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Cibiyoyin Kasa na Bayanan muhalli

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Cibiyoyin Kasa na Bayanan muhalli
Bayanai
Iri archive (en) Fassara da United States federal agency (en) Fassara
Ƙasa Tarayyar Amurka
Mulki
Hedkwata Asheville (en) Fassara
Mamallaki National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (mul) Fassara
Tarihi
Wanda yake bi National Climatic Data Center (en) Fassara da National Geophysical Data Center (en) Fassara

ncei.noaa.gov


Cibiyoyin Kasa na Bayanan muhalli (NCEI), wata hukumar da gwamnatin Amurka, da kulawa da daya daga cikin kasashen dake da archives na yanayi, bakin teku, Geophysical, kuma Oceanic data, dauke da bayanai da cewa jeri daga surface na rãnã, Duniya ta core, kuma daga tsohuwar zoben itace da rikodin ainihin kankara zuwa kusan hotunan ainihin tauraron dan adam. [1]

NCEI tana aiki ne ta hanyar Tauraron Dan Adam na Muhalli na Kasa, Bayanai, da Bayanai (NESDIS), ofishi na National Oceanic da Gudanar da Yanayi (NOAA), wanda ke aiki a ƙarƙashin Sashin Kasuwancin Amurka . Baya ga adana bayanai, NCEI na haɓaka samfuran da sabis waɗanda kuma ke samar da bayanan a sauƙaƙe don amfani da masana kimiyya, jami'an gwamnati, ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa, makarantun kimiyya, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da sauran jama'a. Babban daraktan yanzu shine Mary Wohlgemuth.

Tarihi

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An ƙirƙiri NCEI a cikin shekarar 2015 daga haɗuwa da cibiyoyin bayanan NOAA guda uku:

  1. Cibiyar Bayar da Bayanan Yanayi ta Kasa (NCDC)
  2. Cibiyar Bayar da Bayanai ta Duniya (NGDC)
  3. Cibiyar Bayar da Bayanai ta Kasa (NODC), wanda ya hada da Cibiyar Bayar da Bayanai ta Yankin Kasa (NCDDC)

Haɗin, wanda ya zo ne sakamakon ƙarin buƙata na bayanin muhalli, an yi niyya ne don sanya bayanan NOAA ya zama mai amfani ta hanyar aikace-aikacen ɗimbin aikin kula da bayanai a duk fannonin ilimin kimiyya.[2] NCEI yana aiki tare da ISC World Data System don samar da bayanai kyauta da samun dama. [3]

Bayanai da aiyuka

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The graph from a study by NCEI

Taskar NCEI ta ƙunshi fiye da petabytes 37 na bayanai, kwatankwacin sama da ɗakunan ajiya miliyan 400 cike da takardu.[4]NCEI tana ba masu amfani damar yin amfani da dubun dubatar bayanai da ɗaruruwan samfura. NOAA ne ke tattara bayanai, ta wasu hukumomi da sassan gwamnatin Amurka, da sauran cibiyoyi, kungiyoyi, da gwamnatoci a Amurka da duk duniya.

Environmental data aka tattara daga kafofi da dama, ciki har da tauraron dan adam, ƙasar-tushen tashoshin, teku buoys, jirãge, mugun sarrafa karkashin ruwa motocin, yanayin balloons, radar, kiyasin da kuma sauyin yanayi model, kuma paleoclimatological bincike. Da zarar an watsa su zuwa NCEI, ana adana bayanai kuma an samar dasu don amfani ga masu bincike da wasu a cikin jama'a da kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A data da kuma kayayyakin bayar da bayanai game da sauyin yanayi da kuma weather, mutuniyar ƙasar, tekuna, da kuma ilimin kasa.

Sauyin yanayi da yanayi

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NCEI tana ba da damar yin amfani da bayanan yanayi ta hanyar rahotanni da bayanai na zamani.

Yanayi a Kallo, kayan aikin mu'amala ne, wanda ya shafi tarihi da yanayin hazo da yanayin zafi na birane, jihohi, da yankuna, da kuma Amurka gabaɗaya.[5] Fihirisar Snowfall na Yanki ya inganta fahimtar tasirin yanki wanda ke haɗuwa da iskar dusar ƙanƙara a Amurka.[6] Bayanai daga NEXRAD, cibiyar sadarwar yanar gizo mai suna Doppler, mai dauke da radar yanayi sau 160, wanda Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Kasa (NWS) ke aiki, an ajiye shi a NCEI.[7]

NCEI tana ba da rahotanni don nazarin yanayin da yanayin yanayi da abubuwan da suka faru. Rahoton Yanayi na Wata-wata yana nazarin bayanai daga ko'ina cikin duniya don inganta fahimtar manyan yanayin duniya.[8] Rahoton Yanayin Amurka na Wata-wata yana nazarin yanayin yanayin Amurka na kwanan nan dangane da yanayin dogon lokaci.[9] Don Takardun sanarwa na shekara-shekara na kungiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Amurka na Rahoton Yanayi, NCEI tana jagorantar ƙetaren duniya, bita da nazari game da yanayin yanayin shekarar kalandar da ta gabata. [10] Essimar canjin yanayin ƙasa ta taƙaita ilimin canjin yanayi da tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan Amurka [11]Norabi'ar Yanayi, matsakaicin shekaru 30 na zazzabi da hazo da ake samarwa sau ɗaya kowace shekara 10, suna ba da ingantacciyar hanyar ingantacciyar hanyar nazarin yanayi. dangane da shawarwarin Kungiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya.[12] Ra'ayoyin Paleo, waɗanda ƙungiyar NCEI ta Paleoclimatology ta ƙirƙira, jerin jigogi ne da ke nuna mahimmancin binciken paleoclimate.[13]

NCEI tana ba da bayanai iri-iri game da abubuwan da suka faru. Rahoton Bala'in Dala na Amurka da Bala'in Yanayi ya ba da bayani game da asarar tattalin arziƙi kai tsaye daga guguwa masu zafi, mahaukaciyar guguwa, wutar daji, ambaliyar ruwa, fari, guguwar hunturu, da sauran abubuwan da suka faru tun 1980.[14] Droofar Fari ta Amurka, daga Tsarin Hadadden Bayani na Fari na ,asa, yana ba da tushen tushen bayanin fari.[15] Shafin Climatology na Taranadojin Amurka na NCEI yana nazarin ayyukan guguwa a duk faɗin Amurka, wanda shine yanki mafi tasirin hadari a duniya, tare da matsakaiciyar guguwa 1,253 a kowace shekara.[16] Bestasashen Duniya Mafi Kyawun Waƙoƙi don Kula da Yanayi ya tattara cikakkun bayanai na duniya game da guguwar wurare masu zafi. [17]Kayan Yammacin Yammacin Amurka yana ba da bayani game da wuri da girma na mafi ƙanƙan da ƙimomin ƙima don zafin jiki, hazo, da sauran sigogi.[18]

Yankuna

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NCEI na samar da dama ga bayanai masu yawa kan yanayin gabar teku.

Taswirar Bahar Maliya ta Mexico tana ba da damar yin amfani da bayanan jiki, na rayuwa, na muhalli, da na tattalin arziki na dogon lokaci waɗanda ke bayyana mahimman yanayin yanayin halittun Gulf of Mexico .[19] NCEI shine ajiyar dogon lokaci don duk bayanan ma'aunin gabar teku na NOAA.[20]

Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia Watch ya tattara kuma ya ba da bayanai kan matakan narkewar iskar oxygen a cikin tsakiyar tsakiyar Tekun Mexico don nazarin illolin rayuwar rayuwar gubar gurbataccen abinci daga kogin Mississippi .[21][22]A Cutarwa algal blooms Kiyaye System (HABSOS) shi ne kayan aiki da damar da muhalli manajoji, masana kimiyya, da kuma jama'a zuwa waƙa biyu na yanzu da kuma da Gulf of Mexico blooms, wani lokacin da aka sani da ja tides, wanda zai iya kashe marine rai, da suke da mutane da lafiya, da kuma lalata masana'antar kamun kifi da yawon buda ido.[23]

Tekuna

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NCEI tana ba da albarkatu da yawa waɗanda suka danganci bayanan teku.

Aikin Bayanai na Tekun Duniya (WOD), mafi girman tarin wadatattun bayanai a duniya na bayanan bayanan bayanan teku, ya ƙunshi sama da masu canji 25 ciki har da zafin jiki, da gishiri, da iskar oxygen, da abubuwan gina jiki. [24]Atlas na Atlas na Duniya (WOA) [25]wani yanayi ne na yanayin yanayin teku wanda aka bincikeshi da gaske, yanayin zafin-sarrafawa mai inganci, gishiri, da kuma kayan abinci, tare da zurfin, dangane da bayanan martaba daga Bayanai na Tekun Duniya. Samfuran Abincin Tekun Duniya da Gishirin yana da mahimmanci don fahimta da samfurin yanayin duniya saboda sama da kashi 90% na zafin rana mai yawa a cikin tsarin Duniya yana shagaltar da tekun. [26] Temarin Zafin Zafin Ruwa da Aka Sake Gyarawa (ERSST) shine ma'aunin zafin yanayin teku na wata-wata na duniya, tare da bayanan da yake faɗawa daga 1854 zuwa yanzu. [27]Tsarin Bayanai na Carbon Ocean yana ba da damar yin amfani da bayanan carbon na cikin teku da aka tattara daga ko'ina cikin duniya. [28] Shirin Bayanin Zazzabi da Girman Gishirin Duniya (GTSPP), ƙoƙari na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda aka shirya a NCEI, yana ba da zazzabin zamani da bayanan gishirin. [29] Rukunin Hadadden Tekun Iska ya ƙunshi dunƙule a duniya, iska mai ƙarfi mai ɗaukar hoto, ana samun sa a kowane lokaci kamar kowane awa shida. [30] Pathfinder SST babban ƙuduri ne, rikodin bayanan yanayi na dogon lokaci na yanayin tauraron dan adam na duniyar tauraron dan adam, wanda aka ƙirƙira shi ta amfani da kayan aikin Mataki mai ƙarfi na Radiometer a cikin tauraron dan adam na NOAA wanda ke kewaye da tauraron dan adam. [31]

NCEI tana aiki tare da NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research don adanawa da bayar da damar samun damar bayanin da NOAAS Okeanos Explorer ya tattara, jirgin ruwan NOAA ne kawai ya keɓe don binciken teku. Kayan aiki sun hada da OER Portal Video, wanda yake bawa masu amfani damar bincike da samun damar bidiyo daga Okeanos Explorer da sauran ayyukan da OER ke daukar nauyinsu,[32] da OER Digital Atlas, wata hanyar taswira ce wacce take bada damar isa ga dukkan bayanai daga balaguron da OER ke tallafawa.[33] Littafin Benthic Deepwater Animal Identification Guide tarin hotuna ne masu kyan gani na dabbobin ruwa wadanda aka kirkiresu daga firam din bidiyo da aka karbo daga Deep Discoverer, motar Okeanos Explorer wacce ke da nesa.[34]

Bayanin Bayanai na Analaly na Coral Reef shine tarin bayanai game da yanayin zafin teku da kuma matakan da suka dace wanda aka tsara don kula da lafiyar kogin murjani, yayin da NOAA Deep Sea Coral Data Portal yana ba da damar yin amfani da hotuna, rahotanni na fasaha, da bayanai kan murjani mai zurfin teku. da soso.[35] Jagoran Yanayin Zafin Ruwa na gabar teku yana ba da kusan-lokacin-lokacin ruwa mai zafi don Manyan Manyan Manyan Ruwa da kuma ruwan teku daga gabar Amurka da yankunanta.[36] OceanNOMADS yana ba da dama ga fitowar shekaru masu yawa daga tsarin samfurin teku da tsarin hasashen.[37]

Ilimin yanayin rayuwa

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Bathymetric data ne mai musamman da hankali. NCEI ne na aikin rarraba nufi ga National Ocean Service bathymetric maps, wanda suke topographic maps na seafloor cewa taya kimiyya da bincike, aikin injiniya, makamashi bincike, da kuma more. Taswirar kamun kifin mai hade da ruwa ya hada da bayanai kan nau'ikan laka da sauran bayanan da zasu taimaka wajen gano filayen kamun kifi.[38]GEBCO Undersea Featured Sunaye Gazetteer ya samar da sunaye da wuraren fasali akan tekun.[39] NCEI tana ginawa tare da rarraba sifofin ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar bakin teku mai ƙarfi (DEMs) waɗanda ke haɗa bathymetry na teku da yanayin ƙasa kuma ana amfani dasu don samfurin ƙira na bakin teku (wanda ke da alaƙa da nazarin ambaliyar tsunami, guguwar iska, haɓakar teku, da ƙari), kula da muhalli da bincike game da muhalli, tsara yankin sararin samaniya da na ruwa, da ragi da kawo hadari da tattalin al'umma.[40] NCEI ta shiga cikin wani shiri don tattara bayanan batirin Great Lakes don amfani dasu wajen bincike kan gurɓacewar ƙasa, zaizayar bakin teku, canjin yanayi, da masana'antar kamun kifi.[41] NCEI's Marine Trackline Geophysical database yana ba da bayanai akan kayan wanka, maganadiso, nauyi, da kuma tunanin girgizar ƙasa wanda aka tattara yayin balaguron jirgin ruwa daga 1939 zuwa yanzu. [42] Extaddamarwar Shelasashen Nahiyar Nahiyar Amurka (ECS) tana aiki don kafa cikakken iyakar wannan yanki na keɓaɓɓen yankin na Amurka fiye da mil 200 daga bakin teku.[43]

NCEI ta kirkiri wani bayanan adana bayanai wadanda suka tattara daga tekunan duniya, wadanda zasu iya taimakawa wajen nazarin halayyar dabbobi, sadarwa, da kaura, gami da tasirin karar da mutum yayi akan rayuwar tekun.[44] Ana amfani da bayanan sonar na ruwa a taswirar makarantun kifi da sauran kwayoyin halittun ruwa na cikin ruwa, da kuma sanya ido kan hanyoyin iskan gas da malalar mai.[45]

NCEI tana kula da adana bayanai na geomagnetic bayanai da haɓaka samfuran filin geomagnetic na Duniya. Tsarin Magnetic na Duniya (WMM) yana haɓaka binciken kimiyya kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga aikace-aikace ciki har da kewayawa da binciken ma'adinai, [46] da High Definition Geomagnetic Model (HDGM) suna ba da ƙimar magnetic ta kowane wuri sama ko ƙasa da saman Duniya. [47] NCEI ta adana bayanai kuma tana ba da damar yin amfani da hasken rana da bayanan muhalli da aka tattara daga maɓuɓɓuka masu yawa, gami da GOES-R da sauran tauraron dan adam, masu lura da hasken rana, da masu sauti a ƙasa, da kuma daga yanayin yanayin sararin samaniya.[48][49]

NCEI tana adana bayanai akan haɗarin yanayi. [50]Taskar Bayanai na Tsarin Girman Girgizar Amurka ya ƙunshi rahotanni game da girgizar ƙasar Amurka sama da 23,000 da suka fara daga 1638 zuwa 1985, [51] yayin da Database mai mahimmancin Duniya ya ɓullo a cikin 2150 BC zuwa yanzu.[52] NCEI tana adana bayanai don shirin Tantancewa da Rahoto na Tsunamis (DART), wanda ke amfani da na'urori masu auna teku don gano tsunami da tsauraran raƙuman ruwa don watsa bayanai a cikin lokaci na ainihi don a iya faɗakarwa.[53] Bayanan Tsunami na Tarihi na Duniya, wanda ya shafi 2000 BC har zuwa yanzu, ya ƙunshi bayanai kan tushen tsunami da wuraren da aka ji tasirinsu. [54] Muhimmin Bayanin Bazuwar Yankin Volcanic ya kunshi bayanai kan manyan fitattun abubuwa 500, gami da nau'in dutsen tsawa da fashewar da aka sani na karshe, yayin da Database na Shawarwarin Ba da Shawara na Volcanic ya taimaka wajen tabbatar da lafiyar jirgin sama da kuma taimakawa wajen nazarin tasirin yanayi na aman wuta. [55]Don magance karuwar barazanar gobarar daji, Tsarin Taswirar Hatsari ya haɗu da hotunan tauraron dan adam tare da bayanai daga kayan aikin gano wuta ta atomatik don nuna wuraren wuraren wuta. NCEI kuma tana kula da tarin hotunan bala'o'i. [56]

Masu amfani da bayanan NCEI

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Ana amfani da albarkatun NCEI don binciken kimiyya da aikace-aikacen kasuwanci a fannoni da yawa, gami da aikin gona, gandun daji, halittun ruwa da na bakin teku, yawon buɗe ido, sufuri, kayayyakin more rayuwa, makamashi, sufuri, albarkatun ruwa, makamashi, kiwon lafiya, inshora, shari'a, da tsaron ƙasa. [57]

Misali, kasuwanci da masana'antun masana'antu suna amfani da bayanan yanayi don tantance yadda yanayin ya rinjayi tallace-tallace da suka gabata don haka zasu iya kyakkyawan shiri don nan gaba. [58]Manoman masara sun dogara da bayanan NCEI don yanke shawarar yawan takin da za a yi amfani da shi.[59] Kamfanin inshorar-wanda ke ba da inshora ga kamfanonin inshora-yana amfani da bayanan NCEI don ƙayyade haɗarin da ke tattare da bala'o'i.[60] Masu kiwon shanu suna amfani da NCEI na mako-mako na Kula da Fari na Amurka don yanke shawara game da kula da ƙasa, girman garken shanu, da kuma sayen abinci. [61]Kamfanin jirgin kasa mai jigilar kayayyaki yana amfani da samfuran NCEI da yawa — gami da Bayanai na Yanayi na Yankin Gida, Haɗin Haɗin Haɗin Daily, da Gidan Tarihin Climatology na Duniya [62] - don yin hasashen inda hanyoyi za su iya toshewa ta hanyar zaizayar ƙasa da kuma taimakawa jiragen ƙasa guje wa hanyar mummunan hadari. [63] Jiragen ruwan kamun kifi na Amurka suna amfani da bayanan NCEI na teku da na bakin teku don ƙayyade inda yanayin kamun kifi ya kasance mai matukar alfanu. [64]Serviceangare na uku masu ba da sabis na yanayi suna amfani da bayanan NCEI don ƙirƙirar tsinkaya ta musamman da sauran kayan aiki don yi wa ɗumbin kwastomomi hidima, kamar kamfanonin sufuri da ke neman gina wuraren da hazo ko dusar ƙanƙara ba za su iya haifar da matsaloli ba. [65]

Wurare

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Taswirar wuraren NCEI har zuwa na 2017

NCEI yana da hedkwatarsa a Asheville, North Carolina, tare da wasu wurare na farko a Boulder, Colorado ; Faduwar Azurfa, a Maryland ; da kuma Stennis Space Center a Hancock County, Mississippi . [66]

Daraktocin Ayyukan Yanayi na NOAA guda shida, waɗanda suke cikin NCEI, suna wakiltar yankunan Gabas, Tsakiya, Kudancin, Fasifik, Yamma, da Alaska. Suna aiki tare da manyan abokan kawancen don samar da bayanan yanayi na musamman ga kowane yanki. [67]

Map of NCEI's regional climate center locations and coverage areas

NCEI ke kula da Shirin Cibiyar Yankin Yanayi, [68] wanda ke ba da sabis ta ofisoshin yanki shida:

  • Babban Yankin Yankin Yankin Yanki (Lincoln, Nebraska)
  • Cibiyar Yanayi na Yankin Midwest (Champaign, Illinois)
  • Cibiyar Yankin Yankin Arewa maso Gabas (Ithaca, New York)
  • Cibiyar Yanayin Yankin Kudu maso Gabas (Chapel Hill, North Carolina)
  • Cibiyar Yankin Yankin Kudancin (Baton Rouge, Louisiana)
  • Cibiyar Yanayi ta Yammacin Yamma (Reno, Nevada)

NCEI abokan hulɗa tare da cibiyoyin ilimi da na ba da agaji waɗanda aka sani da cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa don gudanar da bincike da aiwatar da ayyuka waɗanda ke tallafawa manufa da burinta.[69] Cibiyoyin hadin gwiwar da ke hade da NCEI sune kamar haka:

  • Cibiyar Hadin Kai don Nazarin Tsarin Tsarin Duniya (CISESS)
  • kungiyar Hadin gwiwa don Bincike a Kimiyyar Muhalli (CIRES)
  • Cibiyar Gulf ta Arewa (NGI)

Duba kuma

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Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "About The National Centers for Environmental Information". NCEI. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  2. ↑ "Coming Soon: NCEI". NCDC. Archived from the original on March 31, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  3. ↑ "Regular Members-World Data System". ICSU WDS. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
  4. ↑ "National Centers for Environmental Information: Home". NCEI. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  5. ↑ "Climate at a Glance". NCEI. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  6. ↑ "Regional Snowfall Index". NCEI. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  7. ↑ "NEXRAD". NCEI. Archived from the original on April 30, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  8. ↑ "Monthly Global Climate Reports". NCEI. Archived from the original on February 8, 2013. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  9. ↑ "Monthly U.S. Climate Reports". NCEI. Archived from the original on January 14, 2013. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  10. ↑ "BAMS State of the Climate Report". NCEI. Archived from the original on May 1, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  11. ↑ "Assess the U.S. Climate". NCEI. Archived from the original on May 1, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  12. ↑ "Climate Normals". NCEI. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  13. ↑ "Paleo Perspectives". NCEI. Archived from the original on April 19, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  14. ↑ "Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters". NCEI. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  15. ↑ "Drought.gov". NCEI. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  16. ↑ "Extreme Events". NCEI. Archived from the original on May 25, 2019. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  17. ↑ "IBTrACS". NCEI. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  18. ↑ "U.S. Climate Extremes". NCEI. Archived from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  19. ↑ "Gulf of Mexico Data Atlas". NCEI. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  20. ↑ "Water Level Data in Support of Tsunami Research". NCEI. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  21. ↑ "Welcome to the Cooperative Institute for Gulf Hypoxia". NGI. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  22. ↑ "Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia Watch". NCEI. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  23. ↑ "Harmful Algal Blooms Observing System (HABSOS)". NCEI. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  24. ↑ "World Ocean Database". NCEI. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  25. ↑ "World Ocean Atlas (WOA)". NCEI. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  26. ↑ "Global Ocean Heat and Salt Content". NCEI. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  27. ↑ "Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature (ERSST) v5". NCEI. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  28. ↑ "Ocean Carbon Data System". NCEI. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  29. ↑ "Global Temperature and Salinity Profile Programme (GTSPP)". NCEI. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  30. ↑ "Blended Sea Winds". NCEI. Archived from the original on April 30, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  31. ↑ "Satellite Oceanography". NCEI. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  32. ↑ "OER Video Portal". NCEI. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  33. ↑ "OER Digital Atlas". NCEI. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  34. ↑ "Benthic Deepwater Animal Identification Guide V3". NCEI. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  35. ↑ "Coral Reef Temperature Anomaly Database (CoRTAD)". NCEI. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  36. ↑ "Coastal Water Temperature Guide". NCEI. Archived from the original on March 27, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  37. ↑ "OceanNOMADS". NCEI. Archived from the original on May 1, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  38. ↑ "U.S. Bathymetric and Fishing Maps". NCEI. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  39. ↑ "GEBCO Undersea Feature Names Gazetteer". NCEI. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  40. ↑ "Coastal Elevation Models". NCEI. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  41. ↑ "Great Lakes Bathymetry". NCEI. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  42. ↑ "Marine Trackline Geophysical Data". NCEI. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  43. ↑ "U.S. Extended Continental Shelf (ECS) Project". NCEI. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  44. ↑ "Passive Acoustic Data". NCEI. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  45. ↑ "Water Column Sonar Data". NCEI. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  46. ↑ "Geomagnetic Data". NCEI. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  47. ↑ "High Definition Geomagnetic Model (HDGM)". NCEI. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  48. ↑ "Space Weather". NCEI. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  49. ↑ "GOES-R Space Weather". NCEI. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  50. ↑ "Natural Hazards Data". NCEI. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  51. ↑ "Earthquake Data and Information". NCEI. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  52. ↑ "Earthquake Data and Information". NCEI. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  53. ↑ "Deep-Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART)". NCEI. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  54. ↑ "Global Historical Tsunami Database". NCEI. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  55. ↑ "Volcanic Data". NCEI. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  56. ↑ "Wildfires". NCEI. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  57. ↑ "Sectoral". NCEI. Archived from the original on May 1, 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  58. ↑ "Retail and Manufacturing". NCEI. Archived from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  59. ↑ "Adapt-N for Agriculture". NCEI. Archived from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  60. ↑ "Value of the Data Case Study: Reinsurance". NCEI. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  61. ↑ "Value of the Data: U.S. Drought Monitor". NCEI. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  62. ↑ "Quick Links". NCEI. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  63. ↑ "NOAA Climate and Weather Data Carry Weight in Transportation Sector". NCEI. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  64. ↑ "NOAA Data Help Land the Next Catch". NCEI. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  65. ↑ "Weather Data: Beyond the Forecast". NCEI. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  66. ↑ "NCEI Locations". NCEI. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
  67. ↑ "Regional Climate Services Directors". NCEI. Archived from the original on May 1, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  68. ↑ "Regional Climate Centers". NCEI. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  69. ↑ "NCEI's Cooperative Institutes: Partners in Science". NCEI. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
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