Yaren Maninka
| Yaren Maninka | |
|---|---|
'Yan asalin magana | 3,300,000 |
| |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
myq |
| Glottolog |
mane1267[1] |
Maninka (wanda aka fi sani da Malinke), ko kuma ainihin Maninka na Gabas, shine sunan harsuna da yawa da ke da alaƙa da juna na kudu maso gabashin Manding na dangin harshen Mande (shi kansa, mai yiwuwa yana da alaƙa le Niger-Congo phylum). Harshen asalin Mutanen Mali ne a Guinea, inda mutane miliyan 3.1 ke magana da shi kuma shine babban yare a yankin Upper Guinea, da kuma Mali, inda Bambara masu alaƙa da shi yare ne na ƙasa, da kuma Laberiya, Senegal, Saliyo da Ivory Coast, inda ba shi da matsayin hukuma. Harshen kotu ne da gwamnati a lokacin Daular Mali .
Yaren Wudala [2] Gabashin Maninka, wanda ake magana a tsakiyar tsaunuka na Guinea kuma mai fahimta ga masu magana da dukkan yaruka a wannan ƙasar, yana da jerin sunayen sauti masu zuwa. (Baya ga sautin, wanda ba a rubuta shi ba, ana ba da sauti a cikin orthography, kamar yadda ƙimar IPA ba tabbatacce ba.)
Sauti
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akwai sautuna huɗu: tsawo, ƙasa, tashi da faɗuwa
Ala[kɔ̂nɔ̂] ma'anar ita ce sautin da ke fadowa: //kɔ̀nɔ̀// 'tsuntsu' (LL), /kɔ̀オ/ 'tsutsa' (LLHL, watakila [kɔ̌nɔ̂]); /kɔ́nɔ̀/ "ciki' (HL), /kɔ́オ̀/ 'ciki'
Sautin sautin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Halayen sautin sune //i e ɛ a ɔ o u// . Dukkanin na iya zama tsawo ko gajere, baki ko hanci: /iː eː ɛː aː ɔː oː uː/ da /ĩ ẽ ɛ̃ ã ɔ̃ õ ũ/ . (Yana iya zama cewa duk wasulan hanci suna da tsawo.) Wasulan hanci sun sa wasu masu zuwa.
/ĩ ẽ ɛ̃ ã ɔ̃ õ ũ/
Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Labari | Alveolar | Palatal | Dorsal | Labar da ke cikin baki | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hanci | m | n | ɲ | |||
| Dakatar da | voiced | b | d ~ ɾ | ɟ | g ~ g͡b | |
| voiceless | p | t | c | k | ||
| Fricative | f | s | h | |||
| Kusanci | l | j | w | |||
/d/ yawanci ya zama flap [ɾ] tsakanin wasula. /c/ (kuma an rubuta shi) sau da yawa yakan zama /k/ kafin wasula /i/ ko /ɛ/ . Akwai bambancin yanki tsakanin /g/ da labial-velar /g͡b/ . /h/ yana faruwa galibi a cikin rance na Larabci, kuma an kafa shi. /p/ yana faruwa a cikin rance na Faransanci da Ingilishi, kuma yana cikin tsari na daidaitawa.
Yawancin muryoyin murya sun zama hanci bayan wasula ta hanci. /b/ ya zama /m/, /j/ ya zama/ɲ/, kuma /l/ ya zama -n/. Misali, sunayen da suka ƙare a cikin wasula na baki suna ɗaukar jam'i a cikin -lu; sunayen da ke ƙare a cikin sautunan hanci suna ɗaukar -nu. Koyaya, /d/ ya kasance na baki, kamar yadda yake a cikin /nde/ "Ni, ni".
Rubuce-rubuce
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Maninka a Guinea an rubuta shi a cikin rubutun Latin na hukuma, tsohuwar rubutun hukuma (kuma Latin), da haruffa N'Ko.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Yaren Maninka". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Mamadou Camara (1999) Parlons Malinké
- [Hasiya] Manding-English Dictionary (Maninka, Bamana). Volume 1: A, B, D-DAD, An kara da wasu shigarwa daga kundin da suka biyo baya (1999). Dimitry Bulanin Publishing House, shafi na 315 .
Haɗin waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Rahoto game da Malinke a Mali a Senegal
- Wasu rubutu daga Gidan Tarihin Harshe
- Gidan kayan gargajiya na harshe a kankan
- Malidaba, ƙamus na kan layi na Faransanci-Ingilishi-Rasha-Maninka