Arewacin Sotho

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Arewacin Sotho
Sepedi — Sesotho sa Leboa
'Yan asalin magana
 4,100,000
Baƙaƙen boko
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-2 nso
ISO 639-3 nso
Glottolog da nort3233 nort2794 da nort3233[1]
Sotho
Mutum Mopedi
Mutane Bapedi
Harshe Sepedi
Mai magana da harshen Sotho na Arewa

Sepedi, wanda a da ake kira Sesotho sa Lebowa a matsayin yare na hukuma ga mahaifar Lebowa a lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata, rukuni ne na yaren Sotho-Tswana da ake magana a cikin lardunan arewa maso gabashin Afirka ta Kudu . Ana kiransa da yawa a cikin daidaitaccen tsari a matsayin Pedi ko Sepedi kuma yana riƙe da matsayin harshen hukuma a Afirka ta Kudu.

Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a ta Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 2011, shi ne yaren farko na mutane sama da miliyan 4.6 (9.1%), wanda ya sa ya zama yare na 5 mafi yawan magana a Afirka ta Kudu. Yaren Sepedi yawanci ana magana da shi a cikin lardunan Mpumalanga, Gauteng da Limpopo .

Matsayin Harshen hukuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sepedi vs Arewacin Sotho[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cewar Babi na 1, Sashe na 6 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Afirka ta Kudu, Sepedi na ɗaya daga cikin harsunan hukuma 12 na Afirka ta Kudu. An yi gagarumin muhawara game da ko ya kamata a yi amfani da Arewacin Sotho maimakon Pedi. Tsarin Ingilishi na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu ya lissafa Sepedi a matsayin harshen hukuma, yayin da Sepedi ko Arewacin Sotho na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu ya lissafa Sesotho sa Lebowa a matsayin harshen Afirka ta Kudu na hukuma. [2]

Manufar Harshen Afirka ta Kudu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manufar Harshen Turanci na Afirka ta Kudu yana nufin harsunan hukuma goma sha ɗaya na Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin

kayyade a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu: [1]

(watau Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, Xitsonga, Afrikaans, isiNdebele, isiXhosa, isiZulu, da Ingilishi).

Suna[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Harshen rubutaccen harshen Arewacin Sotho ya dogara ne akan yaren Sepedi. Masu wa’azin bishara sun yi nazarin wannan yare a hankali kuma sun fara haɓaka rubutun a cikin 1860 ta Alexander Merensky, Grutzner, da Gerlachshoop. [3] Wannan daga baya ya samar da tsarin rubutu na gama gari don nau'ikan harsuna 20 ko fiye na harsunan Sotho-Tswana da ake magana da su a cikin tsohon Transvaal, sannan kuma ya taimaka wajen yin amfani da "Sepedi" a matsayin kalmar laima ga dukan dangin harshe. Duk da haka, akwai rashin amincewa da wannan synecdoche daga sauran masu magana da yaren Sotho na Arewa, kamar masu magana da yaren Lobedu na Modjadji .[ana buƙatar hujja]</link>[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]

Sauran nau'ikan Arewacin Sotho[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana iya rarraba Arewacin Sotho zuwa Highveld -Sotho, wanda ya ƙunshi kwatankwacin bakin haure na baya-bayan nan galibi daga sassan yammaci da kudu maso yammacin Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma Lowveld -Sotho, wanda ya ƙunshi haɗakar baƙi daga arewacin Afirka ta Kudu da mazaunan Sotho na tsawon lokaci. tsaye. Kamar sauran mutanen Sotho-Tswana, ana kiran harsunansu da sunan dabbobin da ake kira totemic kuma, wani lokacin, ta hanyar musanya ko hada waɗannan da sunayen shahararrun sarakuna. </link>[ <span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (October 2019)">bincike na asali?</span> ]

Highveld-Sotho[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi yaruka masu zuwa:

  • Bapedi
    • Bapedi Marota (a cikin kunkuntar hankali)
    • Marota Mamone
    • Marota Mohlatsi
    • Batau Bapedi (Matlebjane, Masemola, Marishane, Batau ba Manganeng - Nkadimeng Kgaphola, Nchabeleng, Mogashoa, Phaahla, Sloane, Mashegoana, Mphanama)
  • Phokwane
  • Bakone
    • Kone (Ga-Matlala)
    • Dikgale
  • Baphuthi
  • Baroka
  • Bakgaga (Mphahlele, Maake, da Mothapo)
  • Chuene
  • Mathabata
  • Maserumule
  • Tlou (Ga-Molepo)
  • Thobejane (Ga-Mafefe)
  • Batlokwa ,
    • Batlokwa Ba Letebe
  • Makgoba
  • Batlou
  • Bahananwa (Ga-Mmalebogo)
  • Moremi
  • Motlhatlhana
  • Babarwa
  • Mamabolo
  • Bamongatane
  • Bakwena ba Moletjie (Moloto)
  • Batlhaloga
  • Bahwaduba, BaGaMagale, da dai sauransu

Lowveld-Sotho[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi Lobedu, Narene, Phalaborwa (Malatji), Mogoboya, Kone, Kgaga, Pulana, Pai, Ramafalo, Mohale da Kutswe.

Rabewa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Arewacin Sotho yana ɗaya daga cikin yaren Sotho na dangin Bantu . Kodayake Arewacin Sotho ya raba sunan Sotho tare da Kudancin Sotho, ƙungiyoyin biyu ba su da alaƙa da juna fiye da yadda suke da Setswana.[ana buƙatar hujja]</link>[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">1</span> ] Arewacin Sotho kuma yana da alaƙa da Setswana, sheKgalagari da siLozi . Yaren daidaitaccen yare ne, yana haɗa nau'o'in iri ko yaruka daban-daban. Arewacin Sotho kuma mutanen Mohlala ke magana.

Yawancin masu magana da Khelobedu suna koyon yaren Sepedi ne kawai a makaranta, irin su Sepedi shine yaren su na biyu ko na uku. Khelobedu harshe ne da aka rubuta. Lobedu yana magana da yawancin mutane a cikin Greater Tzaneen, Greater Letaba, da BaPhalaborwa gundumomi, da kuma ƴan tsiraru a gundumar Greater Giyani, da kuma a lardin Limpopo da garin Tembisa a Gauteng . Ana kiran masu magana da shi da Balobedu .

Sepulana ( also sePulane ) yana wanzuwa cikin sigar da ba a rubuta ba kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na daidaitaccen Arewacin Sotho. Ana magana da Sepulana a yankin Bushbuckridge ta mutanen MaPulana . (also sePulane

Tsarin rubutu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An rubuta Sepedi a cikin haruffan Latin. Ana amfani da harafin š don wakiltar sautin [ ʃ</link> ] ("sh" ana amfani dashi a cikin trigraph "tsh" don wakiltar sautin ts da ake so). Za a iya ƙara lafazin dawafi a cikin haruffa e da o don bambance sautuka daban-daban, amma galibi ana amfani da shi a cikin littattafan bincike na harshe. Wasu prefixes na kalmomi, musamman a cikin fi’ili, an rubuta su dabam daga tushe.

Fassarar sauti[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wasula[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wasalan Arewacin Sotho
Gaba Baya
Kusa i u
Kusa-tsakiyar e o
Bude-tsakiyar ɛ ɔ
Bude a

Consonants[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Consonants na Arewacin Sotho
Labial Alveolar Bayan-<br id="mw2w"><br><br><br></br> alveolar Velar Glottal
a fili pre palatal alveolar a fili na gefe
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
M m pʼ pʃʼ psʼ tʼ tˡʼ kʼ
m pʰ pʃʰ psʰ tʰ tˡʰ kʰ
Haɗin kai m tsʼ tʃʼ
m tsʰ tʃʰ kxʰ
Ƙarfafawa mara murya f fʃ fs s ɬ ʃ h ~ ɦ
murya β βʒ ʒ ɣ
Rhotic r ɺ
Kusanci w l j

A cikin mahadi na hanci, sautin baƙon hanci na farko ana gane shi azaman syllabic. Kalmomi irin su nthuše "taimaka min", ana furta su da [n̩tʰuʃe]</link> . /n/ kuma ana iya furta shi da /ŋ/</link> bin baƙar fata.

Ire-iren garuruwa na Arewacin Sotho, irin su Pretoria Sotho (ainihin asalin Tswana ), sun sami dannawa a cikin ci gaba da aiwatar da irin waɗannan sautunan da ke yaɗuwa daga harsunan Nguni .

Kalmomi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wasu misalan kalmomi da jimloli na Sepedi:

English Sepedi
Welcome Kamogelo (noun) / Amogela (verb)
Good day Dumela (singular) / Dumelang (plural) / Thobela and Re a lotšha (to elders)
How are you? O kae? (singular) Le kae? (plural, also used for elders)
I am fine Ke gona.
I am fine too, thank you Le nna ke gona, ke a leboga.
Thank you Ke a leboga (I thank you) / Re a leboga (we thank you)
Good luck Mahlatse
Have a safe journey O be le leeto le le bolokegilego
Good bye! Šala gabotse (singular)/ Šalang gabotse (plural, also used for elders)(keep well) / Sepela gabotse(singular)/Sepelang gabotse (plural, also used for elders)(go well)
I am looking for a job Ke nyaka mošomô
No smoking Ga go kgogwe (/folwe)
No entrance Ga go tsenwe
Beware of the steps! Hlokomela disetepese!
Beware! Hlokomela!
Congratulations on your birthday Mahlatse letšatšing la gago la matswalo
Seasons greetings Ditumedišo tša Sehla sa Maikhutšo
Merry Christmas Mahlogonolo a Keresemose
Merry Christmas and Happy New Year Mahlogonolo a Keresemose le ngwaga wo moswa wo monate
Expression Gontsha sa mafahleng
yes ee/eya
no aowa
please hle
thank you ke a leboga
help thušang/thušo
danger kotsi
emergency tšhoganetšo
excuse me ntshwarele
I am sorry Ke maswabi
I love you Ke a go rata
Questions / sentences Dipotšišo / mafoko
Do you accept (money/credit cards/traveler's cheques)? O amogela (singular) / Le

amogela ( tshelete/.../...)?

How much is this? Ke bokae e?
I want ... Ke nyaka...
What are you doing? O dira eng?
What is the time? Ke nako mang?
Where are you going? O ya kae?
Numbers Dinomoro
1 tee
2 pedi
3 tharo
4 nne
5 hlano
6 tshela
7 šupa
8 seswai
9 senyane
10 lesome
11 lesometee
12 lesomepedi
13 lesometharo
14 lesomenne
15 lesomehlano
20 masomepedi
21 masomepedi-tee
22 masomepedi-pedi
50 masomehlano
100 lekgolo
1000 sekete
Days of the week Matšatši a beke
Sunday Lamorena
Monday Mošupologo
Tuesday Labobedi
Wednesday Laboraro
Thursday Labone
Friday Labohlano
Saturday Mokibelo
Months of the year Dikgwedi tša ngwaga
January Pherekgong
February Dibokwane
March Tlhakola
April Moranang
May Mopitlo
June Ngwatobosego
July Phuphu
August Phato
September Lewedi
October Diphalane
November Dibatsela
December Manthole
Computers and Internet terms Didirishwa tsa khomphutha le Inthanete
computer sebaledi / khomphutara
e-mail imeile
e-mail address aterese ya imeile
Internet Inthanete
Internet café khefi ya Inthanete
website weposaete
website address aterese ya weposaete
Rain Pula
To understand Go kwešiša
Reed Pipes Dinaka
Drums Meropa
Horn Lenaka
Colours Mebala
Red/Orange Hubedu
Brown Tsotho
Green Talamorogo
Blue Talalerata
Black Ntsho
White šweu
Yellow Serolwana
Gold Gauta
Grey Pududu
Pale Sehla or Tshehla
Silver Silifere

Misalin rubutu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sanarwar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya

Temana 1
Batho ka moka ba belegwe ba lokologile le gona ba na le seriti sa go lekana le ditokelo. Ba filwe monagano le letswalo mme ba swanetše go swarana ka moya wa bana ba mpa.
 
Temana 2
Mang le mang o swanetše ke ditokelo le ditokologo ka moka tše go boletšwego ka tšona ka mo Boikanong bjo, ntle le kgethollo ya mohuta wo mongwe le wo mongwe bjalo ka morafe, mmala, bong, polelo, bodumedi, dipolitiki goba ka kgopolo, botšo go ya ka setšhaba goba maemo, diphahlo, matswalo goba maemo a mangwe le a mangwe.
 
Go feta fao, ga go kgethollo yeo e swanetšego go dirwa go ya ka maemo a dipolitiki, tokelo ya boahlodi, goba maemo a ditšhabatšhaba goba lefelo leo motho a dulago go lona, goba ke naga ye e ipušago, trasete, naga ya go se ipuše goba se sengwe le se sengwe seo se ka fokotšago maemo a go ikemela ga naga ya gabo.

Duba kuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  • Mutanen Pedi
  • Lebowa
  • Sekhukhuneland

Bayanan kula[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). da nort3233 "Arewacin Sotho" Check |chapterurl= value (help). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  3. ↑ Empty citation (help)

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Software[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

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