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Sanarwa Akan Hakkokin 'Yan Asalin Kasar

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Sanarwa Akan Hakkokin 'Yan Asalin Kasar
United Nations General Assembly resolution (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Laƙabi United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
Foundational text (en) Fassara United Nations General Assembly Resolution 61/295 (en) Fassara
Ranar wallafa 13 Satumba 2007
Full work available at URL (en) Fassara un.org… da un.org…

Sanarwa kan Haƙƙin ƴan Asalin Ƙasa ( UNDRIP ko DOTROIP[1]) [note 1][2] wani ƙuduri ne da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta zartar a shekara ta 2007. Yana zayyanawa da fayyace haƙƙoƙin ɗaiɗai da na gamayya na ƴan asalin ƙasar, gami da haƙƙin mallakarsu na furuci na al'adu da na biki, asalinsu, harshe, aiki, lafiya, ilimi, da sauran batutuwa. Mallakar su kuma ta shafi kare dukiyoyinsu na ilimi da al'adu . Sanarwar "tana jaddada haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar don kiyayewa da ƙarfafa cibiyoyi, al'adu da al'adun su, da kuma ci gaba da ci gaban su daidai da bukatunsu da burinsu." Ya "haramta wariya ga 'yan asalin kasar," kuma yana "inganta cikakkiyar damar su cikin duk abin da ya shafe su da kuma 'yancinsu na kasancewa da bambanci da kuma bin manufofinsu na ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa". [3]

Manufar sanarwar ita ce karfafa gwiwar kasashe su yi aiki tare da 'yan asalin kasar don warware batutuwan duniya, kamar su ci gaba, dimokuradiyya mai al'adu da yawa, da mulkin kama karya .

A ranar Alhamis, 13 ga Satumban shekarar 2007, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kada kuri’a da rinjaye na 144 (4 suka ki, 11 suka ki amincewa) na sanarwar.

Tun daga shekara ta 2007, kasashe hudu da suka kada kuri'ar kin amincewa sun sauya matsayinsu kuma yanzu suna goyon bayan sanarwar. Tun daga watan Fabrairun 2020, Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziƙi da Harkokin Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, 'yan asalin ƙasar sun bayyana (A/RES/61/295) a matsayin "...mafi cikakken kayan aikin ƙasa da ƙasa kan haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar. Yana kafa tsarin duniya mafi ƙanƙanta na ma'auni don rayuwa, mutunci da jin daɗin ƴan asalin duniya kuma yana yin ƙarin bayani game da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƴancin ƴancin da ake da su yayin da suka shafi takamaiman yanayi na ƴan asalin ƙasar."

A matsayin sanarwar Babban Taro, UNDRIP ba kayan aiki ba ne na doka a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa . A cewar sanarwar manema labarai na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, "yana wakiltar ci gaba mai karfi na ka'idojin shari'a na kasa da kasa kuma yana nuna kudurin kasashe mambobin MDD na tafiya a wasu wurare"; Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana shi a matsayin kafa wani muhimmin ma'auni na kula da 'yan asalin kasar wanda babu shakka zai zama wani muhimmin kayan aiki wajen kawar da take hakkin bil'adama a kan 'yan asalin duniya miliyan 370, da kuma taimaka musu wajen yaki da wariya da wariya ."

UNDRIP ta tsara "korafe-korafen tarihi na 'yan asalin ƙasar, ƙalubalen zamani da burin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, siyasa da al'adu" kuma shine "ƙarshen ƙoƙarin da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ke yi na tsawon tsararraki don samun hankalin duniya, don tabbatar da amincewa ga burinsu, da kuma samar da goyon baya ga su. manufofin siyasa." [4] Shugaban Bincike na Kanada kuma memba na malami a Jami'ar Saskatchewan Ken Coates yayi jayayya cewa UNDRIP tana da ƙarfi tare da ƴan asalin ƙasar, yayin da gwamnatocin ƙasa basu fahimci tasirin sa ba tukuna.

Tarihi

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Tushen wannan ikirari ya fara ne a cikin shekarar 1923 da 1925 tare da ayyukan Haudenosaunee Chief Deskaheh da Māori TW Ratana, waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin kawo batutuwan Kanada da gazawar New Zealand don tabbatar da yarjejeniyoyin ga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen Duniya, wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta riga ta gabatar. [5] An fara sake nazarin batutuwan 'yan asalin ƙasar a kan sikelin duniya a cikin 1982 tare da kafa Ƙungiyar Aiki akan 'Yan Asalin, wanda Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziƙi (ECOSOC) ta kafa. Manufar su ita ce ƙirƙirar wani babban takarda wanda zai taimaka wajen kare haƙƙoƙi da gata na ƴan asalin ƙasar a duk faɗin duniya.

Sanarwar ta shiga cikin zane-zane da yawa daga 1994 zuwa 2006, kuma an riga an ba da shawarar sigar ta sanarwar Vienna da Shirin Aiki a cikin 1993. [6]

A ranar Alhamis, 13 ga Satumban shekarar 2007, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kada kuri’a da rinjaye na 144 (4 suka ki amincewa, 11 suka ki amincewa) na sanarwar. A cikin watan Mayun 2016, Kanada a hukumance ta cire matsayinta na rashin amincewa da UNDRIP, kusan shekaru goma bayan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi. A shekara ta 2016, Ostiraliya, New Zealand, da kuma Amurka ta Amurka, wadanda su ma suka kada kuri'ar kin amincewa da sanarwar, sun sauya matsayinsu tare da nuna goyon baya.[7]

Aikace-aikace na yanzu

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Ayyuka

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Jihohi da yawa bayan daular da ke da manyan ɓangarorin masu ƙaura-mallaka na yawan jama'a suna aiwatar da matakai don gane da kuma gane a aikace haƙƙoƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar.[8] Waɗannan sun haɗa da New Zealand, Kanada, da Ostiraliya.[9]

Inkarin samuwar ‘yan asalin kasar

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Jihohi da dama ba su amince da ƴan tsirarun ƙabilun da ke cikin yankunansu a matsayin ƴan asalin ƙasar ba, kuma kawai suna kiran su a matsayin tsiraru. Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan tsirarun ƙabilun an keɓe su daga mafi rinjayen ƙabilun a cikin matakan aiwatar da zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa kuma ba a kare hakkinsu na asali ba.[10] Masu rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar UNDRIP da suka yi watsi da manufar da aka bayyana a cikin labaran UNDRIP sun hada da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin da Jamhuriyar gurguzu ta Vietnam.[11]

Manufa

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Saboda tashe-tashen hankula da cin zarafi da aka yi a baya da kuma cin zarafi na ƴan asalin ƙasar da al'umma, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ƙirƙiri wannan sanarwar da ba ta bin doka ba a matsayin buri na yadda ya kamata a bi da ƴan asalin ƙasar.

Wannan ikirari ƙudiri ne, ma'ana ba takarda ce mai ɗaukar doka ba. Ba a la'akari da 'yan asalin ƙasa a matsayin ƙasashe na siyasa kuma ba su da damar samun kariya ta dokokin kasa da kasa ta hanyar kotun shari'a ta duniya. Mataki na 40 ya bayyana cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar suna da 'yancin bin hanyoyin da suka dace don magance rikice-rikice da rikice-rikice da kasashe ko wasu bangarori, saboda 'yan asalin ba za su iya amfani da kotun shari'a ta duniya ba, UNDRIP ba ta da wata alamar da 'yan asalin yankin za su iya kawo rikici. ku.

Manufar sanarwar ba ita ce samar da sabbin hakkoki ba, a'a, ta yi magana ne kan batutuwa irin su sulhunta 'yan asalin kasar dangane da maido da kare al'adu, al'adu da cibiyoyi na asali da kuma neman ci gaban kai.[12]

Abun ciki

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An kuma tsara sanarwar azaman ƙudurin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, tare da ƙa'idodi 23 na farko da labarai 46. A yawancin labarai, an haɗa burin yadda Jiha ta inganta da kuma kare haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasa (duba tanada don ƙarin bayani). Manyan jigogi na labarin sun haɗa da:

  • Haƙƙin ƴncin cin gashin kansu na' yan asalin ƙasar da mutane (Mataki 1 - 8; 33 - 34)
    • Bambanci yana tsakanin mutum da ƙungiyar mutane
  • Hakkin 'yan asalin ƙasar da mutane don kare al'adunsu ta hanyar ayyuka, harsuna, ilimi, kafofin watsa labarai, da addini, gami da kula da dukiyarsu ta ilimi (Mataki 9 - 15, 16, 25, da 31)
  • Ya tabbatar da 'yancin' yan asalin ƙasar don samun irin mulkin mallaka da ci gaban tattalin arziki (Mataki na 17 - 21, 35 - 37)
  • Hakkin kiwon lafiya (Mataki na 23 - 24)
  • Kare ƙananan rukuni misali tsofaffi, mata, da yara (Mataki na 22)
  • Hakkin ƙasa daga mallaka (ciki har da biyan kuɗi, ko dawo da ƙasa watau Mataki na 10) ga batutuwan muhalli (Mataki na 26 - 30, da 32)
  • Ya ba da umarnin yadda ya kamata a fahimci wannan takaddar a cikin bayanin nan gaba (Mataki na 38 - 46).

Tanadi

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Budewa da Mataki na 2 na sanarwar sun ba da cewa "'yan asalin ƙasar daidai suke da sauran mutane" (source). Bayan tabbatar da haƙƙin da ƴan asalin ƙasar da jama'a suke da shi a matsayin sauran al'ummomi, akwai Labarun (23 na 46) da ke nuni da yadda ya kamata Jihohi suyi mu'amala da sanarwar. Yawancin labaran suna nuni ne ga Jihohin da ke aiki tare da ƴan asalin ƙasar. Wasu matakan da aka ba da shawarar a ɗauka su ne:

  • Don dawo da ƙasa (mataki na 26), abubuwa na bikin (mataki 12), da ragowar mutum (mataki 12)
  • Don sanya "shirye-shiryen saka idanu, kiyayewa, da kuma maido da lafiyar 'yan asalin ƙasar" (mataki na 29)
  • Don karewa da kuma tabbatar da hakkokin 'yan asalin ƙasar da mutane (ƙaddamarwa a cikin labarai da yawa; duba Sanarwar)

Tattaunawa da tallafi

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Sanarwar ta kasance sama da shekaru 25 a cikin yin. Wannan ra'ayin ya samo asali ne a shekarar 1982 lokacin da Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (ECOSOC) ta kafa ƙungiyar aiki kan 'yan asalin ƙasar (WGIP), wanda aka kafa sakamakon binciken da mai ba da rahoto na musamman José Ricardo Martínez Cobo ya yi game da matsalar nuna bambanci da' yan asalin ƙasar ke fuskanta. An ba da aikin haɓaka ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam waɗanda za su kare 'yan asalin ƙasar, a cikin 1985 Ƙungiyar Aiki ta fara aiki a kan tsara Sanarwar kan' Yancin' yan asalin ƙasar. An kammala daftarin a 1993 kuma an gabatar da shi ga Kwamitin Kwamitin kan Rigakafin Nuna Bambanci da Kare 'Yan Ƙananan Hukumomi, wanda ya ba da amincewarsa a shekara mai zuwa. A lokacin wannan Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta amince da Yarjejeniyar 'yan asalin ƙasar da kabilanci, 1989.[13]

An tura Yarjejeniyar ga Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam, wacce ta kafa wata Ƙungiyar Aiki don bincika sharuddan ta. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa wannan Kungiyar Aiki ta haɗu a lokuta 11 don bincikawa da daidaitawa da Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar da tanadinta. Ci gaba ya yi jinkiri saboda damuwar wasu jihohi game da wasu mahimman tanadi na Sanarwar, kamar haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar don ƙaddamar da kansu da kuma kula da albarkatun ƙasa da ke cikin ƙasashen gargajiya na' yan asalin ƙasar. An karɓi sashi na ƙarshe na sanarwar a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2006, ta Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam mai mambobi 47 (kungiyar da ta maye gurbin Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin ɗan Adam), tare da kasashe mambobi 30 da ke cikin ni'ima, 2 a kan, 12 da suka ƙi, da 3 ba su nan.

An gabatar da sanarwar (takardar A/61/L.67) ga Babban Taron, wanda ya kada kuri'a kan karɓar shawarar a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 2007, a lokacin zamanta na 61 na yau da kullun.[14]

Zaɓe Adadi Ƙasashe
Amincewa 143 Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chile, China, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia (Federated States of), Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United Republic of Tanzania, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, and Zimbabwe
Reject 4 Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and United States[15]
Samfuri:Maybe 11 Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burundi, Colombia, Georgia, Kenya, Nigeria, Russian Federation, Samoa, and Ukraine[15]
Absent 34 Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gambia, Grenada, Guinea-Bissau, Israel, Kiribati, Kyrgyzstan, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Montenegro, Morocco, Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, São Tomé and Príncipe, Seychelles, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Tajikistan, Togo, Tonga, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Uzbekistan, and Vanuatu[15]

Dukkanin ƙasashe mambobi huɗu da suka kaɗa ƙuri'a sun kasance sun samo asali ne a matsayin mazauna mulkin mallaka na Daular Burtaniya, kuma suna da mafi yawan mutanen da ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba. Tun daga wannan lokacin, dukkan kasashe huɗu sun koma don amincewa da sanarwar ta wata hanya ta al'ada wacce ba za ta zama doka mai ɗaurewa a kotu ba. Kanada, a karkashin jagorancin Jam'iyyar Conservative ta yi sanarwa ta hukuma game da aikace-aikacen UNDRIP a Kanada.[16][17]

Koyaya, Gwamnatin Liberal da aka zaɓa a matsayin shugabanci a shekarar 2015, ta nuna goyon bayan Kanada ga UNDRIP. A ranar 3 ga Disamba, 2020, an gabatar da Bill C-15 ga House of Commons wanda zai kawo dokar Kanada cikin daidaituwa da ƙudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Bill C-15 ya wuce majalisar dattijai ta Kanada a ranar 16 ga Yuni, 2021, kuma ya sami amincewar sarauta a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2021 don zama doka.[18] A yin haka Kanada ta zama ta farko daga cikin kasashe huɗu da ke da tarihi a matsayin mazauna mulkin mallaka na daular Burtaniya tare da yawancin mutanen da ba 'yan asalin ƙasar da suka kada kuri'a don yanzu su karɓi UNDRIP.[19]

An ƙalubalanci tsoma baki na Gwamnatin Australiya a karkashin sharuddanta ba tare da nasara ba.[20]

Ƙasashe uku da suka guje wa, Colombia, Samoa, da Ukraine tun daga lokacin sun amince da takardar.[21]

Tallafi da sulhu

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Sabanin ƙin farko na sanarwar da Australia, Kanada, New Zealand da Amurka suka yi game da damuwa game da shari'a (duk ƙasashe huɗu daga baya sun sauya matsayinsu don karɓar sanarwar a matsayin takardar da ba ta doka ba), jami'an Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran shugabannin duniya sun nuna farin ciki da karɓar ta. Sakatare Janar Ban Ki-moon ya bayyana shi a matsayin "lokacin tarihi lokacin da membobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da 'yan asalin ƙasar suka sulhunta da tarihin su mai raɗaɗi kuma sun yanke shawarar ci gaba tare a kan hanyar haƙƙin ɗan adam, adalci da ci gaba ga kowa". Louise Arbour, tsohuwar mai shari'a ta Kotun Koli ta Kanada a lokacin da take aiki a matsayin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam, ta nuna gamsuwa da aiki tuƙuru da juriya wanda a ƙarshe ya "ya kawo 'ya'ya a cikin cikakkiyar sanarwa har zuwa yau game da' yancin' yan asalin ƙasar". Hakazalika, an gaishe labarai game da karɓar sanarwar da farin ciki a Afirka kuma,[22] a taron Babban Taron da aka yi a New York, Ministan Harkokin Waje na Bolivia David Choquehuanca ya ce yana fatan kasashe membobin da suka kada kuri'a ko suka guje za su sake yin la'akari da kin amincewarsu don tallafawa takardar da ya bayyana cewa tana da mahimmanci kamar sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya. Bolivia ta zama ƙasa ta farko da ta amince da sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar. Evo Morales, Shugaban Bolivia, ya ce, "Mu ne kasar farko da ta juya wannan sanarwar zuwa doka kuma hakan yana da mahimmanci, 'yan'uwa maza da mata. Muna ganewa da kuma gaishe da aikin wakilanmu. Amma idan mun tuna da yakin 'yan asalin a bayyane, da yawa daga cikinmu waɗanda ke da hankali za su ƙare suna kuka da tunawa da nuna bambanci, ƙyamar.[23]

Stephen Corry, darektan ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ƴan asalin kasa da kasa ta Survival International, ya ce, "An yi muhawara game da sanarwar kusan kusan kusan karni arba'in. Shekaru da suka ga yawancin kabilun, kamar Akuntsu da Kanoê a Brazil, sun kashe da sauransu, kamar Innu a Kanada, sun kawo ƙarshen. Gwamnatocin da ke adawa da shi suna fama da kunya da haƙƙin ɗan adam na mutanen da suka fi rauni. Da'awar da suke yi don tallafawa haƙƙin ɗan adam a wasu yankuna za a gan su a matsayin munafunci. "[24][25]

Cibiyar Nazarin Aboriginal ta Australiya da Torres Strait Islander (AIATSIS) ta yarda da ƙa'ida kuma tana kiyaye ƙa'idodin Sanarwa a cikin Manufofin Samun Tarin su da Amfani da su da Jagororinsu domin Binciken ɗabi'a a cikin Nazarin Asalin Ostiraliya.[26]

Rashin amincewa

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Kafin amincewa da Sanarwar, kuma a cikin zaman 62 na Babban Taron, kasashe da yawa sun nuna damuwa game da wasu mahimman batutuwa, kamar ƙaddamar da kai, samun dama ga ƙasashe, yankuna da albarkatu da kuma rashin ma'anar kalmar " 'yan asalin ƙasar".[27] Baya ga waɗanda ke da niyyar jefa kuri'a game da amincewa da sanarwar, ƙungiyar ƙasashen Afirka da Namibia ke wakilta sun ba da shawarar jinkirta mataki, don gudanar da ƙarin shawarwari, da kuma kammala la'akari da sanarwar a watan Satumbar 2007. Daga ƙarshe, bayan sun amince da wasu gyare-gyare ga Yarjejeniyar, yawancin jihohi sun fahimci cewa kowace ƙasa za ta iya magance waɗannan batutuwan a matakin ƙasa.[28]

Ta hanyar ƙasashe masu adawa

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Jihohi huɗu da suka kaɗa ƙuri'a sun ci gaba da nuna damuwa game da rubutun ƙarshe na sanarwar kamar yadda aka sanya a gaban Babban Taron. [shafin da Dukkanin ƙasashe huɗu masu adawa daga baya sun canza Ƙuri'un su don amincewa da sanarwar.[29]

Ostiraliya

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Gwamnatin Australiya ta yi adawa da sanarwar a cikin Ƙuri'un Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na 2007, amma tun daga lokacin ta amince da sanarwar. Mal Brough na Ostiraliya, Ministan Iyalai, Ayyukan Al'umma da Harkokin Ƴan asalin ƙasar, yana magana ne game da tanadin game da tabbatar da tsarin shari'ar al'ada na' yan asalin ƙasar, ya ce "Ya kamata a sami doka ɗaya kawai ga dukan' yan Ostiraliya kuma bai kamata mu shiga cikin ayyukan doka waɗanda ba a yarda da su a duniyar zamani ba."[30]

Marise Payne, Sanata na Jam'iyyar Liberal na New South Wales, ta ƙara yin bayani dalla-dalla game da rashin amincewar gwamnatin Australiya ga sanarwar a cikin jawabi ga Majalisar Dattijan Australiya:

  • Damuwa game da nassoshi game da ƙaddamar da kai da kuma yiwuwar su da ba a fahimta ba.
  • Rashin sanin gaskiyar zamani game da ƙasa da albarkatu. "Sun yi kama da, ga masu karatu da yawa, suna buƙatar amincewa da haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar waɗanda yanzu mallakar wasu' yan ƙasa ne, 'yan asalin da waɗanda ba' yan asalin ƙasar ba, sabili da haka suna da wasu mahimman damar tasiri ga haƙƙin wasu. "
  • Damuwa game da fadada haƙƙin mallaka na asali a ƙarƙashin sanarwar a matsayin mara amfani a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da Australiya ta yanzu.
  • Rashin yiwuwar cin zarafin haƙƙin a ƙarƙashin Sanarwar ga 'yan asalin ƙasar ga yardar da ba ta cancanta ba game da batutuwan da suka shafi su, "wanda ke nuna wa wasu masu karatu cewa za su iya yin amfani da haƙƙin veto a kan dukkan batutuwan jihar, wanda zai haɗa da dokokin ƙasa da sauran matakan gudanarwa. "[30]
  • Kayan haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar a kan dukiyar ilimi, ta ainihi da ta al'adu, wanda "ba ya amince da haƙƙin wa su musamman, haƙƙinsu na samun damar ƙasar' yan asalin ƙasar da al'adun gargajiya da abubuwan al'adu inda ya dace a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa".[30] Bugu da ƙari, cewa Sanarwar "ta kasa la'akari da nau'ikan mallaka daban-daban da amfani da za a iya ba wa 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma haƙƙin wasu ga dukiya a wannan batun".
  • Damuwa cewa Sanarwar ta sanya dokar al'ada ta asali a matsayi mafi girma ga dokar ƙasa, kuma wannan na iya "ba da damar yin ayyukan da ba za a yarda da su ba a duk faɗin hukumar", kamar azabtar da al'ada da kuma babban hukunci.

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2007 tsohon Firayim Ministan Australia John Howard ya yi alƙawarin gudanar da raba gardama kan sauya kundin tsarin mulkin Australia don amincewa da 'yan asalin Australia idan aka sake zabar su. Ya ce ya kamata a amince da bambancin asalin mutane da haƙƙinsu na adana al'adunsu.

Kanada

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gwamnatin Kanada ta ce yayin da ta goyi bayan "ruhu" na sanarwar, ta ƙunshi abubuwan da suka kasance "da gaske ba su dace da tsarin tsarin mulki na Kanada ba", wanda ya haɗa da Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin' Yanci da Sashe na 35, wanda ke ba da haƙƙin' yan asalin da yarjejeniya. Musamman, gwamnatin Kanada tana da matsaloli tare da Mataki na 19 (wanda ya bayyana yana buƙatar gwamnatoci su tabbatar da yardar 'yan asalin ƙasar game da al'amuran manufofin jama'a gaba ɗaya), da Mataki 26 da 28 (wanda zai iya ba da damar sake buɗewa ko ƙin ikirarin ƙasar da aka kafa a tarihi).A ranar 3 ga Afrilu, 2009, Gwamnatin Rudd ta amince da sanarwar.[31]

Tsohon Ministan Harkokin Indiya da Ci gaban Arewa, Chuck Strahl, ya bayyana takardar a matsayin "maras aiki a cikin dimokuradiyya ta Yamma a karkashin gwamnatin tsarin mulki".[32] Strahl ya yi bayani dalla-dalla, yana cewa "A Kanada, kuna daidaita haƙƙin mutum da haƙƙin rukuni, kuma (wannan) takarda ... ba shi da wani daga cikin hakan. Ta hanyar sanya hannu, kun saba da wannan takardar ta hanyar cewa kawai haƙƙoƙin da ke wasa a nan su ne haƙƙoƙcin Al'ummai na Farko. Kuma, ba shakka, a Kanada, wannan bai dace da tsarin mulkinmu ba. " Ya ba da misali: "A Kanada ... kuna tattaunawa akan wannan ... saboda (yancin 'yan asalin) ba su cin nasara a duk sauran hakkoki a kasar ba. Hakanan kuna buƙatar la'akari da mutanen da wani lokacin ma sun zauna a waɗannan ƙasashe na shekaru ɗari biyu ko uku, kuma sun farauta da kamun kifi tare da Al'ummai na Farko."

Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta zartar da ƙuduri a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007 don gayyatar Shugabannin Hugo Chávez da Evo Morales zuwa Kanada don matsawa gwamnati ta sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan 'yancin' yan asalin ƙasar, ta kira shugabannin jihohi biyu "shugabannin hangen nesa" kuma ta bukaci Kanada ta yi murabus daga membobinta a Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Turai.[33]


A ranar 3 ga Maris, 2010, a cikin jawabin Daga kursiyin, Gwamna Janar na Kanada ya ba da sanarwar cewa gwamnati tana motsawa don amincewa da sanarwar. "Mu ƙasa ce mai al'adun Aboriginal. Yawancin jihohi sun ba da izini ga sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin' yan asalin ƙasar. Gwamnatinmu za ta dauki matakai don amincewa da wannan takardar burin a hanyar da ta dace da Kundin Tsarin Mulki da dokoki na Kanada. "

A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2010, Kanada ta amince da sanarwar a hukumance amma ba tare da canza matsayinta ba cewa "mai son zuciya ne".

An girmama jagoran ruhaniya na Anishinabek, Cif William Commanda (1908-3 Agusta 2011) a bikin shekara-shekara na 21 na mako-mako na farko da aka gudanar a Montreal daga Agusta 2 zuwa 9, 2011, don murnar amincewar Kanada ta 2010 da sanarwar Amurka. Wakilin AFN Innu, harajin Ghislain Picard ya yaba da kakan Commanda saboda aikinsa wanda ya kasance "maɓalli ba kawai a cikin karɓar sanarwar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ba, amma a duk aikin da ya kai shi a cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata".

A cikin shekara ta 2015, Romeo Saganash (memba na Cree na Majalisar Dattijai na Abitibiyan Baie-JamesNunavik Eeyou) ya dauki nauyin Dokar Mai zaman kanta C-641, "Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Ƴancin' Ƴan asalin ƙasar", wanda zai buƙaci gwamnatin Kanada ta tabbatar da cewa dokokin Kanada sun dace da UNDRIP amma an kayar da shi a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 2015.

A ranar 7 ga Yuli, 2015, a cikin wata wasika ga mambobin majalisar ministocin lardin, Firayim Minista na Alberta Rachel Notley ta nemi kowane minista ya gudanar da bita kan manufofinsu, shirye-shirye, da dokokin da zasu iya buƙatar canje-canje bisa ga ka'idodin sanarwar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya.

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015, Hukumar Gaskiya da Sulhu ta Kanada ta lissafa tabbatar da UNDRIP a matsayin daya daga cikin "kira don aiki" na ƙasa a cikin rahotonta na karshe.

A cikin 2016, Kanada ta amince da hukuma kuma ta yi alkawarin aiwatar da sanarwar gaba ɗaya. Da yake magana a taron dindindin na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan batutuwan ƴan asalin ƙasar, ƴan asalin da harkokin Arewacin Kanada Ministan Carolyn Bennett ya sanar, "Yanzu mun zama cikakken mai goyon bayan sanarwar, ba tare da cancanta ba. Ba mu da niyyar yin wani abu fiye da karɓar da aiwatar da sanarwar daidai da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kanada. " Bennett ya bayyana sanarwar a matsayin "haɓaka rayuwa cikin Sashe na 35 [na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kanada] da kuma gane shi a matsayin cikakken akwati na haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar Kanada. " A watan Yulin 2016, Ministan Shari'a na Kanada Jody Wilson-Raybould, memba na Kwakwaka'wakw First Nation, ya ba da jawabi wanda ya bayyana cewa "karɓar UNDRIP a matsayin dokar Kanada ba zai yiwu ba", saboda rashin jituwa da Dokar Indiya, dokar mulki ta yanzu.

Gwamnatin tarayya ta yi alkawari a ranar 21 ga Yuni 2017 don sake sunan Ranar Aboriginal ta Kasa don ta dace da kalmomin da sanarwar ta yi amfani da su.

A watan Satumbar 2017, gwamnatin lardin British Columbia ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta yi mulki bisa ga ƙa'idoji da aka tsara a cikin sanarwar. A ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 2019, ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta gyara dokokinta don dacewa da UNDRIP. BC ita ce lardin farko a Kanada da ta fara aiwatar da doka daidai da UNDRIP.

Gwamnatin lardin British Columbia (BC) ita ce lardin Kanada na farko da ta fara kawo dokokinta tare da UNDRIP ta hanyar aiwatar da sanarwar BC kan Dokar Ƴancin' yan asalin ƙasar. Tsarin aiwatar da aiwatarwa da ke gudana an yi niyya ne don haɓaka sulhu a gaba a BC. Gwamnatin lardin tana aiki tare da Majalisar Kasashe na Farko, Taron Ƙasashe na farko da Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs, karkashin jagorancin Shugabannin Kasashe na BC don amfani da ka'idodin UNDRIP. Ministan Harkokin Kasuwanci da Sakamako Scott Fraser (dan siyasa) ne ya gabatar da dokar ne a karkashin gwamnatin New Democratic Party ta John Horgan. Majalisar Dokoki ta British Columbia ta lura da manufar Dokar kamar haka: (a) don tabbatar da aikace-aikacen Sanarwar ga dokokin British Columbia; (b) don ba da gudummawa ga aiwatar da Sanarwar; (c) don tallafawa tabbatar da, da haɓaka dangantaka tare da, hukumomin mulkin ƴan asalin ƙasar. Ya zuwa Nuwamba 2019, gwamnatin BC ta yi alkawarin sanya kusan CA $ 100 miliyan a kowace shekara a gefe ga al'ummomin First Nation, don su saka hannun jari a cikin nasu mulkin mallaka da sake farfado da al'adu; lardin ya kuma sadaukar da CA $ 50 miliyan don saka hannun jari cikin farfadowar harshe na al'ummomi na farko. Bugu da ƙari, sun aiwatar da shawarwarin Babban Cif Edward John don rage yawan yaran 'yan asalin da aka karɓa daga gidaje kuma aka kula da su.

A ranar 3 ga watan Disamba, 2020, Bill C-15, sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar 'Yancin' yan asalin ƙasar, Ministan Shari'a David Lametti ne ya gabatar da shi ga House of Commons wanda zai kawo dokar Kanada cikin daidaituwa da ƙudurin Majalisar Dinkinobho. Bill C-15 ya wuce majalisar dattijai ta Kanada a ranar 16 ga Yuni, 2021, kuma ya sami amincewar sarauta a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2021 don zama doka. A yin haka Kanada ta zama ta farko daga cikin kasashe huɗu da ke da tarihi a matsayin mazauna mulkin mallaka na daular Burtaniya tare da yawancin mutanen da ba 'yan asalin ƙasar da suka kada kuri'a don yanzu su karɓi UNDRIP.

New Zealand

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wakilan New Zealand a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Dindindin kan batutuwan 'yan asalin ƙasar. New Zealand ta amince da sanarwar kan 'Yancin' yan asalin ƙasar a watan Afrilun 2010.

A cikin 2007 Ministan Harkokin Māori na New Zealand, Parekura Horomia, ya bayyana sanarwar a matsayin "marasa hakora", kuma ya ce, "Akwai tanadi huɗu da muke da matsaloli, wanda ya sa sanarwar ta dace da tsarin mulki da na shari'a na New Zealand".[34] Mataki na 26 musamman, ya ce, "yana kama da buƙatar amincewa da haƙƙin ƙasashe yanzu mallakar wasu 'yan ƙasa ne, ƴan asalin ƙasar da waɗanda ba' yan asalin ƙasar ba. Wannan ya yi watsi da gaskiyar zamani kuma ba zai yiwu a aiwatarwa ba. "[35][36]

Bayani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "DOTROIP-24-2-PDF" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-09-03. Retrieved 2018-09-03.
  2. ↑ "United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples". United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. Archived from the original on November 1, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named FAQ
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Coates_2013
  5. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  6. ↑ Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, Part II, paragraph 29
  7. ↑ "United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples | United Nations For Indigenous Peoples". www.un.org. Retrieved 2019-04-22.
  8. ↑ "Canada: Implementation of UNDRIP is now the law". June 29, 2021.
  9. ↑ "Incorporating UNDRIP into Australian law would kickstart important progress". September 13, 2021.
  10. ↑ "China & the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: The Tibetan Case". May 27, 2014.
  11. ↑ "Denied Recognition: Vietnam's refusal to recognize the indigenous and religious rights of the Khmer Krom".
  12. ↑ Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation. "FAQ: B.C. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act - Province of British Columbia". www2.gov.bc.ca. Archived from the original on 2021-11-23. Retrieved 2019-11-15.
  13. ↑ Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Adopted by the Human Rights Council on 29 June 2006 Archived ga Janairu, 20, 2012 at the Wayback Machine United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues.
  14. ↑ Indigenous rights outlined by UN Archived Satumba 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine BBC News, 13 September 2007.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named votelist
  16. ↑ "Liberals introduce bill to implement UN Indigenous rights declaration | CBC News". CBC (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-12-04.
  17. ↑ "LEGISinfo - House Government Bill C-15 (43-2)". www.parl.ca. Retrieved 2020-12-04.
  18. ↑ "Canada's Opposition to UNDRIP". Archived from the original on November 30, 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2013.
  19. ↑ Aiello, Rachel (2021-06-16). "Bill to align Canadian law with UN Indigenous rights declaration passes to become law". CTVNews (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-06-17.
  20. ↑ "UW Law Digital Commons" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on December 30, 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2013.
  21. ↑ UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, United Nations Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples Archived ga Janairu, 20, 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
  22. ↑ Africa: Jubilation as UN Approves Indigenous Peoples Declaration Archived Satumba 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine AllAfrica.com, 13 September 2007.
  23. ↑ Aprueba ONU declaración de derechos indígenas Archived ga Maris, 6, 2008 at the Wayback Machine El Universal, 13 September 2007.
  24. ↑ "AIATSIS Collection Access and Use Policy" (PDF). AIATSIS. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 18, 2015. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
  25. ↑ Survival International. "After 22 years, UN votes on indigenous peoples declaration". Archived from the original on April 29, 2010.
  26. ↑ "Guidelines for Ethical Research in Australian Indigenous Studies". AIATSIS. January 16, 2015. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
  27. ↑ "Video Discussions on the Indigenous Peoples Rights Declaration". sommerfilms – Rebecca Sommer. Archived from the original on February 5, 2017. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
  28. ↑ Crook, John R. (2007). "United States Joins Australia and New Zealand in Criticizing Proposed Declaration on Indigenous Peoples' Rights". American Journal of International Law. 101 (1): 211–213. doi:10.1017/S0002930000756454. ISSN 0002-9300. S2CID 140521665. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  29. ↑ Hall, Tony (2003). The American Empire and the Fourth World : The bowl with one spoon. McGill-Queen's native and northern series, 34. Montreal; Ithaca: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-3006-5.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Matters of Urgency: United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Archived Mayu 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Senate Hansards, 10 September 2007.
  31. ↑ "Factbox: What is the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples?". National Post. September 13, 2007. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
  32. ↑ "Native rights declaration inconsistent with legal tradition: Strahl". National Post. September 13, 2007. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
  33. ↑ "Tories defend 'no' in native rights vote". Canwest News Service. September 14, 2007. Archived from the original on March 7, 2008. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
  34. ↑ Māori Party's head in the clouds Archived Satumba 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine New Zealand government press release, via scoop.co.nz, 14 September 2007.
  35. ↑ "NZ does U-turn on rights charter". 20 April 2010.
  36. ↑ "New Zealand Statement Before 9th Session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues". Archived from the original on September 8, 2010.


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