Alexander Radishchev

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Alexander Radishchev
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Radischevo (en) , 20 ga Augusta, 1749 (Julian)
ƙasa	Russian Empire (en)
Mutuwa	Saint-Petersburg, 12 Satumba 1802 (Julian)
Makwanci	Volkovo Cemetery (en)
Yanayin mutuwa	Kisan kai (nitric acid poisoning (en) )
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi	Nikolay Radishchev
Abokiyar zama	Anna V. Radishcheva (en)  (1775 -  1783)
Yara	view Aphanasiy Radishchev (en) Pavel Radishchev (en) Nikolay Radishchev (en) Q116196236
Yare	Radishchev (en)
Karatu
Makaranta	Jami'ar Leipzig (1766 - 1771)
Harsuna	Rashanci
Sana'a
Sana'a	mai falsafa, marubuci, Marubuci, maiwaƙe da Mai tattala arziki
Muhimman ayyuka	Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow (en)

lexander Nikolayevich Radishchev was a Russian author and social critic who was arrested and exiled under Catherine the Great. He brought the tradition of radicalism in Russian literature to prominence with his 1790 novel Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow. His depiction of socio-economic conditions in Russia resulted in his exile to Siberia until 1797. He was the grandfather of painter Alexey Bogolyubov.

Tarihin rayuwa

An haifi Lodu a wani yanki a wajen Moscow, a cikin wani karamin iyali mai daraja na zuriyar Tatar, wanda ya samo asali ne daga sarakunan da aka ci nasara waɗanda suka shiga hidimar Ivan the Terrible bayan cin nasarar Kazan a shekara ta 1552, Tsar ya miƙa su, don musayar baftisma, don yin aiki a gare shi kuma an ba su ƙasashe kusan kadada dubu ashirin da biyu, yawancin zuriyarsu za su ci gaba da ingantawa ta hanyar bauta wa Tsars a cikin tsararraki. Mahaifinsa, Nicholas Afanasevich Radischev, sanannen mai mallakar ƙasa a Moscow, yana da suna don bi da bayinsa 3000 da mutunci. Har zuwa lokacin da yake dan shekara 8 ya zauna a gidan mahaifinsa a Verkhni Oblyazovo (sa'an nan wani ɓangare na Gwamnatin Saratov, a yau a Penza Oblast), mil ɗari a yammacin Kogin Volga tare da ma'aikaci da malami. Daga nan sai ya tafi ya zauna tare da dangi a Moscow, inda aka ba shi izinin ciyar da lokaci a sabuwar Jami'ar Moscow da aka kafa. A shekara ta 1765 dangantakar iyalinsa ta ba shi damar yin aiki a matsayin shafi a kotun Catherine, wanda duk da haka ya yi la'akari da shi da tuhuma saboda "rashin amincewa da bangaskiyar Orthodox, da kuma sha'awar isar da ƙasar zuwa hannun kasashen waje (Jamusanci). " Saboda alkawarinsa na musamman na ilimi, an zabi Radishchev a matsayin daya daga cikin dalibai matasa goma sha biyu da za a aika zuwa kasashen waje don samun ilmantarwa na Yamma. Shekaru da yawa ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Leipzig . Ilimi na kasashen waje ya rinjayi yadda yake hulɗa da al'ummar Rasha, kuma a lokacin da ya dawo yana fatan shigar da falsafancin Haskakawa kamar dokar halitta da kwangilar zamantakewa a cikin yanayin Rasha. Ko da yake ya yi aiki a matsayin Mai ba da shawara, yana tsara ka'idojin doka, a cikin aikin gwamnati na Catherine, ya yaba da masu juyin juya hali kamar George Washington, ya yaba wa farkon matakan Juyin Juya Halin Faransa, kuma ya sami kansa yana sha'awar Freemason na Rasha, Nicholas Ivanovich Novikov, wanda littafinsa The <i id="mwNg">Drone</i> ya ba da sukar jama'a na farko game da gwamnati, musamman game da Bautar. Rashin jituwa da fushin Novikov ya yi wahayi zuwa ga shahararren aikin Radischev - Tafiya daga St. Petersburg zuwa Moscow - inda ya yi koyi da salon Novikov mai tsanani da sha'awa. Shi ma ya kasance mai sukar bautar da kuma iyakokin 'yancin mutum da mulkin mallaka ya sanya.

The Empress Catherine the Great read the work, viewed Radishchev's calls for reform as evidence of Jacobin-style radicalism, and ordered copies of the text confiscated and destroyed. Out of the 650 copies originally printed, only 17 had survived by the time the work was reprinted in England fifty years later. In 1790 Radischev was arrested and condemned to death. He humbly begged forgiveness of Catherine, publicly disowning his book, and his sentence was commuted to exile to the small town of Ilimsk in Siberia. En route the writer was treated like a common convict, shackled at the ankles and forced to endure the Russian cold from which he eventually fell ill. His friend, Count Alexander Vorontsov, who held sway with Catherine, interceded and managed to secure Radischev more appropriate accommodations, allowing him to return to Moscow to recover and restart his journey with dignity and comfort. Beginning in October, 1790, Radischev's two-year trip took him through Siberia, stopping in the towns of Ekaterinburg, Tobolsk, and Irkutsk before reaching Ilimsk in 1792. Along the way, he began writing a biography of Yermak, the Cossack conqueror of Siberia, and pursuing an interest in geology and nature. Settling in Ilimsk for five years with his second wife, Elizabeth Vasilievna Rubanovsky, and his two children, Radischev, as the only educated man in the area, became the local doctor and saved several lives. He also wrote a long treatise, On Man, His Mortality, His Immortality, reveredSamfuri:By whom as one of the few great philosophical works of Russia. In it he addresses man's belief in the afterlife, the corporality of the soul, the ultimate redemption of sinners and the faults of materialism.

Bayan mutuwar Catherine (1796) magajinta Tsar Paul ya tuno da Radishchev daga Siberia kuma ya tsare shi a cikin mallakarsa; marubucin ya sake ƙoƙarin turawa don sake fasalin gwamnatin Rasha. Lokacin da Alexander I ya zama Sarkin sarakuna (1801), an yi amfani da Radishchev na ɗan lokaci don taimakawa sake duba dokar Rasha, cikar mafarkin rayuwarsa. Abin takaici, lokacin da ya yi a wannan aikin gudanarwa ya kasance takaice kuma bai yi nasara ba. A cikin 1802 wani Radishchev mai baƙin ciki - mai yiwuwa an tsawata shi cikin abokantaka, don bayyana ra'ayoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, ta Count Zavadovsky wanda a cikin zargi ya yi magana game da wani gudun hijira zuwa Siberia - ya kashe kansa ta hanyar shan guba.

Kyauta

A cikin shekarun da suka gabata na marubucin, gidansa na Moscow ya zama cibiyar ƙungiyoyin wallafe-wallafen da yawa waɗanda suka yaba da irin wannan ra'ayi kuma sun yi makoki game da mutuwarsa. Duk da haka, mulkin mallaka na Rasha ya sami nasarar hana A Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow daga bugawa har zuwa 1905, a lokacin da aka rarraba ta hanyar kungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma an fassara shi cikin harsuna da yawa. Alexander Pushkin, mai tausayi ga ra'ayoyin Radischev da sha'awarsa, ya yi alkawarin rubuta wani ci gaba ga littafinsa mai ban tsoro, wanda abin takaici ba a gama shi ba kuma tun da wuri ya fuskanci matsin lamba daga masu tantancewa. Bayan juyin juya halin 1905 da 1917, duk da haka, an yarda da Radischev a cikin canon mai tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma ya zama ana karanta shi a ko'ina cikin Rasha da Turai. Duk da bambance-bambance tsakanin manufofin marubucin da gaskiyar Soviet, hukumomi sun sami nasarar zana shi a matsayin "mai son abin duniya, mai gwagwarmaya mai aiki game da zalunci na mulkin mallaka, kuma kakan Bolshevism na gaskiya".

Ra'ayoyi

Radishchev a kan hatimi na 1952

A matsayinsa na dalibi na gaskiya na Haskakawa, Radischev yana da ra'ayoyin da suka goyi bayan 'yancin mutum, Humanism, da kishin kasa. Wadannan dabi'u sun fi dacewa da taƙaitawa ta hanyar "daidaita dukkan azuzuwan kafin doka, kawar da Tebur na Matsayi, shari'a ta juri, haƙuri da addini, 'yancin' yan jarida, 'yanci na manorial serfs, habeas corpus, da' yancin kasuwanci". Bayan dawowarsa daga Leipzig a shekara ta 1771, Radischev ya ga da sabbin idanu bambancin da ke tsakanin rayuwa a karkashin jihohin Yammacin Turai masu sassaucin ra'ayi kamar Ingila da Switzerland da kuma a karkashin mulkin mallaka na Rasha. Da yake maimaita ra'ayoyin Catherine kanta, ya ba da shawarar ilimi ga dukkan azuzuwan, tsarin da yake da arziki don shaidawa a wata makaranta a Irkutsk. Jama'a masu ilimi za su samar da tushe ga tsarin jamhuriya ko na majalisa. Daga cikin dukkan matsalolin zamantakewar Rasha, Radischev musamman ya raina rashin daidaito da tsawaita bautar, wanda ya samo asali ne daga tsarin zamantakewar gargajiya wanda ke tilasta tsananin matsayi kuma ya ba da izinin cin zarafi da cin zarafi. Abin mamaki shine, a karkashin mulkin Catherine mai haske, bautar ta kara karfi kuma ta bazu zuwa sabbin yankunan da aka ci nasara. Yayinda yake a Siberia, tunanin tattalin arziki na Radischev ya bunƙasa, ba kawai dangane da rage dogaro da bautar ba har ma da cinikin duniya. Kodayake Adam Smith ne ya rinjaye shi, Radischev ya ci gaba da ra'ayoyin kariya, yana Allah wadai da cinikin kasa da kasa da ba dole ba kuma yana ba da shawarar samar da karfi a cikin gida. A cikin muhawara game da dangantakar kasuwanci ta Sin da Rasha, ya yi imanin cewa albarkatun Rasha sun isa su tallafa mata.

Da yake sukar tarihin mulkin kai tsaye a Rasha, Radischev ya kira tsarin mulkin mallaka tsarin mulki "ya fi saba da yanayin ɗan adam". A karkashin wannan tsarin, gwamnati ta fi dacewa don karya kwangilar zamantakewa tare da wanda ake mulki, ta haifar da al'umma mara adalci da zalunci. Ya faɗaɗa wannan tsarin zuwa dangantakar maigidan-bawan, yana mai lura da cewa neman iko mara iyaka shine mugunta ta ɗan adam. Radischev ba ta soki dukkan masu mulkin kama karya ba, amma masu zalunci ne kawai, suna yabon, a zahiri, Sparta" id="mweg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Lycurgus of Sparta">Lycurgus, masanin falsafa sarkin Sparta wanda ya inganta daidaito da haƙƙin jama'a. Radischev, duk da haka, bai yi imani da, ko sha'awar, juyin juya halin jini ba kuma a maimakon haka yana fatan wani mai mulkin kama-karya wanda zai kawar da bautar da "ci gaba da daidaito a cikin al'umma, kare gwauruwa da marayu kuma ya ceci marasa laifi daga lahani". A matsayinsa na memba na masu mulki, bai nemi ya rushe mulkin mallaka ba amma ya shawo kan 'yan kasarsa da manyan su ba da wasu ikon da suka ba su. Ba a wata hanya ba mai son manufa, marubucin ya yarda cewa "inda akwai karin haske, inda akwai karin rayuwar zamantakewa, akwai karin cin hanci da rashawa, don haka ba za a iya raba nagarta da mugunta a duniya ba".

Ra'ayoyin addini da falsafar Radischev sun kasance masu sassaucin ra'ayi a lokacinsa. Da yake musanta imanin cewa kwarewar ji shine na farko, Radischev, a cikin On Man, His Mortality, His Immortality, yana magana ne game da kyawawan halaye na mutum a matsayin manyan abubuwa a cikin tunanin ɗan adam mai rikitarwa. Ya yi imanin cewa ikon gado na mutum yana da tasiri sosai a kan ci gabansa kamar yadda yanayin waje yake. Ya kuma nuna, duk da haka, cewa akwai halaye na yau da kullun, waɗanda ke ɗaure dukkan mutane, musamman gaskatawa da iko mafi girma. Bangaskiya ga rashin mutuwa ya kasance mai ƙarfi a gare shi, a matsayin abin da ke da bangaskiya da kuma a matsayin ta'aziyya a cikin matsalolin rayuwa.

Fassara ta Turanci

• Tafiya Daga St. Petersburg zuwa Moscow, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1958. Leo Wiener ne ya fassara shi. An shirya shi tare da gabatarwa da bayanin kula na Roderick Page Thaler.
• A Journey From St. Petersburg to Moscow, Columbia University Press, 2020 (The Russian Library). Andrew Kahn da Irina Reyfman ne suka fassara shi.

Dubi kuma

• Nikolay Novikov
• Masu Tattalin ArzikiMasu zanga-zangar Disamba