Harsunan Nguni
| Nguni | |
|---|---|
| Ethnicity | Nguni people |
| Geographic distribution | Southern Africa |
| Linguistic classification | Nnijer–Kongo |
| Proto-language | Proto-Nguni |
| Subdivisions |
|
| Glottolog | ngun1267[1] |
Harsunan Nguni rukuni ne na harsunan Bantu masu alaƙa da ake magana da su a kudancin Afirka ( galibi Afirka ta Kudu, Zimbabwe da Masarautar eSwatini ) ta mutanen Nguni . Harsunan Nguni sun haɗa da Xhosa, Hlubi, Zulu, Ndebele, da Swati . Kiran "Nguni" ya samo asali ne daga nau'in shanun Nguni . Ngoni (duba ƙasa) tsoho ne, ko canzawa, bambance-bambancen.
Wani lokaci ana jayayya cewa yin amfani da Nguni a matsayin lakabi na gabaɗaya yana nuna haɗin kai na tarihi guda ɗaya na mutanen da ake magana a kai, inda a zahiri lamarin ya kasance mai rikitarwa. [2] Amfani da harshe na lakabin (yana nufin ƙungiyar Bantu) yana da ɗan kwanciyar hankali.
Ta fuskar editan Turanci, an yi amfani da labaran “a” da “an” da “Nguni”, amma “a Nguni” ya fi yawa kuma za a iya cewa ya fi daidai idan an furta “Nguni” kamar yadda aka nuna. .
Rabewa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A cikin wani yanki na Kudancin Bantu, ana amfani da lakabin "Nguni" ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta (a cikin ma'anar harshe) da kuma ta hanyar rubutu (ban da duk wani mahimmanci na tarihi).
Harsunan Nguni suna da alaƙa ta kud da kud, kuma a lokuta da yawa harsuna daban-daban suna fahimtar juna; ta wannan hanyar, harsunan Nguni za su fi dacewa a iya fassara su azaman ci gaba da yare fiye da yadda tarin harsuna daban-daban. Fiye da lokaci guda, an gabatar da shawarwari don ƙirƙirar harshe ɗaya na Nguni.
A cikin wallafe-wallafen masana kan harsunan kudancin Afirka, ana ɗaukar nau'in rarraba harshe "Nguni" bisa ga al'ada zuwa rukuni biyu: "Zunda Nguni" da "Tekela Nguni". [3] [4] Wannan rarrabuwa ta samo asali ne a kan bambance-bambancen sautin sauti tsakanin madaidaitan baƙaƙe na coronal : Zunda /z/</link> da Tekela /t/</link> (haka asalin sunan Swati da kuma sanannen Zulu nau'in Swazi ), amma akwai tarin ƙarin ma'auni na harshe wanda ke ba da damar rarrabuwar kai tsaye a cikin waɗannan raƙuman ruwa biyu na Nguni.
Yaren Tekela[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Harsunan Zunda[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Matabele (Ndebele)
- Kudancin Ndebele (Ndibele na Kudancin Afirka)
- Hosa
- Zulu
Lura: Maho (2009) kuma ya lissafa S401 Old Mfengu † .
Halaye[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Abubuwan da ke biyo baya na harsunan Nguni sune na yau da kullun:
- Tsarin wasali 5, ta hanyar haɗa jerin kusa da kusa da Proto-Bantu . (Phuthi ta sake samun sabon jerin wasula masu kusanci daga Sotho )
- Yada manyan sautunan zuwa ga ma'anar antepenultimate.
- Bambance tsakanin manya da ƙananan sautuna akan prefixes suna, suna nuna matsayi daban-daban na nahawu, tare da wasu lokuta ta hanyar fayyace prefix mai suna augment .
- Haɓaka baƙaƙe masu sautin numfashi, suna aiki azaman baƙaƙen baƙin ciki .
- Haɓaka baƙaƙe masu ƙima .
- Haɓaka latsa baƙaƙe .
Bayanan kwatance[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kwatanta jimloli masu zuwa:
| Harshe | "Ina son sabbin sandunanku" |
|---|---|
| Zulu | Ngi-ya-zi-thanda izi-nduku z-akho ezin-tsha |
| Hosa | Ndi-ya-zi-thanda ii-ntonga z-akho ezin-tsha |
| Northern Ndebele | Ngi-ya-zi-thanda i-ntonga z-akho ezin-tsha |
| Kudancin Ndebele | Ngi-ya-zi-thanda iin-ntonga z-akho ezi-tjha |
| Bhaca | Ndi-ya-ti-thsandza ii-ntfonga t-akho etin-tsha |
| Hlubi | Ng'ya-zi-thanda iin-duku z-akho ezinsha |
| Swazi | Ngi-ya-ti-tsanza ti-ntfonga t-akho letin-sha |
| Mpapa Phuthi | Gi-ya-ti-tshadza ti-tfoga t-akho leti-tjha |
| Sigxodo Phuthi | Gi-ya-ti-tshadza ti-tshoga t-akho leti-tjha |
Lura: Xhosa ⟨ tsh ⟩ = Phuthi ⟨ tjh ⟩ = IPA [tʃʰ]</link> ; Phuthi ⟨ tsh ⟩ = [tsʰ]</link> ; Zulu ⟨ sh ⟩ = IPA [ʃ]</link> , amma a muhallin da aka ambata a nan /ʃ/</link> an "haɓaka hanci" zuwa [tʃ]</link> . Phuthi ⟨ jh ⟩ = murya mai numfashi [dʒʱ]</link> = Xhosa, Zulu ⟨ j ⟩ (a cikin mahallin nan yana bin hanci [n]</link> ). Zulu, Swazi, Hlubi ⟨ ng ⟩ = [ŋ]</link> .
| Harshe | "Inglish kadan na fahimta" |
|---|---|
| Zulu | Ngisi-zwa ka-ncane isi-Ngisi |
| Hosa | Ndisi-qonda ka-ncinci nje isi-Ngesi |
| Northern Ndebele | Ngisi-zwisisa ka-ncane isiKhiwa |
| Kudancin Ndebele | Ngisi-zwisisa ka-ncani nje isi-Ngisi |
| Hlubi | Ng'si-visisisa ka-ncani nje isi-Ngisi |
| Swazi | Ngisiva ka-ncane nje si-Ngisi |
| Mpapa Phuthi | Gisi-visisa ka-nci tə-jhə Si-kguwa |
| Sigxodo Phuthi | Gisi-visisa ka-ncinci tə-jhə Si-kguwa |
Lura: Phuthi ⟨ kg ⟩ = IPA [x]</link> .
Duba kuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Ngoni sunan ƙabilanci ne kuma sunan yare na ƙungiyar da ke zaune a Malawi, waɗanda zuriyar Nguni ta Afirka ta Kudu ce mai nisa. Ngoni ya rabu da duk wasu harsunan Nguni bayan gagarumin tashin hankalin siyasa da zamantakewa a kudancin Afirka, mfecane, wanda ya kasance har zuwa 1830s.
- IsiNgqumo wata magana ce da 'yan luwadi na Afirka ta Kudu ke magana da harsunan Bantu ; sabanin Gayle, , argot da 'yan luwadi na Afirka ta Kudu ke magana da harsunan Jamus . IsiNgqumo ya dogara ne akan ƙamus na Nguni.
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Southern Ndebele-Lowland". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Wright 1987.
- ↑ Doke 1954.
- ↑ Ownby 1985.
- ↑ Jordan 1942.
- ↑ Donnelly 2009.
Littafi Mai Tsarki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Empty citation (help)
Kara karantawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Shaw, EM da Davison, P. (1973) Kudancin Nguni (jeri: Mutum a Kudancin Afirka) Gidan Tarihi na Afirka ta Kudu, Cape Town
- Ndlovu, Sambulo. 'Sake Gina Kwatancen Fannin Fassarar Fassarar Proto-Nguni'