Benazir Bhutto

Benazir Bhutto (21 Yuni 1953 - 27 Disamba 2007) 'yar siyasar Pakistan ce kuma 'yar siyasa wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na 11 na Pakistan daga 1988 zuwa 1990, kuma daga 1993 zuwa 1996. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba don jagorantar Gwamnatin dimokuradiyya a Kasar da yawancin Musulmai suka kasance. A fannin ra'ayi mai sassaucin ra'ayi ra'ayi kuma mai ra'ayin addini, ta jagoranci ko kuma ta jagoranci Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Pakistan (PPP) daga farkon shekarun 1980 har zuwa kisan ta a 2007.

Daga asalin Sindhi, Farisa da Kurdawa, an haifi Bhutto a Karachi ga dangin Bhutto masu muhimmanci a siyasa. Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Harvard da Jami'ar Oxford, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Oxford Union . Ta koma Pakistan a shekarar 1977 a lokacin Gwamnatin gurguzu ta mahaifinta Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, jim kadan kafin a kori mahaifinta a juyin mulkin soja kuma daga baya An kashe shi. Bhutto da mahaifiyarta, Nusrat Bhutto, sun mallaki PPP kuma sun jagoranci Movement for the Restoration of Democracy (MRD). Gwamnatin soja ta Zia-ul-Haq ta daure Bhutto akai-akai kuma ta yi gudun hijira zuwa Biritaniya a shekarar 1984. Ta dawo a shekara ta 1986 kuma - ta rinjayi tattalin arzikin Thatcherite - ta canza dandalin PPP daga mai zaman kansa zuwa mai sassaucin ra'ayi, kafin ta jagoranci shi zuwa nasara a Zaben 1988. A matsayinta na Firayim Minista, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da masu kishin Islama a cikin kasar sun hana yunkurin da ta yi na sake fasalin, ciki har da Shugaba Ghulam Ishaq Khan da sojojin Pakistan. Gwamnatinta, bayan an zarge ta da cin hanci da rashawa da nepotism, Khan ya kore ta a shekarar 1990 tare da zaben da ya biyo baya da hukumomin leken asiri suka yi amfani da shi don tabbatar da nasarar ga masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Islamic Democratic Alliance (IJI), a wannan lokacin Bhutto ya zama Shugaban Jam'iyyar adawa.

Bayan da aka kori gwamnatin IJI ta Firayim Minista Nawaz Sharif kan zargin cin hanci da rashawa, Bhutto ta sake jagorantar PPP zuwa nasara a Zaben 1993. A karo na biyu, ta kula da mallakar tattalin arziki da ƙoƙarin inganta haƙƙin mata. Gwamnatinta ta cika da rashin kwanciyar hankali, ciki har da kisan dan uwanta Murtaza, juyin mulkin da ya gaza a shekarar 1995, da kuma cin hanci da rashawa da ya shafi ita da mijinta Asif Ali Zardari; a mayar da martani, Shugaba Farooq Leghari ya sallami gwamnatinta, bayan haka PPP ta sami nasara a tarihi a Zaben 1997, kuma a shekarar 1998 ta sake shiga gudun hijira, tana zaune tsakanin Dubai da Landan na shekaru goma masu zuwa. Binciken da aka yi game da cin hanci da rashawa ya kai ga yanke hukunci a shekara ta 2003 a kotun Switzerland. Bayan tattaunawar da Amurka ta yi da shugaban Pakistan Pervez Musharraf, ta koma Pakistan a 2007 don yin takara a Zaben 2008. Dandalin ta ya jaddada kulawar farar hula game da sojoji da adawa da karuwar tashin hankali na Islama. Bayan wani taron siyasa a Rawalpindi, an kashe ta a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007. Kungiyar 'yan ta'adda ta Salafi al-Qaeda ta dauki alhakin, kodayake an kuma yi la'akari da shigar da Taliban na Pakistan da kuma masu bautar asiri. An binne ta a kabarin iyalinta a Garhi Khuda Bakhsh .

Ra'ayoyi game da Bhutto sun rabu sosai. Kungiyoyin Islama da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Pakistan galibi suna zargin ta da rashin ƙwarewar siyasa, cin hanci da rashawa, kuma suna adawa da tsarin sabuntawa, na zamani. A farkon shekarun aikinta, duk da haka, duk da cewa ta shahara a cikin gida kuma ta jawo goyon baya daga al'ummomin duniya, ana ganinta a matsayin mai gwagwarmayar dimokuradiyya. Bayan mutuwarta, an dauke ta a matsayin gunkin kare hakkin mata saboda nasarar da ta samu a siyasa a cikin al'ummar da maza suka mamaye.

Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi

An haifi Buttos a gidan kula da tsofaffi na Pinto a ranar 21 ga Yuni 1953 a Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan . [1] Mahaifinta ɗan siyasa ne Zulfikar Ali Bhutto kuma mahaifiyarta Begum Nusrat Ispahani ce . An haifi wannan a Isfahan, Farisa (yanzu Iran) ga dangin 'yan kasuwa na Farisa masu arziki na zuriyar Kurdawa.[2] Zulfikar ɗan Shah Nawaz Bhutto ne, wani fitaccen ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Jihar Junagadh . [3] Bhuttos sun kasance aristocratic, masu arziki daga Sindh, wani ɓangare na waderos ko masu mallakar ƙasa.[4] Sunni Musulmai ne, kodayake an haifi Nusrat a cikin iyalin Shia Musulmi kafin ta tuba zuwa Sunnism a lokacin aurenta.

Ma'auratan sun yi aure a watan Satumbar 1951, kuma Benazir ita ce ɗansu na farko. [10] An ba ta sunan kawunta wanda ya mutu da ƙuruciya. Yaran Bhuttos guda uku sune Murtaza (an haife shi a shekara ta 1954), Sanam (1957), da Shahnawaz (1958). [12] Lokacin da dattijon Shah Nawaz ya mutu a shekara ta 1957, Zulfikar ya gaji mallakar ƙasar iyali, wanda ya sa ya zama mai arziki sosai.

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, mahaifinta, shi ne Firayim Minista na Pakistan kuma shugaban kafa jam'iyyar Pakistan People's Party .

Harshen farko na Benazir shine Turanci; tun tana yarinya tana magana da Urdu sau da yawa kodayake tana da ƙwarewa, kuma tana magana da yaren Sindhi na gida. Mahaifiyarta ta koya mata Farisa tun tana yarinya.[1][15] Benazir da farko ta halarci makarantar kula da yara ta Lady Jennings a Karachi.[16] Daga nan aka tura ta zuwa Convent na Yesu da Maryamu a Karachi kuma daga can zuwa Convent of Jesus da Maryamu, makarantar kwana a Murree.[17] Murree tana kusa da iyaka da Indiya, kuma a lokacin Yakin Indo-Pakistan na 1965 Bhutto da sauran ɗalibai sun yi amfani da hare-haren iska.[18] Da yake yin jarrabawar ta a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1968, Bhutto ta wuce Matakan O tare da manyan maki.[19]

A duk lokacin ƙuruciyarta, Bhutto ta yi wa mahaifinta gumaka, kuma shi, bi da bi, ya ƙarfafa ci gaban iliminta ta hanyar saba wa hanyoyin gargajiya ga mata da ke ko'ina a Pakistan. Dangantaka tsakanin iyayenta duk da haka ta kasance mai wahala a lokacin yarinta; Zulfikar ta fara harkokin aure tare da wasu mata, kuma lokacin da Nusrat ya ki amincewa ya kore ta daga gidansu. Ta koma Iran, amma bayan da Zulfikar ta hana 'ya'yanta shiga tare da ita a can, ta koma Pakistan bayan watanni shida, ta zauna a Karachi. A duk rayuwarta, Bhutto ba ta taɓa yarda da wannan rikici na iyali ba.

Lokacin da Bhutto ke da shekaru biyar, mahaifinta ya zama ministan makamashi, kuma lokacin da take da shekaru tara ya zama minista na kasashen waje na kasar.[24] Tun tana ƙarama, an fallasa ta ga jami'an diflomasiyyar kasashen waje da kuma mutanen da ke ziyartar mahaifinta, daga cikinsu akwai Zhou Enlai, Henry Kissinger, da Hubert Humphrey. Lokacin da take da shekaru goma sha uku, ya yi murabus daga gwamnati kuma bayan shekara guda ya kafa jam'iyyarsa ta siyasa, Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Pakistan (PPP).[26] PPP ta yi amfani da taken "Islama ita ce bangaskiyarmu, dimokuradiyya ita ce manufofinmu, kwaminisanci shine tattalin arzikinmu. " Ya yi amfani da dabarun jama'a don jawo kuri'u, yana alkawarin "roti, kapra aur makan" (gurasa, tufafi, da gidaje) ga kowane ɗan Pakistan kuma yana dagewa cewa za a canja yankin Kashmir daga Indiya zuwa ikon Pakistan. Benazir nan da nan ya shiga. A cikin rikice-rikicen da aka yi wa gwamnatin Shugaba Ayub Khan, a shekarar 1968 an kama Zulfikar kuma an daure shi na tsawon watanni uku, a lokacin da ya rubuta wa Benazir don karfafa karatunta.[29]