datti ba tare da an yi masa magani ba, abubuwan da ke ciki na nitrogen da phosphorus na iya haifar da gurɓata tafkuna da tafkuna ta hanyar tsari da ake kira eutrophication .  : 77 

A cikin datti, nitrogen ya wanzu a cikin nau'ikan nitrogen ko ammoniya guda biyu. Ammoniya ta samo asali ne daga urea a cikin fitsari. Urea yana da saurin hydrolyzed sabili da haka ba a yawan samun shi a cikin datti. : 43 

Jimlar phosphorus galibi tana cikin datti a cikin nau'in phosphate. Su ne ko dai inorganic (polyphosphates da orthophosphatas) kuma babban tushen su daga kayan wanki ne da sauran kayan sunadarai na gida. Sauran nau'in shine phosphorus na kwayoyin halitta, inda tushen shine mahadi na kwayoyin da aka ɗaure phosphorum na kwayoyin. : 45 

Kwayoyin cuta

Kayan mutum a cikin datti na iya ƙunsar cututtukan da ke iya yaduwar cututtuka. : 9-38 Ana samun nau'ikan cututtuka guda huɗu masu zuwa a cikin datti:

• Kwayoyin cuta kamar Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, ko Vibrio cholerae;
• ƙwayoyin cuta kamar Hepatitis A, Rutavirus, coronavirus, enteroviruses;
• Protozoa kamar Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum; da
• Helminths da ƙwai ciki har da Ascaris (roundworm), Ancylostoma (hookworm), da Trichuris (whipworm)

A mafi yawan lokuta masu amfani, ba a bincika kwayoyin cuta kai tsaye a cikin nazarin dakin gwaje-gwaje ba. Hanyar da ta fi sauƙi don tantance kasancewar gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta ita ce ta hanyar tantance yawan adadin ƙwayoyin (wanda ake kira thermotolerant coliforms), musamman Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli kwayoyin cuta ne na hanji waɗanda duk dabbobi masu jinin zafi ke fitarwa, gami da mutane, don haka bin diddigin kasancewarsu a cikin datti yana da sauƙi, saboda yawan su (kimanin miliyan 10 zuwa 100 a kowace 100 mL).  : 52 

Rashin ƙarfi

Binciken datti tare da allon mashaya a masana'antar tsabtace datti don cire manyan abubuwa a Norton, Zimbabwe

Tashar famfo tana ɗaga datti zuwa masana'antar tsabta a Bujumbura, Burundi

Ikon bayan gida mai tsabta don yin abubuwa "sun ɓace" nan da nan yara ƙanana waɗanda zasu iya gwada kusan duk abin da za su iya ɗauka zuwa bayan gida suka gane. Ana iya jarabci manya su zubar da Takardar bayan gida, wanka mai laushi, takalma masu tsabta, tampons, tampon applicators, condoms, da magunguna da suka ƙare, har ma da haɗarin haifar da toshewa. Sirrin bayan gida yana ba da hanyar ɓoye don cire shaidar kunya ta hanyar zubar da abubuwa kamar kayan magani, kayan Gwajin ciki, haɗakar magungunan maganin hana daukar ciki, da marufi ga waɗancan na'urorin. Ana iya samun jinkirin dawo da abubuwa kamar kayan wasa na yara ko burbushin hakora waɗanda ba zato ba tsammani suka fada cikin bayan gida, kuma ana iya samun kayan tufafi a cikin datti daga kurkuku ko wasu wurare inda mazauna zasu iya zama marasa kulawa. Za'a iya ɗaukar sharar gida da shara a kan tituna zuwa magudanar ruwa ta hanyar ruwan sama.

Ƙananan gurɓataccen abu

Rashin ruwa ya ƙunshi gurɓataccen Magunguna na muhalli. Trihalomethanes kuma na iya kasancewa sakamakon kashe cututtuka da suka gabata. Rashin ruwa na iya ƙunshe da microplastics kamar polyethylene da polypropylene beads, ko polyester da raguwa na polyamide daga tufafin roba da yadudduka na gado da aka lalata ta hanyar lalacewa da wanki, ko daga kayan kwalliya na filastik da kayan takarda da aka rufe da filastik waɗanda aka rushe ta hanyar famfo na tashar ɗagawa. Magunguna, mahadi masu rushe endocrine, da hormones za a iya fitar da su a cikin fitsari ko datti idan ba a lalata su a cikin jikin mutum ba.

Wasu masu amfani da gidaje suna zuba ruwan da ba a so kamar man dafa abinci da aka yi amfani da shi, : lubricants, : adhesives, fenti, solvents, detergents, : da disinfectants a cikin haɗin su. Wannan hali na iya haifar da matsaloli don aikin ma'aikatar magani kuma saboda haka an hana shi.

Halin da ake amfani da shi

Abubuwan da ke ƙayyade abun da ke ciki

Abinda ke cikin datti ya bambanta da yanayi, yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da halaye na yawan jama'a. : 28 A yankunan da ake amfani da ruwa ba su da yawa, ƙarfin datti (ko yawan gurbataccen ruwa) ya fi na Amurka inda amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutum yake da yawa. : Kudin shiga na gida da abinci suma suna taka rawa: Misali, ga yanayin Brazil, an gano cewa mafi girman kuɗin shiga na gida, mafi girma shine nauyin BOD ga kowane mutum kuma mafi ƙasƙanci shine maida hankali ga BOD. : 57 

Ma'auni da kaya

An buga dabi'u na al'ada don halaye na jiki-saman jiki na datti a Kasashe masu tasowa kamar haka: 180 g / mutum / d don jimlar abubuwa (ko 1100 mg / L lokacin da aka bayyana a matsayin maida hankali), 50 g / mutum - d don BOD (300 mg / L), 100 g / mutum don COD (600 mg / l), 8 g / mutum "d don jimlar nitrogen (45 mg / mutum /d), 4.5 g / d don am-N (25 mg / mutum) da 1.0 g / d ga jimlar phosphorus (7 mg / L).  : 57 Matsayi na yau da kullun ga waɗannan ƙididdigar sune: 120-220 g / mutum / d don jimlar abubuwa (ko 700-1350 mg / L lokacin da aka bayyana a matsayin maida hankali), 40-60 g / mutum/d don BOD (250-400 mg / L), 80-120 g / mutumin / d don COD (450-800 mg / L, 6-10 g / mutum don jimlar nitrogen (35-60 mg / L) 3.5-6 g / mutum maka am-N (20-35 mg / L).             

Ga ƙasashe masu samun kudin shiga, an gano "ma'aunin kwayoyin halitta na kowane mutum" kusan gram 60 na BOD ga kowane mutum a kowace rana. Wannan ana kiransa yawan jama'a (PE) kuma ana amfani dashi azaman ma'auni na kwatanta don bayyana ƙarfin ruwan sharar masana'antu idan aka kwatanta da datti.

An buga ƙididdigar gidaje a Amurka kamar haka, inda ƙididdigat ɗin ya dogara ne akan zaton cewa kashi 25% na gidaje suna da kayan gyaran abinci na kicin (sharar gidaje daga irin waɗannan gidaje suna ƙunshe da ƙarin sharar gida): 95 g / mutum / d don jimlar Abubuwan da aka dakatar (503 mg / L), 85 g / mutum don BOD (450 mg / L, 198 g / mutum =d don COD (1050 / g / L), 13.3 g / mutum duka don jimlar nitrogen / g / g / / g / d don am / g / . Darajar da aka bayar a nan sun dogara ne akan ruwa na 190 L ga kowane mutum a kowace rana.       

A United States source published in 1972 estimated that the daily dry weight of solid wastes per capita in sewage is estimated as 20.5 g (0.72 oz) in feces, 43.3 g (1.53 oz) of dissolved solids in urine, 20 g (0.71 oz) of toilet paper, 86.5 g (3.05 oz) of greywater solids, 30 g (1.1 oz) of food solids (if garbage disposal units are used), and varying amounts of dissolved minerals depending upon salinity of local water supplies, volume of water use per capita, and extent of water softener use.

Rashin ruwa yana dauke da fitsari da datti. Yawan datti ya bambanta da cin abinci mai laushi. Matsakaicin mutum yana samar da gram 128 na datti mai laushi a kowace rana, ko matsakaicin busassun ruwa na 29 g / mutum / rana. Matsakaicin tsararren fitsari shine kimanin 1.42 L / mutum / rana, kamar yadda aka ƙaddara ta hanyar nazarin wallafe-wallafen duniya.

Gudun ruwa

Girman datti na cikin mita da aka samar ga kowane mutum (ko "ko" ga kowane mutum", wanda aka taƙaita a matsayin "ƙwallo") ya bambanta da amfani da Ruwa a cikin yankin. : 11 Abubuwa da yawa suna tasiri ga amfani da ruwa kuma saboda haka kwararar ruwa ga kowane mutum. Wadannan sun hada da: Rashin ruwa (maimakon karancin ruwa), zaɓuɓɓukan samar da ruwa, yanayi (yanayin zafi na iya haifar da amfani da ruwa mafi girma), girman al'umma, matakin tattalin arziki na al'umma، matakin Masana'antu, ma'auni na amfani da gida, farashin ruwa da matsin ruwa. : 20 

Samar da datti gabaɗaya ya dace da amfani da ruwa. Koyaya ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi don ban ruwa ba zai shiga tsarin datti ba, yayin da ruwan ƙasa da ruwan guguwa na iya shiga tsarin datta ban da datti. : 22 Yawancin lokaci akwai manyan ruwa guda biyu da ke zuwa masana'antar magani a kowace rana: Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ruwa shine a farkon safiya kuma wani mafi girma shine a farkon maraice. : 24 

Game da amfani da ruwa, adadi na ƙira wanda za'a iya ɗauka a matsayin "ma'aunin duniya" China 35-90 L ga kowane mutum a kowace rana (bayanai daga 1992).  : Wannan littafin ya lissafa amfani da ruwa a kasar Sin a matsayin 80 L ga kowane mutum a kowace rana, Afirka a matsayin 15-35 L ga kowane muntu a kowace rana. Gabashin Bahar Rum a Turai a matsayin 40-85 L ga kowane motho a kowace rana kuma Latin Amurka da Caribbean a matsayin 70-190 L ga kowane Mutum a kowace rana. : Ko da a cikin ƙasa, akwai yiwuwar bambance-bambance masu yawa daga yanki zuwa wani saboda dalilai daban-daban da ke ƙayyade amfani da ruwa kamar yadda aka jera a sama.

Ana amfani da darajar ruwa na lita 200 na datti ga kowane mutum a kowace rana azaman kimantawa a cikin ƙasashe masu samun kudin shiga, kuma ana amfani da shi misali a cikin ƙirar tsire-tsire masu tsabtace datti.

For comparison, typical sewage flowrates from urban residential sources in the United States are estimated as follows: 365 L/person/day (for one person households), 288 L/person/day (two person households), 200 L/person/day (four person households), 189 L/person/day (six person households). This means the overall range for this example would be 189–365 L (42–80 imp gal; 50–96 US gal).

Hanyoyin bincike

Takamaiman kwayoyin halitta da abubuwa

Ana iya saka idanu kan sharar gida don haifar da cututtuka da kwayoyin halitta masu kyau tare da dabaru daban-daban. Hanyoyin gargajiya sun haɗa da tacewa, canzawa, da bincika samfurori a ƙarƙashin microscope. Za'a iya kammala gwaje-gwaje masu mahimmanci da takamaiman gwaje-gaje tare da jerin DNA, kamar lokacin da ake neman kwayoyin da ba su da yawa, ƙoƙarin kawar da shi, gwaje- gwaje-waje musamman don nau'ikan da ke tsayayya da miyagun ƙwayoyi, ko gano sababbin nau'o'in. Tsarin DNA daga samfurin muhalli an san shi da metagenomics.

An kuma bincika magudanar ruwa don tantance yawan dangi na amfani da magunguna da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba tsakanin jama'ar birni. Hakanan ana iya ƙaddamar da yawan jama'a na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.

Tarin

Rashin gyara yana haifar da ambaliya daga ramin magudanar ruwa zuwa titin wani matsuguni na yau da kullun kusa da Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu

Ana tattara ruwa kuma ana jigilar shi a cikin magudanar ruwa, ko dai a cikin magadan ruwa ko a cikin maganganun ruwa. Wannan na ƙarshe kuma yana isar da Runoff na birane (ruwa mai guguwa) wanda ke nufin an narke sharar gida yayin abubuwan da suka faru na ruwan sama. : 9 

Narkewa a cikin magudanar ruwa

Ruwan ƙasa a cikin tsarin sharar gida

Shigar ruwa ruwa ne da ke shiga bututun magudanar ruwa ta hanyar bututun da ba su da kyau, hanyoyin haɗi, haɗin gwiwa ko ramukan magudanar ruwa . Gurɓataccen ruwa ko ruwan gishiri na iya haifar da ƙarin gurɓatattun abubuwa ga najasa. Adadin irin wannan ruwan da aka shigar ya dogara da sigogi da dama, kamar tsawon hanyar tattarawa, diamita na bututun mai, yankin magudanar ruwa, nau'in ƙasa, zurfin teburin ruwa, yanayin ƙasa da adadin haɗin da ke cikin kowace yanki. Kutsewar ruwa yana ƙaruwa ne sakamakon rashin kyawun hanyoyin gini, kuma yana ƙaruwa da shekarun magudanar ruwa. Yawan kutsewar ruwa ya bambanta da zurfin magudanar ruwa idan aka kwatanta da teburin ruwan ƙasa na gida. Tsoffin tsarin magudanar ruwa da ke buƙatar gyara na iya fitar da najasa zuwa ruwan ƙasa daga hanyoyin magudanar ruwa da ke zubarwa da kuma hanyoyin sadarwa. Wannan zai iya haifar da gurɓatar ruwan ƙasa .

Ruwan guguwa

An tsara magudanar ruwa don jigilar datti da ruwan guguwa tare. Wannan yana nufin cewa datti ya zama narke a lokacin ruwan sama. Akwai wasu nau'ikan shigarwa waɗanda kuma ke narkar da datti, misali "ruwan da aka fitar daga ɗaki da tushe, fitar da ruwa mai sanyaya, da duk wani haɗin ruwa na guguwa kai tsaye zuwa tsarin tattara tsabta". :">: 163  "Influguwa kai tsaye" na iya haifar da hauhawar ruwa mai kama da haɗin magudanar ruwa a lokacin abubuwan da suka faru. : 165 

Ruwan sharar masana'antu

Rashin ruwa daga al'ummomin da ke da masana'antu na iya haɗawa da wasu ruwan sharar masana'antu, wanda aka samar da shi ta hanyar masana'antu kamar samarwa ko kera kayayyaki. Yawan ruwan sharar masana'antu ya bambanta sosai tare da nau'in masana'antu. : 27 Ruwa mai guba na masana'antu na iya ƙunshe da gurɓata abubuwa daban-daban a mafi girma fiye da abin da ake samu a cikin datti. : Polutants na iya zama mai guba ko sharar gida wanda ba zai iya lalacewa ba ciki har da magunguna, biocides, ƙarfe mai nauyi, radionuclides, ko gurɓataccen zafi.

Masana'antu na iya kula da ruwan da ba su da kyau kuma su zubar da shi cikin muhalli (ko ma amfani da ruwan da aka tsabtace don takamaiman aikace-aikace), ko kuma, idan yana cikin birane, zai iya zubar da ruwan da ruwa a cikin tsarin shara na jama'a. A cikin wannan yanayin, ruwan sharar masana'antu na iya karɓar magani a masana'antun don rage nauyin gurɓataccen. : 27 Haɗakar da ruwan sharar masana'antu tare da datti ba ya yin komai don rage yawan gurbataccen da za a bi da shi, amma yawan datti yana rage yawan gurɓataccen ruwa na musamman ga ruwan sharar gida na masana'antu, kuma yawan ruwan shararru na masana'anta yana rage yawan masu gurbataccen ruwa na asali ga datti.

Rushewa da narkewa

Jirgin ruwa na teku a Cape May, New Jersey, Amurka - bututun da aka fallasa bayan an cire yashi ta hanyar guguwa mai tsanani

Ikon karɓar ruwa ko ƙasa

Lokacin da aka zubar da ruwa mai guba a cikin ruwa (kogin, tabkuna, teku) ko ƙasa, tasirin dangi zai dogara da ikon daidaitawa na jikin ruwa ko yanayin halittu. : Jikin ruwa 78 suna da ikon tsarkake kansu, don haka maida hankali ga gurbataccen zai iya raguwa tare da nesa daga wurin fitarwa. Bugu da ƙari, jikin ruwa yana ba da narkewa ga ƙwayoyin gurbatawa da aka fitar, kodayake ba ya rage nauyin su. A ka'idar, mafi girman ƙarfin narkewa (rashin girman ko kwararar ruwa da ƙararar da aka fitar), mafi ƙanƙanta zai zama yawan gurbatawa a cikin ruwa mai karɓa, kuma mai yiwuwa mafi ƙarancin zai zama mummunan tasiri. Amma idan jikin ruwa ya riga ya zo gurɓata sosai a wurin fitarwa, narkewar za ta kasance mai ƙarancin ƙima.

A lokuta da yawa, al'umma na iya kula da datti, kuma har yanzu suna dogaro da ikon da ruwa ke ciki. Koyaya, ana buƙatar a bincika wannan sosai a hankali, tare da la'akari da ingancin ruwa a cikin jikin mai karɓa kafin ya karɓi fitar da datti, ingancin ruwa da ya haifar bayan fitarwa da tasirin amfani da ruwa da aka nufa bayan fitarwa. Har ila yau, akwai takamaiman bukatun doka a kowace ƙasa. Kasashe daban-daban suna da ka'idoji daban-daban game da ƙayyadaddun ingancin datti da ake fitarwa da ingancin da za a kiyaye a cikin jikin mai karɓa. : Haɗin magani da zubar dole ne ya bi ka'idojin yankin.

Ikon daidaitawa ya dogara - daga cikin dalilai da yawa - akan ikon karɓar ruwa don ci gaba da narkewar iskar oxygen da ake buƙata don tallafawa kwayoyin da ke lalata sharar gida. : 9, 673 Misali, kifi na iya mutuwa idan matakan iskar oxygen da aka narke sun ragu a ƙasa da 5 MG / L.  

Ana iya la'akari da aikace-aikacen datti a ƙasa a matsayin hanyar zubar da ruwa ta ƙarshe ko magani, ko duka biyun. : Hanyoyin zubar da ƙasa suna buƙatar la'akari da wadatar ƙasa, ingancin ruwan ƙasa, da yiwuwar lalacewar ƙasa.

Sauran hanyoyin zubar da su

Ana iya fitar da najasa zuwa wani wurin da ake fitar da ruwa ko kuma wurin da ake shigar da ruwa . Ana amfani da sake cika ruwan ƙasa don rage kutsen ruwan gishiri, ko kuma sake cika magudanar ruwa da ake amfani da su don ban ruwa na noma. Yawanci ana buƙatar magani don ci gaba da ƙarfin ratsawa na kwano, kuma ana iya buƙatar ƙarin magani ga kwano da ake amfani da su azaman ruwan sha .

Magani

Maganin sharar gida yana da fa'ida wajen rage gurɓata muhalli. Bar screens na iya cire manyan tarkace masu ƙarfi daga datti, : 274-275 da magani na farko na iya cire abu mai iyo da mai daidaitawa. : Rashin tsabta na farko yawanci yana ƙunshe da ƙasa da rabin abubuwan da ke cikin asali kuma kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na BOD a cikin nau'ikan colloids da narkewar kwayoyin halitta. Magani na biyu na iya rage BOD na sharar gida a cikin datti mara narkewa, : amma ba shi da tasiri ga narkewar datti. Ana iya ƙoƙarin kashe cututtukan ruwa don kashe cututfogens kafin a zubar da su, kuma yana ƙara tasiri bayan an kammala ƙarin abubuwa na jerin magani da suka gabata. : 359 

Sake amfani da sake farfadowa

  Wani madadin fitarwa cikin muhalli shine sake amfani da datti a hanyar da ta dace (don amfani da aikin gona, birane ko masana'antu), cikin bin ka'idojin gida da buƙatu don kowane takamaiman aikace-aikacen sake amfani. Ana iya rage haɗarin lafiyar jama'a na sake amfani da datti a aikin gona ta hanyar bin "tsarin shingen da yawa" bisa ga jagororin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya.

Akwai kuma yiwuwar dawo da albarkatun ƙasa wanda zai iya sa noma ya zama mai dorewa ta hanyar amfani da carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, ruwa da makamashi da aka samo daga najasa.

Dokoki

Gudanar da sharar gida ya haɗa da tattarawa da sufuri don saki cikin muhalli bayan matakin magani wanda ya dace da bukatun gida don fitarwa cikin jikin ruwa, a kan ƙasa, ko don sake amfani da aikace-aikace. : A mafi yawan ƙasashe, ba a ba da izinin fitar da ruwa mai guba a cikin muhalli ba a ƙarƙashin doka, kuma ana biyan ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwa. Don buƙatu a Amurka, duba Dokar Ruwa Mai Tsabtace.

Dokokin kula da sharar gida galibi suna daga cikin manufofin tsabtace ƙasa. Wadannan na iya haɗawa da gudanar da datti na mutum (daga tsarin tattara marasa tsabta), sharar gida da ruwan sama.

Dubi kuma

 

• Gudanar da laka
• Tarihin samar da ruwa da tsaftacewa
• Sake amfani da datti na mutum
• Umurnin Magunguna na Ruwa Mai Ruwa
• Yaduwar cututtukan ruwa

Haɗin waje

• Tsabtace-tsabtace da Ruwa Mai Ruwa na Afirka