Arewacin Sotho

Sotho
Sotho
Mutum	Mopedi
Mutane	Bapedi
Harshe	Sepedi

Arewacin Sotho
	Sepedi — Sesotho sa Leboa
'Yan asalin magana	4,100,000
Dangin harshen	Harsunan Nijar-Congo; Harsunan Atlantic-Congo; Harsunan Volta-Congo; Harsunan Benue-Congo; Harsunan Bantoid; Southern Bantoid (en) ; Bantu (en) ; East Bantu (en) ; Southern Bantu (en) ; Harsunan Sotho-Tswana; Arewacin Sotho; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Baƙaƙen rubutu	Baƙaƙen boko
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-2	nso
ISO 639-3	nso
Glottolog	da nort3233 nort2794 da nort3233

Mai magana da harshen Sotho na Arewa

Sepedi, wanda a da ake kira Sesotho sa Lebowa a matsayin yare na hukuma ga mahaifar Lebowa a lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata, rukuni ne na yaren Sotho-Tswana da ake magana a cikin lardunan arewa maso gabashin Afirka ta Kudu . Ana kiransa da yawa a cikin daidaitaccen tsari a matsayin Pedi ko Sepedi kuma yana riƙe da matsayin harshen hukuma a Afirka ta Kudu.

Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a ta Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 2011, shi ne yaren farko na mutane sama da miliyan 4.6 (9.1%), wanda ya sa ya zama yare na 5 mafi yawan magana a Afirka ta Kudu. Yaren Sepedi yawanci ana magana da shi a cikin lardunan Mpumalanga, Gauteng da Limpopo .

Matsayin Harshen hukuma

Sepedi vs Arewacin Sotho

A cewar Babi na 1, Sashe na 6 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Afirka ta Kudu, Sepedi na ɗaya daga cikin harsunan hukuma 12 na Afirka ta Kudu. An yi gagarumin muhawara game da ko ya kamata a yi amfani da Arewacin Sotho maimakon Pedi. Tsarin Ingilishi na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu ya lissafa Sepedi a matsayin harshen hukuma, yayin da Sepedi ko Arewacin Sotho na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu ya lissafa Sesotho sa Lebowa a matsayin harshen Afirka ta Kudu na hukuma. ^[2]

Manufar Harshen Afirka ta Kudu

Manufar Harshen Turanci na Afirka ta Kudu yana nufin harsunan hukuma goma sha ɗaya na Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin

kayyade a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu: [1]

(watau Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, Xitsonga, Afrikaans, isiNdebele, isiXhosa, isiZulu, da Ingilishi).

Suna

Harshen rubutaccen harshen Arewacin Sotho ya dogara ne akan yaren Sepedi. Masu wa’azin bishara sun yi nazarin wannan yare a hankali kuma sun fara haɓaka rubutun a cikin 1860 ta Alexander Merensky, Grutzner, da Gerlachshoop. ^[3] Wannan daga baya ya samar da tsarin rubutu na gama gari don nau'ikan harsuna 20 ko fiye na harsunan Sotho-Tswana da ake magana da su a cikin tsohon Transvaal, sannan kuma ya taimaka wajen yin amfani da "Sepedi" a matsayin kalmar laima ga dukan dangin harshe. Duk da haka, akwai rashin amincewa da wannan synecdoche daga sauran masu magana da yaren Sotho na Arewa, kamar masu magana da yaren Lobedu na Modjadji .^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}</link>^{[ abubuwan da ake bukata ]}

Sauran nau'ikan Arewacin Sotho

Ana iya rarraba Arewacin Sotho zuwa Highveld -Sotho, wanda ya ƙunshi kwatankwacin bakin haure na baya-bayan nan galibi daga sassan yammaci da kudu maso yammacin Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma Lowveld -Sotho, wanda ya ƙunshi haɗakar baƙi daga arewacin Afirka ta Kudu da mazaunan Sotho na tsawon lokaci. tsaye. Kamar sauran mutanen Sotho-Tswana, ana kiran harsunansu da sunan dabbobin da ake kira totemic kuma, wani lokacin, ta hanyar musanya ko hada waɗannan da sunayen shahararrun sarakuna. </link>^{[ bincike na asali? ]}

Highveld-Sotho

Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi yaruka masu zuwa:

Bapedi
- Bapedi Marota (a cikin kunkuntar hankali)
- Marota Mamone
- Marota Mohlatsi
- Batau Bapedi (Matlebjane, Masemola, Marishane, Batau ba Manganeng - Nkadimeng Kgaphola, Nchabeleng, Mogashoa, Phaahla, Sloane, Mashegoana, Mphanama)
Phokwane
Bakone
- Kone (Ga-Matlala)
- Dikgale
Baphuthi
Baroka
Bakgaga (Mphahlele, Maake, da Mothapo)
Chuene
Mathabata
Maserumule
Tlou (Ga-Molepo)
Thobejane (Ga-Mafefe)
Batlokwa ,
- Batlokwa Ba Letebe
Makgoba
Batlou
Bahananwa (Ga-Mmalebogo)
Moremi
Motlhatlhana
Babarwa
Mamabolo
Bamongatane
Bakwena ba Moletjie (Moloto)
Batlhaloga
Bahwaduba, BaGaMagale, da dai sauransu

Lowveld-Sotho

Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi Lobedu, Narene, Phalaborwa (Malatji), Mogoboya, Kone, Kgaga, Pulana, Pai, Ramafalo, Mohale da Kutswe.

Rabewa

Arewacin Sotho yana ɗaya daga cikin yaren Sotho na dangin Bantu . Kodayake Arewacin Sotho ya raba sunan Sotho tare da Kudancin Sotho, ƙungiyoyin biyu ba su da alaƙa da juna fiye da yadda suke da Setswana.^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}</link>^{[ 1 ]} Arewacin Sotho kuma yana da alaƙa da Setswana, sheKgalagari da siLozi . Yaren daidaitaccen yare ne, yana haɗa nau'o'in iri ko yaruka daban-daban. Arewacin Sotho kuma mutanen Mohlala ke magana.

Yawancin masu magana da Khelobedu suna koyon yaren Sepedi ne kawai a makaranta, irin su Sepedi shine yaren su na biyu ko na uku. Khelobedu harshe ne da aka rubuta. Lobedu yana magana da yawancin mutane a cikin Greater Tzaneen, Greater Letaba, da BaPhalaborwa gundumomi, da kuma ƴan tsiraru a gundumar Greater Giyani, da kuma a lardin Limpopo da garin Tembisa a Gauteng . Ana kiran masu magana da shi da Balobedu .

Sepulana ( also sePulane ) yana wanzuwa cikin sigar da ba a rubuta ba kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na daidaitaccen Arewacin Sotho. Ana magana da Sepulana a yankin Bushbuckridge ta mutanen MaPulana . (also sePulane

Tsarin rubutu

An rubuta Sepedi a cikin haruffan Latin. Ana amfani da harafin š don wakiltar sautin [ ʃ</link> ] ("sh" ana amfani dashi a cikin trigraph "tsh" don wakiltar sautin ts da ake so). Za a iya ƙara lafazin dawafi a cikin haruffa e da o don bambance sautuka daban-daban, amma galibi ana amfani da shi a cikin littattafan bincike na harshe. Wasu prefixes na kalmomi, musamman a cikin fi’ili, an rubuta su dabam daga tushe.

Fassarar sauti

Wasula

Wasalan Arewacin Sotho
	Gaba	Baya
Kusa	i	u
Kusa-tsakiyar	e	o
Bude-tsakiyar	ɛ	ɔ
Bude	a

Consonants

Consonants na Arewacin Sotho
		Labial			Alveolar		Bayan-<br id="mw2w"><br><br><br></br> alveolar	Velar	Glottal
		a fili	pre palatal	alveolar	a fili	na gefe	Bayan-<br id="mw2w"><br><br><br></br> alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m			n		ɲ	ŋ
M	m	pʼ	pʃʼ	psʼ	tʼ	tˡʼ		kʼ
M	m	pʰ	pʃʰ	psʰ	tʰ	tˡʰ		kʰ
Haɗin kai	m				tsʼ		tʃʼ
Haɗin kai	m				tsʰ		tʃʰ	kxʰ
Ƙarfafawa	mara murya	f	fʃ	fs	s	ɬ	ʃ		h ~ ɦ
Ƙarfafawa	murya	β	βʒ				ʒ	ɣ
Rhotic					r	ɺ
Kusanci		w				l	j

A cikin mahadi na hanci, sautin baƙon hanci na farko ana gane shi azaman syllabic. Kalmomi irin su nthuše "taimaka min", ana furta su da [n̩tʰuʃe]</link> . /n/ kuma ana iya furta shi da /ŋ/</link> bin baƙar fata.

Ire-iren garuruwa na Arewacin Sotho, irin su Pretoria Sotho (ainihin asalin Tswana ), sun sami dannawa a cikin ci gaba da aiwatar da irin waɗannan sautunan da ke yaɗuwa daga harsunan Nguni .

Kalmomi

Wasu misalan kalmomi da jimloli na Sepedi:

English	Sepedi
Welcome	Kamogelo (noun) / Amogela (verb)
Good day	Dumela (singular) / Dumelang (plural) / Thobela and Re a lotšha (to elders)
How are you?	O kae? (singular) Le kae? (plural, also used for elders)
I am fine	Ke gona.
I am fine too, thank you	Le nna ke gona, ke a leboga.
Thank you	Ke a leboga (I thank you) / Re a leboga (we thank you)
Good luck	Mahlatse
Have a safe journey	O be le leeto le le bolokegilego
Good bye!	Šala gabotse (singular)/ Šalang gabotse (plural, also used for elders)(keep well) / Sepela gabotse(singular)/Sepelang gabotse (plural, also used for elders)(go well)
I am looking for a job	Ke nyaka mošomô
No smoking	Ga go kgogwe (/folwe)
No entrance	Ga go tsenwe
Beware of the steps!	Hlokomela disetepese!
Beware!	Hlokomela!
Congratulations on your birthday	Mahlatse letšatšing la gago la matswalo
Seasons greetings	Ditumedišo tša Sehla sa Maikhutšo
Merry Christmas	Mahlogonolo a Keresemose
Merry Christmas and Happy New Year	Mahlogonolo a Keresemose le ngwaga wo moswa wo monate
Expression	Gontsha sa mafahleng
yes	ee/eya
no	aowa
please	hle
thank you	ke a leboga
help	thušang/thušo
danger	kotsi
emergency	tšhoganetšo
excuse me	ntshwarele
I am sorry	Ke maswabi
I love you	Ke a go rata
Questions / sentences	Dipotšišo / mafoko
Do you accept (money/credit cards/traveler's cheques)?	O amogela (singular) / Le amogela ( tshelete/.../...)?
How much is this?	Ke bokae e?
I want ...	Ke nyaka...
What are you doing?	O dira eng?
What is the time?	Ke nako mang?
Where are you going?	O ya kae?
Numbers	Dinomoro
1	tee
2	pedi
3	tharo
4	nne
5	hlano
6	tshela
7	šupa
8	seswai
9	senyane
10	lesome
11	lesometee
12	lesomepedi
13	lesometharo
14	lesomenne
15	lesomehlano
20	masomepedi
21	masomepedi-tee
22	masomepedi-pedi
50	masomehlano
100	lekgolo
1000	sekete
Days of the week	Matšatši a beke
Sunday	Lamorena
Monday	Mošupologo
Tuesday	Labobedi
Wednesday	Laboraro
Thursday	Labone
Friday	Labohlano
Saturday	Mokibelo
Months of the year	Dikgwedi tša ngwaga
January	Pherekgong
February	Dibokwane
March	Tlhakola
April	Moranang
May	Mopitlo
June	Ngwatobosego
July	Phuphu
August	Phato
September	Lewedi
October	Diphalane
November	Dibatsela
December	Manthole
Computers and Internet terms	Didirishwa tsa khomphutha le Inthanete
computer	sebaledi / khomphutara
e-mail	imeile
e-mail address	aterese ya imeile
Internet	Inthanete
Internet café	khefi ya Inthanete
website	weposaete
website address	aterese ya weposaete
Rain	Pula
To understand	Go kwešiša
Reed Pipes	Dinaka
Drums	Meropa
Horn	Lenaka
Colours	Mebala
Red/Orange	Hubedu
Brown	Tsotho
Green	Talamorogo
Blue	Talalerata
Black	Ntsho
White	šweu
Yellow	Serolwana
Gold	Gauta
Grey	Pududu
Pale	Sehla or Tshehla
Silver	Silifere

Misalin rubutu

Sanarwar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya

Temana 1
Batho ka moka ba belegwe ba lokologile le gona ba na le seriti sa go lekana le ditokelo. Ba filwe monagano le letswalo mme ba swanetše go swarana ka moya wa bana ba mpa.

Temana 2
Mang le mang o swanetše ke ditokelo le ditokologo ka moka tše go boletšwego ka tšona ka mo Boikanong bjo, ntle le kgethollo ya mohuta wo mongwe le wo mongwe bjalo ka morafe, mmala, bong, polelo, bodumedi, dipolitiki goba ka kgopolo, botšo go ya ka setšhaba goba maemo, diphahlo, matswalo goba maemo a mangwe le a mangwe.

Go feta fao, ga go kgethollo yeo e swanetšego go dirwa go ya ka maemo a dipolitiki, tokelo ya boahlodi, goba maemo a ditšhabatšhaba goba lefelo leo motho a dulago go lona, goba ke naga ye e ipušago, trasete, naga ya go se ipuše goba se sengwe le se sengwe seo se ka fokotšago maemo a go ikemela ga naga ya gabo.

Duba kuma

Mutanen Pedi
Lebowa
Sekhukhuneland

Bayanan kula

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). da nort3233 "Arewacin Sotho" Check |chapterurl= value (help). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ Empty citation (help)
↑ Empty citation (help)

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Northern Sotho
Online Northern Sotho – English dictionary
Online Northern Sotho explanatory dictionary
Pan South African Language Board
Audio files in Pedi at Wikimedia Commons

Software

Mai duba haruffa don OpenOffice.org da Mozilla, OpenOffice.org, Mozilla Firefox web-browser, da Mozilla Thunderbird email shirin a Arewacin Sotho
Translate.org.za Project don fassara Software na Kyauta da Buɗewa zuwa duk harsunan hukuma na Afirka ta Kudu ciki har da Arewacin Sotho
Allon madannai tare da ƙarin haruffan Sotho na Arewa

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). da nort3233 "Arewacin Sotho" Check |chapterurl= value (help). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[2] Empty citation (help)

[3] Empty citation (help)

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