Yaƙe -yaƙe na Komenda
| Iri | rikici |
|---|---|
| Kwanan watan | 1694 |
| Wuri |
Sansanin Komenda Eguafo (en)  |
| Participant (en) | |
Yaƙe -yaƙe na Komenda sun kasance wasu jerin yaƙe -yaƙe ne daga 1694 zuwa 1700 galibi tsakanin kamfanin yammacin Indiya da kamfanin Royal na Ingila, a Masarautar Eguafo a cikin ƙasar Ghana ta yanzu, kan haƙƙin kasuwanci. Yaren mutanen Holland suna ƙoƙarin nisantar da Ingilishi daga yankin don ci gaba da mulkin mallaka, yayin da Ingilishi ke ƙoƙarin sake kafa sansanin soja a cikin garin Komenda. Fadan ya hada da sojojin kamfanin Dutch West India Company, Royal African Company, Masarautar Eguafo, yariman masarautar da ke kokarin hawa kan karagar mulki, sojojin wani babban dan kasuwa mai suna John Cabess, sauran kabilun Akan da masarautu kamar Twifo da Denkyira. An yi lokacin yaƙi daban -daban guda huɗu, gami da yaƙin basasa a masarautar Eguafo, kuma yaƙin ya ƙare tare da Ingilishi ya ɗora Takyi Kuma a cikin iko a Eguafo. Saboda kawancen da ke saurin canzawa tsakanin manyan kasashen Turai da na Afirka, masanin tarihi John Thornton ya gano cewa "babu wani kyakkyawan misali na [rikitacciyar haɗuwar hamayyar Turai da ke haɗe da kishiyar Afirka fiye da Yaƙin Komenda."[1]
Yanayi na gaba[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kamfanin Dutch West India Company (WIC) da Masarautar Eguafo sun tsunduma cikin wani tashin hankali na farko a 1688. Yaren mutanen Holland da Ingilishi sun kafa masana’antu a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Komenda. A cikin shekarar 1687, Faransa ta tattauna da sarkin Eguafo don buɗe masana'anta a Komenda kuma WIC ta amsa ta hanyar ƙaddamar da sojojinta don tilasta sarkin Eguafo ya kori Faransanci. Mutanen Holland sun yi ƙoƙarin jawo ƙasashe maƙwabta don su kai wa Eguafo hari a lokaci guda, yayin da Faransawa suka ba da zinari ga Sarki don biyan jihohin maƙwabta don su daina faɗa. A ƙarshe, Twifo ya shiga cikin Mutanen Holland kuma ya sami izinin kasuwanci a Komenda sakamakon. Tashin hankalin ya yi sanadiyyar kashe Sarkin Eguafo da wani basaraken da ya yi kawance da Holan an dora shi akan karaga mai suna Takyi. Daga nan ne Komenda ya zama mai iko da Dutch da kawayensu Twifo. Wannan yanayin a hankali ya haifar da tashin hankali tsakanin Takyi da duka 'yan wasan. A sakamakon haka, Takyi ya yi ta ƙoƙarin daidaita bukatun Ingilishi a tashar jiragen ruwa na Komenda.[2]
Jerin yaƙe -yaƙe[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yaƙe -yaƙe na Komenda ya kasance jerin ayyukan sojoji daban -daban guda huɗu waɗanda aka ayyana ta hanyar sauya ƙawance da shigar da sojoji daga masarautu da yawa a yankin.[3] Yaƙe -yaƙe sun ƙare tare da Takyi Kuma na Ingilishi a matsayin Sarkin Eguafo. Willem Bosman shine babban marubucin tarihin Yaƙe -yaƙe na Komenda, kasancewa ɗan takara mai aiki tare da Kamfanin Yammacin Yammacin Indiya da buga mujallu a cikin 1703.[2]
Gabaɗaya, yaƙin da ya daɗe ya haɗa da Kamfanin Yammacin Yammacin Indiya (WIC) da Kamfanin Royal African Company (RAC) da ke tallafa wa ɓangarori daban -daban a Masarautar Eguafo don tallafawa gatansu na kasuwanci. Sojojin John Cabess, shahararren ɗan kasuwa a birnin Komenda, sun kasance masu kawance da Ingilishi kuma galibi suna goyon bayansu. Yaƙin ya fara ne tare da John Cabess ya kai hari kan Sansanin Vredenburgh na Dutch a Komenda sannan Dutch ɗin ya shirya sojojin yanki a kan Sarki a Eguafo, Takyi. Daga ƙarshe, ɓangarori sun canza kuma Ingilishi ya fara tallafawa mai ƙalubalantar sarautar Eguafo, Takyi Kuma. Fadan ya kawo wasu al'adun Akan a yankin cikin fada, da suka hada da: Adom, Akani, Akrons, Asebu, Cabess Terra, Denkyira, Fante, Ahanta da Twifo.
Yakin farko[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yaƙin farko ya fara ne sakamakon sabani tsakanin fitaccen ɗan kasuwa na Afirka, John Cabess (wani lokacin Kabes) wanda ke da sojoji masu yi masa biyayya, a Eguafo da Kamfanin Dutch West India Company (WIC). Cabess abokin aiki ne na aminci kuma mai aminci ga Kamfanin Royal African Company kuma ya taimaka ayyukan su a yankin. Yaren mutanen Holland, a gasa tare da Kamfanin Royal African Company, yana da jerin takaddama tare da Cabess gami da misali a cikin shekarata 1684 tare da Cabess na Dutch da ɗaukar kayansa. Rikicin ya tsananta ne a watan Nuwamba 1694 lokacin da Cabess ya gayyaci Kamfanin Royal African Company da ya koma Komenda sannan ya kai hari kan masu hakar ma'adinai na Holland a wajen birnin. Tare da Ingilishi suna mamaye tsohon sansanin Ingilishi a Komenda sai sansanin Dutch ya kore su.[2]
Sakamakon wannan tashin hankali, sarkin Ingilishi, Dutch, da Eguafo sun fara tuntuɓar abokan haɗin gwiwa a cikin masarautun Afirka da ke kewaye don shirya yaƙi. Da farko Cabess Terra da Twifo sun shiga cikin Yaren mutanen Holland, amma an dakatar da wannan ƙawancen lokacin da Denkyira yayi barazanar kai farmaki Twifo idan yaƙi ya barke. Adoms sun karɓi kuɗi daga Eguafo don su kasance masu tsaka tsaki a duk wani faɗa.[2]
Yaƙe -yaƙe ya ɓarke a watan Fabrairu 1695 lokacin da sojojin John Cabess suka kai hari kan sansanin Dutch kuma suka hana ƙarfafawa. Ranar 28 ga Afrilun shekarar 1695, an ci sojojin Twifo. Daga nan yaƙin ya fi ɗaukar yanayin panyarring inda ƙarfi ɗaya zai kame membobin wasu ƙungiyoyi akai -akai.[4] John Cabess da Dutch sun fara tattaunawa a waccan shekarar, amma a ranar 26 ga Yuni, shugaban Dutch a sansanin, Willem Bosman, ya zana bindiga ya yi ƙoƙarin harbi a Cabess.[2][3] Tashe-tashen hankula da tashin hankali na lokaci-lokaci sun barke har sai an cimma zaman lafiya na ɗan gajeren lokaci a ƙarshen 1695.
Yaki na biyu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A ranar 21 ga Janairun shekara ta 1696, wani matashin yariman Eguafo ya fara yakin basasa don yunƙurin da'awar kursiyin masarautar. Sau da yawa ana sanya sunan ƙaramin yariman a matsayin Takyi Kuma ko Ƙananan Takyi (dangane da sarki Takyi na yanzu). Yaren mutanen Holland sun tallafawa Takyi Kuma kuma sun sami damar samun jihohin makwabta na Adom da Akani su shiga cikin yaƙin da ke tallafawa Takyi Kuma. 'Yan Akron sun hada kai da Takyi wajen kare Eguafo. Yaƙin ya ƙare da sauri tare da Takyi Kuma da sojojinsa sun yi asara a ranar 20 ga Maris. Asarar ta haifar da tattaunawa ta yau da kullun tsakanin Dutch da Eguafo. Jan van Sevenhuysen, sabon WIC Gwamnan Gold Coast ya yi sulhu tare da Eguafo wanda ya ba Dutch damar ci gaba da masana'anta da sansanin su a Komenda. Koyaya, tashin hankalin Ingilishi da Yaren mutanen Holland ya kasance mai girma kuma garuruwansu a Komenda sun yi musayar na yau da kullun, ƙananan tashin hankali.
Yaki na uku[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Mutanen Holland sun fara rokon sauran jam’iyyun na Afirka da su gwada da shirya wani runduna kan Eguafo da Takyi. A ranar 5 ga Agustan shekarar, 1697, Dutch da Fante sun yi yarjejeniya don kai farmaki kan Eguafo a madadin babban gwal da aka baiwa Fante. Ingilishi sun sami damar yin tayin fante na daidai gwargwado don kiyaye su tsaka tsaki kuma Fante ya yarda. Sauran ƙalubalen na Dutch sun sha musantawa ta hannun kawancen. A farkon 1698 Ingilishi da Yaren mutanen Holland sun cimma yarjejeniya don sanin juna ga haƙƙoƙin kasuwanci da kuma kiyaye shingaye a Komenda.[2]
Ya zuwa Nuwamba 1698, Ingilishi ya zo ganin cewa Takyi yana ƙara zama cikin layi tare da bukatun Dutch don haka ya fara tallafawa Takyi Kuma. A watan Nuwamba 1698, Turawan Ingilishi suka jagoranci kai hari wanda ya kashe Takyi a zaman wani yunƙuri na dora Takyi Kuma akan karagar mulki. Turanci ya biya sojojin haya daga Asebu, Cabess Terra, da Akani don shiga rikicin. Ya bambanta, Dutch, Fante da Denkyira sun kasance masu tsaka tsaki a yakin. Sojojin Takyi Kuma sun haɗu a kan Eguafo amma sojojin masarautar sun fatattake su.[2]
Yaƙi na huɗu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yaƙin na huɗu ya fara ne a watan Nuwamba 1699 tare da rundunar haɗin gwiwa da ke tallafawa Takyi Kuma ta fara tashin hankali a yankin. Panyarring ya zama babban sikeli tsakanin runduna daban -daban da haɓaka tashin hankali. A farkon 1700, Adom ya tona asirin kowane ɗan kasuwa da ke da alaƙa da Twifo da John Cabess. Rikici ya ci gaba da faruwa tare da kwace mutane na sojojin da ke gaba da juna har zuwa lokacin da sojojin haya masu goyon bayan Birtaniyya suka hau kan Eguafo kuma a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 1700, aka nada Takyi Kuma sabon sarkin Eguafo.[2]
Gada[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Babban abin gado a yankin shine canjin da ikon Turai ke sarrafa kasuwanci tare da Tekun Gold.[3] Yayin da ƙaramin yanki ya canza hannu tsakanin kamfanonin Dutch da Ingilishi, ko kuma manufofin Afirka, Ingilishi ya ƙare tare da babban fa'idar ikon kasuwanci a bakin tekun. Sai dai kuma cikin hanzari suka nesanta sabon sarki Takyi Kuma ta hanyar neman biyan basussuka.[2] Bugu da ƙari, matsayin Ingilishi ya lalace a cikin 1704 lokacin da mutuwar Takyi Kuma ya haifar da yakin basasa a Eguafo.[3] Abu na biyu, yaƙe -yaƙe da ɓarkewar ɓarna a farkon 1700s sun haifar da raguwar yankin bakin teku.[5] Yaƙe -yaƙe sun kuma fara ayyukan yaƙi wanda zai zama na yau da kullun a cikin sauran shekarun 1700 ciki har da amfani da sojojin haya da panyarring.[4] Hargitsi ya ƙarshe ya ba da damar fadada daular Ashanti a yankin da maye gurbin cinikin gwal tare da cinikin bayi.[4]
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ Thornton, John K. (1999). Warfare in Atlantic Africa 1500-1800. London: University College London (UCL). p. 66. ISBN 9780203500446.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Law, Robin (2007). "The Komenda Wars, 1694–1700: A Revised Narrative". History in Africa. 34: 133–168. doi:10.1353/hia.2007.0010. S2CID 165858500.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Shumway, Rebecca (2011). The Fante and the Transatlantic Slave Trade. University of Rochester Press.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Thornton, John (1998). Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800. London: Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ Dickson, Kwamina B. (1969). A Historical Geography of Ghana. London: Cambridge University Press.