Yankunan ruwa

Yankunan ruwa

Wajen Shakatawa na ruwa

Tidelands wani yanki ne tsakanin layin Ruwa na yankin teku, da ƙasashen da ke ƙarƙashin teku bayan iyakar ruwa mai ƙarancin ruwa na ruwa, wanda aka yi la'akari da shi a cikin ruwan ƙasa na ƙasa. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka bai bayyana ko mallakar waɗannan ƙasashe ya kasance tare da Gwamnatin tarayya ko tare da jihohi ɗaya ba. Asalin ƙarancin ƙimar kasuwanci an haɗa shi da tuddai, don haka ba a taɓa kafa mallakar ba, amma jihohin bakin teku gabaɗaya sun ci gaba kamar su masu mallakar su ne. Wasu jihohi, kamar Mississippi, kai tsaye suna gudanar da waɗannan ƙasashe a ƙarƙashin Koyarwar amincewar jama'a.

Tambayar ta taso ga kasashe na tarayya ko an ba da yankunan da ke cikin tekun da ke da 'yanci ga ƙungiyar tarayya a kan shigarwa, ko kuma an riƙe su. Shigar da tsohuwar Texas" id="mwFQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Republic of Texas">Jamhuriyar Texas a matsayin jiha a Amurka a cikin 1845 ya tsara cewa yankunan da ke cikin ruwa sun kasance yankin Texas. Wannan ya kasance batun man fetur da hayar iskar gas da kuma ci gaban da gwamnatin tarayya ke tallafawa wanda ke shafar irin waɗannan wuraren ruwa.

Ga wasu jihohin da suka kasance masu zaman kansu a baya, kamar su goma sha uku Colonies, babu wani bayyane na riƙe ikon mallakar jihar kuma gwamnatin tarayya ta daɗe tana tabbatar da ikon mallakarta a kan yankunansu.

Abubuwan da suka faru a karni na 20

Darajar tidelands ta karu lokacin da aka san cewa manyan man fetur da iskar gas sun kasance a cikin iyakokinsu kuma fasahar zamani ta sanya dawo da waɗannan ma'adanai masu fa'ida ta kasuwanci. Rijiyar man fetur ta farko a cikin Tekun Mexico ta fara samarwa a cikin 1938 a cikin ruwa mai zurfi mil daya (1.6 km) daga bakin tekun Louisiana; a cikin 1947, rijiyar ta biyu ta fara aiki a bakin tekun Terrebonne Parish, kuma a Louisiana. 

Amurka v. California gwamnatin Tarayya ce ta gabatar da ita a kan California a 1946. A ranar 23 ga Yuni 1947, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukunci a kan California. Hukuncin ya haifar da asarar miliyoyin daloli a cikin haraji da kudaden haya da jihohi suka yi. Jihohin da aka yi tunanin cewa suna dauke da ma'adanai sun ki amincewa da shawarar.

Batun ya zama mahimmanci a yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na 1952. Dan takarar Jamhuriyar Republican, Dwight D. Eisenhower, ya yi alkawarin dokar da za ta dawo da yanayin ruwa ga jihohi. Eisenhower ya lashe zaben, kuma, a 1953, Majalisa ta zartar da ayyuka biyu da suka cika alkawarin yakin neman zabe. Dokar Submerged Lands ta tsawaita mallakar jihar zuwa mil uku na ƙasa (kusan daidai 3 nautical miles (5.6 km)) daga ainihin bakin tekun su, ko kuma ci gaba idan jihar za ta iya kafa kasancewar iyaka a cikin shari'ar shari'a. Dokar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci ta Ƙasashen Waje ta ba da haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka daga inda mallakar jihar ta bar zuwa inda ruwan kasa da kasa ya fara.

Ayyukan 1953 ba su kawo karshen duk wata gardama ba, duk da haka. Dokar Submerged Lands, musamman, an tsara ta sosai har ya kamata a sanya haraji da kudaden haya na jihar a cikin ajiya, har sai an yanke hukunci na ƙarshe na shari'o'i da yawa da suka fito. Kotun Koli a ƙarshe ta yanke shawarar batun a ranar 31 ga Mayu 1960, lokacin da ta yanke hukuncin cewa Mississippi, Alabama, da Louisiana sun mallaki haƙƙin ƙasashen da ke bakin teku na nisan mil uku (3 nautical miles (5.6 km)), kuma Texas da Florida sun mallaki 'yancin ga' yan ruwa a cikin leagues uku na ruwa (9 nautical miles (17 km)), daga iyakokinsu na bakin teku. Game da Texas, Majalisa ta amince da da'awar iyakokin iyaka na musamman a cikin Yarjejeniyar Guadalupe Hidalgo ta 1848, wanda ya kawo karshen Yaƙin Mexico da Amurka. Hukuncin Florida ya dogara ne akan amincewar majalisa game da ikirarin Florida lokacin da jihar ta sake shiga Tarayyar bayan Yaƙin basasar Amurka.

Kodayake sauran Jihohin Gulf sun ki amincewa da abin da suka yi la'akari da kulawa ta musamman ga Florida da Texas, babu sabon doka da ta haifar. A cikin 1963, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta warware rikice-rikice na ƙarshe ta hanyar yanke hukuncin cewa dokar 1953 ta ba da iko ga jihohin tsibirai kusa da bakin teku waɗanda aka kirkira bayan an shigar da jihohin cikin Tarayyar.

Dubi kuma

• Daidaitaccen matsayi
• Rikici na bakin teku da na teku na New Zealand
• Man fetur da iskar gas a Amurka
• Shelf na waje
• Yankin bakin teku
• Dokar Yankin da ke Ruwa
• Ruwa na yankin
• Ruwa na Amurka

Tushen

• Bartly, Ernest R. Rikicin Man Fetur na Tidelands: Binciken Shari'a da Tarihi. Austin: Jami'ar Texas Press, 1953.
• [Hasiya] Sabon Tarayyar Tarayya: Sabon Tsarin Matsalar Tekun. [Hasiya]
• Marshall, Hubert R., da Betty Zisk. Yakin Tarayya da Jiha don Man Fetur. Indianapolis, Ind.: An buga shi don Shirin Shari'ar Jami'o'i ta Bobbs-Merrill, 1966.

Ƙarin karantawa

• Barker, Lucius J. (May 1962). "The Supreme Court as Policy Maker: The Tidelands Oil Controversy". 24 (2). The Journal of Politics: 350–366.