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Tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam na yanki

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Tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam na yanki

Tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam na yanki suna da 'yancin haƙƙin ɗanɗano masu zaman kansu waɗanda ya ke cikin babban aikin tsari na aikin haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa na duniya. Za'a iya gano manyan kayan aikin kare hakkin dan adam guda uku, Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a, Yarjejeniya ta Amurka kan 'YanYancin Dan adam (Amurka) da Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yanfin Dan Adam.

Afirka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (AU) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa da ta ƙunshi jihohi hamsin da uku na Afirka.[1] An kafa shi a shekara ta 2001, manufar AU ita ce taimakawa wajen tabbatar da dimokuradiyya ta Afirka, haƙƙin ɗan adam, da tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa, musamman ta hanyar kawo ƙarshen rikice-rikicen Afirka da ƙirƙirar ingantaccen kasuwa.[2]

Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a ita ce babbar kayan aikin kare hakkin dan adam na yankin kuma ta fito ne a karkashin jagorancin Kungiyar hadin kan Afirka (OAU) (tun lokacin da aka maye gurbin ta da Kungiyar Afirka). An sanar da niyyar tsara Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a a cikin 1979 kuma an amince da Yarjejeniyar gaba ɗaya a Majalisar OAU ta 1981. Dangane da Mataki na 63 (wanda ya sa ya "yi aiki watanni uku bayan karɓar Sakatare Janar na kayan tabbatarwa ko bin mafi rinjaye" na kasashe membobin OAU), Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a ta fara aiki a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 1986 - don girmamawa wanda aka ayyana ranar 21 ga watan Oktoba "Ranar 'Yancin Mutum ta Afirka".[3]

Hukumar Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a (ACHPR) kungiya ce ta shari'a ta Tarayyar Afirka wacce ke da alhakin ingantawa da kare' yancin dan adam da haƙƙin jama'a a duk faɗin nahiyar Afirka da kuma fassara Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan' yancin Dan Adam le Jama'a da kuma la'akari da korafe-korafe na mutum game da keta Yarjejeniyar. Hukumar tana da manyan fannoni uku na alhakin: [4]

A cikin bin waɗannan manufofi, an ba da izinin hukumar ta "tattara takardu, gudanar da karatu da bincike kan matsalolin Afirka a fagen ɗan adam da mutane, haƙƙoƙi, shirya tarurruka, tarurruka da tarurruka، yada bayanai, ƙarfafa cibiyoyin ƙasa da na gida da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam da na mutane kuma, idan lamarin ya taso, ya ba da ra'ayoyinsa ko ya ba da shawarwari ga gwamnatoci" (Shari, Art. 45).[4]

Tare da kirkirar Kotun Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a (a karkashin wata yarjejeniya ga Yarjejeniyar da aka karɓa a 1998 kuma ta fara aiki a watan Janairun 2004), hukumar za ta sami ƙarin aiki na shirya shari'o'i don gabatar da su ga ikon Kotun.[5] A cikin yanke shawara na watan Yulin 2004, Majalisar AU ta yanke shawarar cewa Kotun nan gaba kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a za a haɗa ta da Kotun Shari'a ta Afirka.

Kotun Shari'a ta Tarayyar Afirka an yi niyyar zama "babban bangaren shari'a na Tarayyar" (Protocol na Kotun Shariʼa ta Tarayar Afirka, Mataki na 2.2). [6] Kodayake har yanzu ba a kafa shi ba, an yi niyyar karɓar ayyukan Hukumar Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a, da kuma aiki a matsayin babbar kotun Tarayyar Afirka, fassara duk dokokin da yarjejeniyoyi masu mahimmanci. Yarjejeniyar da ta kafa Kotun Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a ta fara aiki a watan Janairun 2004 amma hadewarta da Kotun Shari'a ta jinkirta kafa ta.[7] Yarjejeniyar da ta kafa Kotun Shari'a za ta fara aiki lokacin da kasashe 15 suka tabbatar da ita.[8]

Amurka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Amirka (OAS) ƙungiya ce ta duniya, mai hedikwata a Washington, D.C., Amurka.  Membobinta su ne kasashe talatin da biyar masu cin gashin kansu na Amurka.  A cikin shekarun 1990s, tare da kawo karshen yakin cacar baka, da komawar mulkin dimokuradiyya a Latin Amurka[ana TIME hujja], da kuma burin dunkulewar duniya, kungiyar OAS ta yi babban kokarin sake farfado da kanta domin dacewa da sabon yanayin.  Abubuwan da aka bayyana a yanzu sun haɗa da masu zuwa:[9]

  • Ƙarfafa dimokuradiyya
  • Yin aiki don zaman lafiya
  • Kare 'Yancin Dan Adam
  • Yaki da cin hanci da rashawa
  • Hakkin 'yan asalin ƙasar
  • Inganta ci gaba mai ɗorewa

Hukumar Inter-American kan 'Yancin Dan Adam (IACHR) kungiya ce mai cin gashin kanta ta Kungiyar Amurka, kuma tana zaune a Washington, DC. Tare da Kotun Inter-American na'Yancin Dan adam, da ke zaune a San Jose, Costa Rica, tana ɗaya daga cikin hukumomin da suka ƙunshi tsarin Amurka don ingantawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. [10] IACHR kungiya ce ta dindindin wacce ke haɗuwa a zaman yau da kullun da na musamman sau da yawa a shekara don bincika zarge-zargen keta haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin yankin. Ayyukanta na haƙƙin ɗan adam sun samo asali ne daga takardu uku: [11]

  • Yarjejeniyar OAS
  • Sanarwar Amurka game da 'Yancin da Ayyukan MutumSanarwar Amurka game da 'Yancin Mutum da Ayyukan Mutum
  • Yarjejeniyar Amurka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam

An kafa Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Amurka a cikin 1979 tare da manufar tilasta da fassara tanadin Yarjejeniyar Amurka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam. Babban ayyukanta guda biyu sune yanke hukunci da ba da shawara. A karkashin tsohon, yana sauraro da dokoki game da takamaiman shari'o'in keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka ambata. A karkashin wannan na ƙarshe, yana ba da ra'ayoyi game da batutuwan fassarar shari'a da wasu hukumomin OAS ko jihohin membobin suka kawo.[12]

Asiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Babu kungiyoyi ko tarurruka na Asiya don ingantawa ko kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. Kasashe sun bambanta sosai a cikin tsarin su ga haƙƙin ɗan adam da rikodin su na kare haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa.

Kungiyar Kasashen Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya (ASEAN) [13] kungiya ce ta siyasa da tattalin arziki ta kasashe 10 da ke kudu maso gabashin Asiya, wacce Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore da Thailand suka kafa a shekarar 1967.[14] Kungiyar yanzu ta hada da Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar da Cambodia.[13] Manufofinta sun haɗa da hanzarta ci gaban tattalin arziki, ci gaban zamantakewa, ci gaban al'adu tsakanin membobinta, da inganta zaman lafiya na yanki.[13] ASEAN ta kafa a cikin 2009-10 Hukumar Intergovernmental kan 'Yancin Dan Adam. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2012, ASEAN ta amince da sanarwar kare hakkin dan adam ta ASEAN, amma, tun daga shekara ta 2015, har yanzu ba ta da yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan Adam ko kotu.

Majalisar hadin gwiwa ta kasashen Larabawa na Gulf (CCASG) kungiya ce ta kasuwanci da ta shafi jihohin Larabawa guda shida na Tekun Farisa, tare da manufofi da yawa na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. An kirkiro shi a cikin 1981, Majalisar ta ƙunshi jihohin Gulf na Farisa na Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. [15]

Babu wani daga cikin kungiyoyin da ke sama da takamaiman umarni don ingantawa ko kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, amma kowannensu yana da wasu manufofi masu alaƙa da haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa, tattalin arziki da al'adu.[16][17]

Turai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Majalisar Turai, wacce aka kafa a 1949, ita ce kungiyar da ta fi tsufa da ke aiki don hadin kan Turai. Kungiyar kasa da kasa ce tare da halayyar shari'a da aka amince da ita a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa kuma tana da matsayin mai lura da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Cibiyar Majalisar Turai tana cikin Strasbourg, Faransa. Majalisar Turai tana da alhakin Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kotun 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Turai.[18] Wadannan cibiyoyin suna ɗaure membobin majalisa zuwa tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam wanda, ko da yake yana da tsauri, ya fi na Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan haƙƙin ɗanɗano. Majalisar tana inganta Yarjejeniyar Turai don Harsunan Yankin ko Ƙananan Harsuna da Yarjejeniyar Jama'a ta Turai.[19] Kasancewa memba yana buɗewa ga duk jihohin Turai waɗanda ke neman Haɗin kai na Turai, karɓar ƙa'idar mulkin doka kuma suna iyawa kuma suna shirye su tabbatar da dimokuradiyya, haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali da 'yanci.[20]

Majalisar Turai ta rabu da Tarayyar Turai, amma ana sa ran ƙarshen zai shiga Yarjejeniyar Turai kuma mai yiwuwa Majalisar kanta. EU kuma tana da takardar kare hakkin dan adam daban, Yarjejeniyar Hakkin Dan Adam na Tarayyar Turai.[21]

Koyaya, ba kamar kasashe membobinta ba, Tarayyar Turai kanta ba ta shiga Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ba, tun daga shekara ta 2011.[22]

Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam tun daga 1950 ta bayyana kuma ta tabbatar da' yancin dan adam da' yanci na asali a Turai.[23] Dukkanin kasashe 47 na Majalisar Turai sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kuma saboda haka suna ƙarƙashin ikon Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai a Strasbourg.[23] Don hana azabtarwa da rashin mutunci ko rashin mutunci (Mataki na 3 na yarjejeniyar), an kafa Kwamitin Rigakafin azabtarwa.[24]

Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ita ce kawai kotun kasa da kasa da ke da iko don magance shari'o'in da mutane suka kawo (maimakon jihohi). [23] A farkon shekara ta 2010 kotun tana da shari'o'i sama da 120,000 da jerin jira na shekaru da yawa.[25] [26][27]Kimanin 1 daga cikin shari'o'i 20 da aka gabatar a kotun an dauke su da izini. A shekara ta 2007 kotun ta ba da hukunce-hukunce 1,503. A halin yanzu, zai ɗauki shekaru 46 don sakewa.

Oceania

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Babu hanyoyin yanki ko yarjejeniyoyi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam na Oceania, amma yawancin ƙasashe suna da rikodin haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa mai daraja. Koyaya, an haɗa shi cikin Shirin Pacific na 2005, shine sadaukarwa ga shirin "tsaron da inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam" a yankin. Tunanin tsarin kare hakkin dan adam na yanki yana ci gaba, tare da manufar kafa mai ba da shawara da tsarin tsaro wanda ya wuce Taron Tsibirin Pacific.[1]

Duba kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Jerin labaran kare hakkin dan adam ta ƙasa
  • Cibiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "AU Member States". African Union. Archived from the original on January 5, 2008. Retrieved January 3, 2008.
  2. ↑ "AU in a Nutshell". Archived from the original on December 30, 2007. Retrieved January 3, 2008.
  3. ↑ African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Mandate of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights". Archived from the original on January 20, 2008. Retrieved January 3, 2008.
  5. ↑ "Protocol to the African Charter on human and peoples' rights on the establishment of an African court on human and peoples' rights". Archived from the original on March 2, 2012. Retrieved January 3, 2008.
  6. ↑ "Protocol of the Court of Justice of the African Union" (PDF). African Union. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2011.
  7. ↑ "Open Letter to the Chairman of the African Union (AU) seeking clarifications and assurances that the Establishment of an effective African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights will not be delayed or undermined" (PDF). Amnesty International. August 5, 2004.
  8. ↑ "African Court of Justice". African International Courts and Tribunals. Archived from the original on July 26, 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2008.
  9. ↑ "OAS Key Issues". Retrieved January 3, 2008.
  10. ↑ "Directory of OAS Authorities". Organization of American States. Retrieved January 3, 2008.
  11. ↑ "What is the IACHR?". Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Retrieved January 3, 2008. "Inter-American System". International Justice Resource Center. December 20, 2009. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
  12. ↑ "Inter-American Court on Human Rights homepage". Inter-American Court on Human Rights. Retrieved January 3, 2008.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "Overview Association of Southeast Asian Nations". Archived from the original on January 9, 2008. Retrieved January 3, 2008.
  14. ↑ Bangkok Declaration. Wikisource. Retrieved March 14, 2007.
  15. ↑ "The Concept and Foundations and Objectives of the CCASG". Archived from the original on October 17, 2007. Retrieved January 3, 2008.
  16. ↑ "About the Asia Cooperation Dialogue". Asia Cooperation Dialogue. Retrieved January 3, 2008.
  17. ↑ "Charter of CCASG". Archived from the original on October 27, 2007. Retrieved January 3, 2008.
  18. ↑ "Gender and reproductive rights home page". Who.int. Archived from the original on December 21, 2002. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  19. ↑ "Social Charter". Council of Europe. Archived from the original on December 31, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
  20. ↑ "The Council of Europe in Brief". Archived from the original on December 15, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
  21. ↑ Juncker, Jean-Claude (April 11, 2006). "Council of Europe – European Union: "A sole ambition for the European Continent"" (PDF). Council of Europe. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
  22. ↑ Guido Strack – the downfall of a whistleblower Press Europe, from Süddeutsche Zeitung, Munich, October 6, 2011, by Sebastian Beck
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 "Historical Background to the European Court of Human Rights". European Court of Human Rights. Archived from the original on December 22, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
  24. ↑ "About the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture". European Committee for the Prevention of Torture. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
  25. ↑ "Virginia Law". Law.virginia.edu. March 24, 2008. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  26. ↑ "Profile: European Court of Human Rights". BBC. January 15, 2010.
  27. ↑ "Push for reform of backlogged rights court". Swissinfo.ch. February 17, 2010. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
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