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Guguwa

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Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
guguwa
type of meteorological phenomenon (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na meteorological disaster (en) Fassara, vortex (en) Fassara, meteorological phenomenon (en) Fassara da whirlwind (en) Fassara
Has cause (en) Fassara cumulonimbus (mul) Fassara
Measurement scale (en) Fassara Enhanced Fujita Scale (en) Fassara
Wani guguwa mai zafi a kusa da Iceland

A cikin ilimin yanayi, guguwa (/ˈsaɪ.kloʊn/) babban iska ne wanda ke juyawa a kusa da cibiyar Matsin yanayi mai ƙarfi, a gefen arewacin arewa da kuma a gefen kudu kamar yadda aka kalli daga sama (a gaban guguwa).[1][2] Cyclones suna da halayyar iska mai yawa wanda ke juyawa game da yankin matsin lamba.[3][4] Mafi girman tsarin matsin lamba shine polar vortices da extratropical cyclones na mafi girman sikelin (Mescale synoptic). guguwa mai zurfi kamar Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi da guguwa masu zafi suma suna cikin sikelin synoptic. Mesocyclones, guguwa, da shaidan ƙura suna kwance a cikin ƙaramin mesoscale.[5]

Cyclones na sama na iya kasancewa ba tare da kasancewar ƙasa ba, kuma zai iya tsinkaye daga tushe na tropical upper tropospheric trough a lokacin watanni na rani a Arewacin Hemisphere. An kuma ga guguwa a kan taurari na waje, kamar Mars, Jupiter, da Neptune.[6][7] Cyclogenesis shine tsari na tsarin cyclone da karuwa.[8] Guguwar Extratropical ta fara ne a matsayin raƙuman ruwa a cikin manyan yankuna na bambancin zafin jiki na tsakiya da ake kira Yankunan baroclinic. Wadannan yankuna suna kwangila kuma suna samar da Yanayin yanayi yayin da yaduwar cyclonic ta rufe kuma ta kara karfi. Daga baya a cikin rayuwarsu, guguwar extratropical ya ɓace yayin da iska mai sanyi ta lalata iska mai dumi kuma ta zama tsarin sanyi. Ana jagorantar hanyar guguwa a cikin rayuwarta ta kwanaki 2 zuwa 6 ta hanyar jagorancin jet stream na subtropical.

Yanayin yanayi yana nuna iyaka tsakanin iska biyu na zafin jiki daban-daban, danshi, da yawa, kuma suna da alaƙa da manyan abubuwan da suka faru. Tsuntsaye masu sanyi masu ƙarfi yawanci suna da ƙananan bands na tsawa da Yanayi mai tsanani, kuma a wasu lokuta ana iya gabatar da su da Layin guguwa ko layin bushe. Irin waɗannan gaba suna samuwa a yammacin cibiyar zagayawa kuma gabaɗaya suna motsawa daga yamma zuwa gabas; gaba mai dumi yana samuwa a gabashin cibiyar guguwa kuma yawanci ana gaba da hazo da hazo. Yankunan zafi suna motsawa zuwa pole a gaban hanyar guguwa. Gaban da aka rufe sun samo asali ne a ƙarshen rayuwar guguwa kusa da tsakiyar guguwa kuma sau da yawa suna kewaye da cibiyar guguwa.

Cyclogenesis na wurare masu zafi yana bayyana tsarin ci gaban guguwa na wurare masu wurare masu zafi. Cyclones na wurare masu zafi suna samuwa ne saboda zafi mai zurfi wanda ke haifar da babban aikin tsawa, kuma suna da zafi.[9][10] Cyclones na iya canzawa tsakanin extratropical, subtropical, da tropical matakai.[11] Mesocyclones suna samuwa a matsayin guguwa mai zafi a kan ƙasa, kuma suna iya haifar da samar da guguwa. Waterspouts kuma na iya samuwa daga mesocyclones, amma galibi suna tasowa daga mahalli na babban rashin kwanciyar hankali da ƙananan iska mai tsaye. A cikin Tekun Atlantika da arewa maso gabashin Tekun Pacific, ana kiran guguwa ta wurare masu zafi a matsayin guguwa (daga sunan tsohon allahn iska na Amurka ta tsakiya, Huracan), a cikin Tekun Indiya da kudancin Pacific ana kiranta guguwa, kuma a arewa maso yammacin Pacific ana kiran shi guguwa.[12] Girman rashin kwanciyar hankali a cikin vortices ba na duniya ba ne. Misali, girman, tsananin, danshi-convection, evaporation na farfajiyar, darajar yiwuwar zafin jiki a kowane tsawo na iya shafar juyin halitta na vortex.[13]

Nomenclature

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Henry Piddington ya buga takardu 40 da ke magana game da <i id="mwkA">guguwa</i> ta wurare masu zafi daga Calcutta tsakanin 1836 da 1855 a cikin Jaridar Asiatic Society . Ya kuma kirkiro kalmar cyclone, ma'ana coil na maciji. A shekara ta 1842, ya wallafa rubutun sa mai mahimmanci, Laws of the Storms .

Kwatanta tsakanin guguwa ta extratropical da tropical a kan binciken farfajiyar

Akwai halaye da yawa na tsari na kowa ga dukkan guguwa. Guguwa yanki ne mai matsin lamba.[14] Cibiyar guguwa (wanda aka fi sani da shi a cikin guguwa mai karfi kamar ido), shine yankin mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin yankin.[14] Kusa da cibiyar, ƙarfin ƙarfin matsa lamba (daga matsin lamba a tsakiyar guguwa idan aka kwatanta da matsin lamba daga waje da guguwa) da ƙarfin daga Tasirin Coriolis dole ne ya kasance a cikin daidaitattun daidaito, ko kuma guguwa za ta rushe a kanta sakamakon bambancin matsin lamba.[15]

Saboda Tasirin Coriolis, iska da ke gudana a kusa da babban guguwa yana da tsakiya a Arewacin Hemisphere kuma yana da tsayi a Kudancin Hemispher.[16] A cikin Arewacin Hemisphere, iskõki mafi sauri dangane da farfajiyar Duniya don haka suna faruwa a gefen gabas na guguwa mai motsawa zuwa arewa kuma a gefen arewacin wanda ke motsawa zuwa yamma; akasin haka yana faruwa a Kudancin Hemispher.[17] Sabanin tsarin matsin lamba, iskar da ke kewaye da tsarin matsin hankali yana gefen agogo (anticyclonic) a arewacin arewa, kuma yana gefen lokaci a kudancin kudancin.

Kafawa

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Yankin farko na extratropical low-pressure yana samuwa a wurin jan dot a kan hoton. Yawancin lokaci yana tsaye (a kusurwar dama zuwa) tsarin girgije mai kama da ganye da aka gani akan tauraron dan adam a farkon matakin cyclogenesis. Wurin axis na saman matakin jet stream yana cikin haske blue.
Cyclones na wurare masu zafi suna samuwa lokacin da makamashi da aka saki ta hanyar kwantar da danshi a cikin iska mai tashi yana haifar da madauki mai kyau a kan ruwan teku mai dumi.[18]

Cyclogenesis shine ci gaba ko karfafa yaduwar cyclonic a cikin yanayi.[8] Cyclogenesis kalma ce ta laima don matakai daban-daban waɗanda duk suna haifar da ci gaban wani nau'in cyclone.[19] Zai iya faruwa a ma'auni daban-daban, daga microscale zuwa ma'aunin synoptic.

Guguwa ta extrotropical ta fara ne a matsayin raƙuman ruwa tare da Yanayin yanayi kafin su ɓace daga baya a cikin rayuwarsu a matsayin tsarin sanyi. Koyaya, wasu guguwa masu tsananin extratropical na iya zama tsarin zafi lokacin da keɓewa mai zafi ya faru.

Cyclones na wurare masu zafi suna samuwa ne sakamakon muhimmiyar aiki, kuma suna da zafi.[10] Mesocyclones suna samuwa a matsayin guguwa mai zafi a kan ƙasa, kuma suna iya haifar da samar da guguwa. Waterspouts kuma na iya samuwa daga mesocyclones, amma sau da yawa yana tasowa daga mahalli na babban rashin kwanciyar hankali da ƙananan iska mai tsaye. Cyclolysis akasin cyclogenesis ne, kuma shine tsarin matsin lamba mai girma, wanda ke hulɗa da kafa yankuna masu matsin lamba - anticyclogenesis . [20]

Ƙananan ƙasa na iya samuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban.  Topography na iya haifar da ƙasa ƙasa.  Mesoscale convective tsarin iya spawn saman lows cewa su ne da farko dumi-core.  Rikicin na iya girma ya zama nau'i mai kama da igiyar ruwa tare da gaba kuma ƙananan yana a matsayi a gindin.  A kusa da ƙananan, kwarara ya zama cyclonic.  Wannan juyi juyi yana motsa iskar igiya zuwa ma'aunin ma'ida a gefen yamma na ƙasan ƙasa, yayin da iska mai zafi ke motsawa zuwa sandar gefen gabas.  Gaba mai sanyi ya bayyana a gefen yamma, yayin da gaba mai dumi ya kasance a gefen gabas.  Yawancin lokaci, gaban sanyi yana motsawa da sauri fiye da gaban dumi kuma yana "kama" tare da shi saboda jinkirin yashwar iska mai yawa a gaban guguwar.  Bugu da kari, mafi girma yawa iska taro sharewa a bayan guguwar cyclone karfafa mafi girma matsa lamba, da tsananin sanyi iska taro.  Gaban sanyi yana ɗaukar gaban dumi, kuma yana rage tsayin gaban dumi.   A wannan lokacin an rufe gaban gaba inda aka tura yawan iska mai dumi zuwa sama cikin wani tudun ruwa mai dumin iska, wanda kuma aka sani da trowal..[21]

Cyclogenesis na wurare masu zafi shine ci gaba da ƙarfafa Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi.[22] Hanyoyin da ke faruwa na cyclogenesis na wurare masu zafi sun bambanta da waɗanda ke samar da cyclones na tsakiya. Cyclogenesis na wurare masu zafi, ci gaban guguwa Mai zafi, ya fara ne tare da gagarumin convection a cikin yanayi mai kyau. Akwai manyan buƙatu guda shida don cyclogenesis na wurare masu zafi:

  1. isasshen Yanayin zafi na teku,
  2. Rashin kwanciyar hankali na yanayi,
  3. high zafi a cikin ƙananan zuwa matsakaicin matakan troposphere
  4. isasshen Ƙarfin Coriolis don haɓaka cibiyar matsin lamba
  5. wani wuri mai zurfi ko rikici
  6. low tsaye iska shear.[23]

Matsakaicin guguwa na wurare masu zafi 86 na tsananin guguwa mai zafi ya samo asali a kowace shekara a duk duniya, [24] tare da 47 da suka kai ƙarfin guguwa / guguwa, kuma 20 sun zama guguwa masu zafi (akalla ƙarfin Category 3 a kan sikelin guguwar Saffir-Simpson). [25] 

Sikeli na Synoptic

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Wani ginshiƙi mai ban mamaki na guguwa mai zafi wanda ke shafar Burtaniya da Ireland. Arrows masu launin shudi tsakanin isobars suna nuna jagorancin iska, yayin da alamar "L" ke nuna tsakiyar "ƙananan". Lura iyakokin gaba da aka rufe, sanyi da dumi.

Ana iya gano nau'ikan guguwa masu zuwa a cikin sigogi.

Nau'ikan da ke ƙasa

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Akwai manyan nau'ikan guguwa guda uku: Guguwa ta extratropical, Guguwa ta subtropical da guguwa masu zafi.

Guguwa mai zafi

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  Wani Guguwa ta extratropical shine tsarin yanayi mai ƙarancin matsin lamba wanda ba shi da halaye na wurare masu zafi, saboda an haɗa shi da gaba da gradients na kwance (maimakon tsaye) a cikin zafin jiki da raɓa wanda ba a san shi da "yanki na baroclinic". [26]

"Extratropical" ana amfani da shi ga guguwa a waje da wurare masu zafi, a tsakiyar latitudes. Wadannan tsarin kuma ana iya bayyana su a matsayin "tsakiyar tsakiya" saboda yankin da suka samo asali, ko kuma "tsakiyoyin bayan wurare masu zafi" lokacin da guguwa ta wurare masu zafi ta motsa (canjin yanayi na wurare masu zafi) bayan wurare masu wurare masu zafi.[26][27] Sau da yawa ana bayyana su a matsayin "rashin lafiya" ko "ƙasa" ta hanyar masu hasashen yanayi da jama'a gaba ɗaya. Waɗannan su ne abubuwan da ke faruwa a yau da kullun waɗanda, tare da anticyclones, ke fitar da yanayi a yawancin duniya.

Kodayake kusan koyaushe ana rarraba cyclones na extratropical a matsayin baroclinic tunda sun samo asali ne tare da yankuna na zafin jiki da gradient na dewpoint a cikin yamma, wani lokacin suna iya zama barotropic a ƙarshen rayuwarsu lokacin da rarraba zafin jiki a kusa da cyclone ya zama daidai da radius.[28] Wani guguwa na extratropical na iya canzawa zuwa guguwa ta subtropical, kuma daga can zuwa guguwar zafi, idan yana zaune a kan ruwa mai dumi wanda ya isa ya dumi tsakiya, kuma a sakamakon haka yana haifar da tsakiya.[29] Wani nau'i mai karfi na guguwa mai zafi wanda ke faruwa a lokacin hunturu an san shi da yawa a matsayin Easter.  

Rashin teku a kan Tekun Japan a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2009

Polar low-sikelin ne, an samo gajeriyar tsarin matsakaiciyar ƙasa (bacin rai) wanda aka samo a kan Ocean wurare masu ɗaukar hoto a gaban arewacin da kudu. An fara gano ƙasƙanci na Polar akan hotunan tauraron dan adam na meteorological wanda ya zama samuwa a cikin 1960s, wanda ya bayyana ƙananan ƙananan vortices a manyan latitudes. Ana samun mafi yawan ƙwanƙwasa ƙanƙara a kan wasu wuraren ruwa marasa ƙanƙara a ciki ko kusa da Arctic a lokacin hunturu, kamar Tekun Norwegian, Tekun Barents, Tekun Labrador da Gulf of Alaska. Polar lows yana bacewa da sauri lokacin da suka yi ƙasa. Tsarin Antarctic yana da rauni fiye da takwarorinsu na arewa tunda bambance-bambancen yanayin yanayin iska da teku a nahiyar gabaɗaya ya fi ƙanƙanta [ana hujja]. Koyaya, ana iya samun ƙarancin iyakacin iyaka a kan Tekun Kudancin. A lokacin hunturu, lokacin da sanyi-core low tare da yanayin zafi a tsakiyar matakan troposphere ya kai −45 °C (-49 °F) ya motsa a kan buɗaɗɗen ruwa, nau'ikan juzu'i mai zurfi, wanda ke ba da damar ƙarancin ci gaba mai yuwuwa.[1] Tsarukan yawanci suna da ma'aunin tsayin daka a kwance na kasa da kilomita 1,000 (620 mi) kuma suna wanzuwa sama da kwanaki biyu. Suna daga cikin babban ajin tsarin yanayin yanayin mesoscale. Ƙarƙashin iyaka na iya zama da wahala a gano ta amfani da rahotannin yanayi na al'ada kuma suna da haɗari ga ayyuka masu tsayi, kamar jigilar kaya da gas da dandamali na mai. Wasu sharuɗɗan da yawa sun yi magana game da ƙarancin iyaka, irin su polar mesoscale vortex, guguwar Arctic, ƙarancin Arctic, da bakin ciki na iska mai sanyi. A yau kalmar yawanci ana keɓance shi ne don ƙarin ƙarfi mai ƙarfi waɗanda ke da iskoki kusa da sama na aƙalla 17 m/s.

Yankin da ke kusa da wurare masu zafi

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2016)" id="mwAYE" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hurricane Alex (2016)">Guguwar Alex a arewacin Tekun Atlantika a watan Janairun 2016

guguwa mai zafi shine tsarin yanayi wanda ke da wasu halaye na Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi da wasu halayen Guguwa ta extratropical. Za su iya samuwa tsakanin ma'auni da 50th parallel.[30] Tun daga farkon shekarun 1950, masu binciken yanayi ba su da tabbas ko ya kamata a kwatanta su da guguwa na wurare masu zafi ko guguwa ta extratropical, kuma sun yi amfani da kalmomi kamar kusan-tropical da semi-tropical don bayyana hybrids na guguwa.[31] A shekara ta 1972, Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa a Amurka ta amince da wannan rukunin guguwa.[32] Guguwa ta subtropical ta fara karɓar sunaye daga Jerin guguwa na wurare masu zafi a cikin Atlantic Basin a cikin 2002. [30] Suna da alamu masu iska masu yawa tare da matsakaicin iskõki masu ɗorewa da ke nesa da tsakiya fiye da guguwa na wurare masu zafi, kuma suna cikin yankunan da ke da rauni zuwa matsakaiciyar yanayin zafi.[30]

Tunda suke tasowa daga guguwa mai zafi, waɗanda ke da yanayin zafi sama da yadda ake samu a wurare masu zafi, yanayin zafin da ake buƙata a saman teku yana kusa da ma'aunin Celsius 23 (73 °F) don samuwar su, wanda ya kai ma'aunin Celsius uku (5 °F) ƙasa da na cyclones na wurare masu zafi. Wannan yana nufin cewa guguwar da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta fi yin yuwuwa a waje da iyakokin gargajiya na lokacin guguwa. Ko da yake guguwar da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa ba ta cika samun iskar guguwa ba, za su iya zama na wurare masu zafi a yanayi yayin da jigon su ya yi zafi..[33]   

Yankin zafi

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Guguwar Florence da aka gani daga tashar sararin samaniya ta duniyaTashar sararin samaniya ta kasa da kasa

Guguwa ce ta wurare masu zafi Tsarin guguwa wanda ke da cibiyar matsin lamba da tsawa da yawa waɗanda ke haifar da iskõki masu ƙarfi da ruwan sama.[34] Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi tana ciyar da zafi da aka saki lokacin da iska mai laushi ta tashi, wanda ke haifar da kwantar da tururi na ruwa da ke cikin iska mai lahi.[34] Ana ciyar da su ta hanyar tsarin zafi daban-daban fiye da sauran guguwar iska irin su nor'easters, guguwar Turai, da low polar, wanda ke haifar da rarraba su a matsayin tsarin guguwar "mai zafi".[34][10]

Kalmar "tropical" tana nufin asalin ƙasa na waɗannan tsarin, waɗanda suka samo asali kusan a yankuna masu zafi na duniya, [35] da kuma dogaro da iska mai zafi na Maritime Tropical don samar da su. Kalmar "cyclone" tana nufin yanayin guguwa, tare da juyawa a arewacin Hemisphere da juyawa na tsakiya a Kudancin Hemispher.[35] Dangane da wurin da ƙarfin su, ana kiran guguwa ta wurare masu zafi da wasu sunaye, kamar guguwa, guguwa mai zafi, guguwar guguwa ta wurare masu zafi, bakin ciki na wurare masu wurare masu zafi.[35]

Duk da yake guguwa na wurare masu zafi na iya samar da iskõki masu ƙarfi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi, suna kuma iya samar da raƙuman ruwa masu ƙarfi da kuma guguwar guguwa.[36] Iskarsu tana ƙara girman raƙuman ruwa, kuma ta yin hakan suna jawo ƙarin zafi da danshi a cikin tsarin su, don haka suna ƙara ƙarfin su. Suna tasowa a kan manyan ruwa mai dumi, [37] kuma saboda haka suna rasa ƙarfin su idan sun motsa a kan ƙasa.[38] Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa yankunan bakin teku zasu iya samun mummunar lalacewa daga guguwa mai zafi, yayin da yankunan cikin gida suna da aminci daga iskõki masu ƙarfi.[35] Ruwan sama mai tsanani, duk da haka, na iya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa a cikin ƙasa.[35] Hawan guguwa yana tashi a matakin teku wanda ya haifar da rage matsin lamba na core wanda a zahiri "ya sha" ruwa sama kuma daga iskõki waɗanda a zahiri "takarda" ruwa sama. Hadarin guguwa na iya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa har zuwa kilomita 40 (25 daga bakin tekun.[35] Kodayake tasirin su akan yawan mutane na iya zama masu lalacewa, guguwa na wurare masu zafi na iya sauƙaƙa yanayin fari. Har ila yau, suna ɗaukar zafi da makamashi daga wurare masu zafi kuma suna jigilar shi zuwa latitudes masu matsakaici, wanda ya sa su zama muhimmin ɓangare na tsarin yaduwar yanayi na duniya.[35] A sakamakon haka, guguwa ta wurare masu zafi tana taimakawa wajen kula da daidaito a cikin yanayin duniya.[35]

Yawancin guguwa na wurare masu zafi suna tasowa lokacin da yanayin yanayi ke kusa da rikice-rikice mai rauni a cikin yanayi yana da kyau.[35] Sauran suna samuwa lokacin da wasu nau'ikan guguwa suka sami halaye na wurare masu zafi. Ana motsa tsarin wurare masu zafi ta hanyar jagorantar iskõki a cikin yanayin zafi; idan yanayin ya kasance mai kyau, rikice-rikicen wurare masu zafi yana ƙaruwa, har ma yana iya haɓaka ido. A wani gefen bakan, idan yanayin da ke kewaye da tsarin ya lalace ko guguwar zafi ta sauka, tsarin ya raunana kuma a ƙarshe ya ɓace. Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi na iya zama extratropical yayin da yake motsawa zuwa mafi girman latitudes idan tushen makamashi ya canza daga zafi da aka saki ta hanyar kwantar da hankali zuwa bambance-bambance a cikin zafin jiki tsakanin iska.[10] Yawancin lokaci ba a la'akari da guguwa ta wurare masu zafi don zama mai zafi a lokacin canjin extratropical.[39]

Nau'ikan matakin sama

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Guguwar guguwa

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A polar, sub-polar, ko Arctic cyclone (wanda aka fi sani da polar vortex) [40] babban yanki ne na matsin lamba wanda ke ƙarfafawa a cikin hunturu kuma ya raunana a lokacin rani. [41] A polar cyclone ne mai low-matsi yanayi tsarin, yawanci ya kai 1,000 kilomita (620 zuwa 2,000 kilomita (1,200 , inda iska ke zagayawa a cikin wani counterclockwise shugabanci a arewacin hemisphere, da kuma wani clockwise shugabancin a kudancin hemispher.[42] Saurin Coriolis da ke aiki a kan iska mai yawa da ke motsawa zuwa pole a babban tsawo, yana haifar da yaduwar lokaci a babban tsaunuka. Motsi na iska zuwa pole ya samo asali ne daga yaduwar iska na Kwayar halitta. Ƙananan polar ba ya motsawa ta hanyar convection kamar yadda guguwa na wurare masu zafi, ko kuma sanyi da iska mai zafi kamar yadda gwagwarmayar extratropical ke, amma kayan tarihi ne na motsi na iska na duniya na kwayar Polar. Tushen ƙananan polar yana cikin tsakiyar zuwa saman troposphere. A cikin Arewacin Hemisphere, guguwar polar tana da cibiyoyi biyu a matsakaici. Ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin yana kusa da tsibirin Baffin ɗayan kuma a arewa maso gabashin Siberia.[40] A kudancin kudancin, yana kusa da gefen kankara na Ross kusa da 160 yammacin longitude.[43] Lokacin da polar vortex yake da ƙarfi, ana iya jin tasirinsa a farfajiya a matsayin iska ta yamma (zuwa gabas). Lokacin da guguwar polar ta raunana, manyan barkewar sanyi suna faruwa.[44]

Kwayar halitta ta TUTT

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Ƙarƙashin takamaiman yanayi, ƙananan matakan sanyi na iya karyewa daga tushe na tudun ruwa mai zafi (TUTT), wanda ke tsakiyar teku a Arewacin Hemisphere a lokacin watanni na rani. Waɗannan vortices na tropospheric cyclonic na sama, wanda kuma aka sani da ƙwayoyin TUTT ko TUTT lows, yawanci suna motsawa a hankali daga gabas-arewa-gabas zuwa yamma-kudu maso yamma, kuma sansanonin su gabaɗaya baya wuce ƙasa da ƙafa 20,000 (6,100 m) a tsayi. Rarraunan jujjuyawar magudanar ruwa a cikin iskar kasuwanci ana samun gabaɗaya a ƙarƙashinsu, kuma ana iya haɗa su da faffadan manyan gajimare. Ci gaban ƙasa yana haifar da haɓakar gizagizai na cumulus da bayyanar vortex na saman. A lokuta da ba kasafai ba, suna zama cyclones na wurare masu zafi. Guguwa na sama da manyan magudanan ruwa waɗanda ke bin diddigin cyclones na wurare masu zafi na iya haifar da ƙarin tashoshi masu fita da kuma taimakawa wajen haɓaka su. Haɓaka rikice-rikice na wurare masu zafi na iya taimakawa ƙirƙira ko zurfafa tudun ruwa na sama ko na sama a cikin farkawansu saboda fitar da jet ɗin da ke fitowa daga haɓakar tashin hankali/cyclone na wurare masu zafi.[45][46]

Matsayi na tsayi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wadannan nau'ikan guguwa ba za a iya gane su a cikin sigogi ba.

Mesocyclone

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mesocyclone wani juyi ne na iska, kilomita 2.0 (1.2 mi) zuwa kilomita 10 (6.2 mi) a diamita (mesoscale of meteorology), a cikin guguwa mai kauri. Iska tana tashi kuma tana jujjuyawa a kusa da axis na tsaye, yawanci a hanya ɗaya da tsarin ƙananan matsa lamba[2] a duka arewaci da kudanci. Mafi sau da yawa cyclonic, wato, hade da wani gida low-matsa lamba yankin a cikin wani supercell. Irin wannan hadari na iya ƙunsar ƙaƙƙarfan iska da kuma ƙanƙara Mesocyclones sau da yawa faruwa tare da updrafts a cikin supercells, inda hadari na iya tasowa. Kimanin mesocyclones 1,700 ke faruwa a duk shekara a duk faɗin Amurka, amma rabin ne kawai ke haifar da guguwa.

Guguwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Guguwa guguwa ginshiƙi ne mai juyawa sosai na iska wanda ke hulɗa da farfajiyar ƙasa da girgije mai zurfi ko, [47] a lokuta masu wuya, tushen girgije mai girma. Har ila yau ana kiranta da twisters, kalma ce ta yau da kullun a Amurka, ko cyclones, kodayake ana amfani da kalmar cyclone a cikin yanayin yanayi, a cikin ma'ana mai zurfi, don kiran duk wani yaduwar matsin lamba.

shaidan ƙura mai ƙarfi ne, mai kyau, kuma mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗana, [48] daga ƙarami (rabin mita a faɗin da 'yan mita a tsawo) zuwa babba (fiye da mita 10 a faɗin kuma fiye da mita 1000 a tsawo). [48] Babban motsi na tsaye yana sama.[48] Dust devils yawanci ba su da lahani, amma a lokuta masu wuya suna girma sosai don haifar da barazana ga mutane da dukiya.[48]   Ruwa mai ruwa shine ginshiƙi wanda ke tasowa a kan ruwa wanda shine, a cikin mafi yawan siffarsa, Guguwa mai ban sha'awa a kan ruwa wacce ke da alaƙa da girgije na cumuliform. Duk da yake sau da yawa ya fi rauni fiye da yawancin takwarorinsa na ƙasa, nau'ikan da suka fi karfi da mesocyclones suka haifar suna faruwa.

Shaidan tururi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wani nau'i mai laushi a kan ruwa mai laushi ko ƙasa mai laushi wanda aka gani ta hanyar tashiwar tururi.

Wutar wuta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wutar wuta - wanda aka fi sani da shaidan wuta, guguwar wuta, firenado, ko wuta - iska ce da wuta ta haifar kuma sau da yawa ana yin ta da harshen wuta ko toka.

Sauran taurari

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Cyclone a kan Mars, wanda Hubble Space Telescope ya ɗauka
Guguwa da yawa a kan arewacin Jupiter, wanda Juno ya zana

Cyclones ba na musamman ba ne ga Duniya. guguwa cyclonic ta zama ruwan dare a kan manyan taurari, kamar Small Dark Spot a kan Neptune . [49] Yana da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na diamita na Babban Dark Spot kuma ya sami laƙabi "Ido na Wizard" saboda yana kama da ido. Wannan bayyanar ta samo asali ne daga fararen girgije a tsakiyar Wizard's Eye.[7] Mars kuma ta nuna guguwar guguwa.[6] Guguwar Jovian kamar Great Red Spot yawanci ana kiranta da kuskure a matsayin manyan guguwa ko guguwar cyclonic. Koyaya, wannan ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda Babban Red Spot, a zahiri, abin da ya faru, anticyclone ne.[50]

  1. ↑ Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). "Cyclonic circulation". American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
  2. ↑ Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). "Cyclone". American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
  3. ↑ BBC Weather Glossary (July 2006). "Cyclone". BBC. Archived from the original on 2006-08-29. Retrieved 2006-10-24.
  4. ↑ "UCAR Glossary — Cyclone". University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2006-10-24.
  5. ↑ I. Orlanski (1975). "A rational subdivision of scales for atmospheric processes". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 56 (5): 527–530. Bibcode:1975BAMS...56..527.. doi:10.1175/1520-0477-56.5.527.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 David Brand (1999-05-19). "Colossal cyclone swirling near Martian north pole is observed by Cornell-led team on Hubble telescope". Cornell University. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-15. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Brand" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Samantha Harvey (2006-10-02). "Historic Hurricanes". NASA. Archived from the original on 2008-04-15. Retrieved 2008-06-14. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "WIZ" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Nina A. Zaitseva (2006). "Cyclogenesis". National Snow and Ice Data Center. Archived from the original on 2006-08-30. Retrieved 2006-12-04. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Arc" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ "Tropical cyclogenesis". www-das.uwyo.edu. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Stan Goldenberg (2004-08-13). "Frequently Asked Questions: What is an extra-tropical cyclone?". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Hurricane Research Division. Archived from the original on 2007-02-09. Retrieved 2007-03-23. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "AOML FAQ A7" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ Evans, Clark; Wood, Kimberly M.; Aberson, Sim D.; Archambault, Heather M.; Milrad, Shawn M.; Bosart, Lance F.; Corbosiero, Kristen L.; Davis, Christopher A.; Pinto, João R. Dias; Doyle, James; Fogarty, Chris; Galarneau, Thomas J.; Grams, Christian M.; Griffin, Kyle S.; Gyakum, John (1 November 2017). "The Extratropical Transition of Tropical Cyclones. Part I: Cyclone Evolution and Direct Impacts". Monthly Weather Review. 145 (11): 4317–4344. Bibcode:2017MWRv..145.4317E. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-17-0027.1. S2CID 38114516. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  12. ↑ "Frequently asked questions". Hurricane Research Division. Archived from the original on 2011-03-09. Retrieved 2006-04-08.
  13. ↑ Rostami, Masoud; Zeitlin, Vladimir (July 2018). "An improved moist-convective rotating shallow-water model and its application to instabilities of hurricane-like vortices" (PDF). Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 144 (714): 1450–1462. Bibcode:2018QJRMS.144.1450R. doi:10.1002/qj.3292.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Chris Landsea and Sim Aberson (August 13, 2004). "Subject: A11) What is the "eye"? How is it formed and maintained ? What is the "eyewall"? What are "spiral bands"?". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2006-06-14. Retrieved 2009-12-28.
  15. ↑ "The Atmosphere in Motion" (PDF). University of Aberdeen. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-18. Retrieved 2011-09-11.
  16. ↑ Chris Landsea (2009-02-06). "Subject: D3) Why do tropical cyclones' winds rotate counterclockwise (clockwise) in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere?". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2009-01-06. Retrieved 2009-12-28.
  17. ↑ "Are the winds on one side of a hurricane faster than on the other side?". USA Today. Ask the Experts: Hurricanes. November 11, 2007. Archived from the original on October 12, 2011. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
  18. ↑ Kerry Emanuel (January 2006). "Anthropogenic Effects on Tropical Cyclone Activity". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 2012-07-17. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
  19. ↑ "Cyclogenesis | meteorology". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  20. ↑ Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). "Cyclogenesis". American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2014-01-15. Retrieved 2009-12-28.
  21. ↑ St. Louis University (2004-09-06). "What is a trowal?". National Weather Association. Archived from the original on June 8, 2008. Retrieved 2010-01-01.
  22. ↑ Nina A. Zaitseva (2006). "Definition for Cyclogenesis". National Snow and Ice Data Center. Archived from the original on 2006-08-30. Retrieved 2006-10-20.
  23. ↑ Chris Landsea (2009-02-06). "Subject: A15) How do tropical cyclones form ?". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2009-08-27. Retrieved 2010-01-01.
  24. ↑ Shultz, James M.; Russell, Jill; Espinel, Zelde (July 2005). "Epidemiology of Tropical Cyclones: The Dynamics of Disaster, Disease, and Development". Epidemiologic Reviews. 27 (1): 21–35. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxi011. PMID 15958424.
  25. ↑ Chris Landsea (2000-01-04). "Climate Variability table — Tropical Cyclones". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2012-10-02. Retrieved 2006-10-19.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 DeCaria (2005-12-07). "ESCI 241 – Meteorology; Lesson 16 – Extratropical Cyclones". Department of Earth Sciences, Millersville University, Millersville, Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on September 3, 2006. Retrieved 2006-10-21. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ExtraLessonMillUni" defined multiple times with different content
  27. ↑ Robert Hart; Jenni Evans (2003). "Synoptic Composites of the Extratropical Transition Lifecycle of North Atlantic TCs as Defined Within Cyclone Phase Space" (PDF). American Meteorological Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-06-09. Retrieved 2006-10-03.
  28. ↑ Ryan N. Maue (2008). "Chapter 3: Cyclone Paradigms and Extratropical Transition Conceptualizations". Florida State University. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
  29. ↑ Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Hurricane Research Division. "Frequently Asked Questions: What is an extra-tropical cyclone?". NOAA. Archived from the original on 2007-02-09. Retrieved 2006-07-25.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Chris Landsea (2009-02-06). "Subject: A6) What is a sub-tropical cyclone?". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2011-10-11. Retrieved 2009-12-27.
  31. ↑ Spiegler, David B. (1973). "Reply". Monthly Weather Review. 101 (4): 380. Bibcode:1973MWRv..101..380S. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1973)101<0380:R>2.3.CO;2.
  32. ↑ Simpson, R. H.; Hebert, Paul J. (1973). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1972". Monthly Weather Review. 101 (4): 323–333. Bibcode:1973MWRv..101..323S. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1973)101<0323:AHSO>2.3.CO;2.
  33. ↑ Chris Landsea (2009-02-06). "Frequently Asked Questions: What is a sub-tropical cyclone?". NOAA. Archived from the original on 2011-10-11. Retrieved 2009-12-27.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 "StackPath". www.laserfocusworld.com. 10 August 2011. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 35.6 35.7 35.8 "StackPath". www.laserfocusworld.com. 10 August 2011. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "laserfocusworld.com" defined multiple times with different content
  36. ↑ Shultz, James M.; Russell, Jill; Espinel, Zelde (July 2005). "Epidemiology of Tropical Cyclones: The Dynamics of Disaster, Disease, and Development". Epidemiologic Reviews. 27 (1): 21–35. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxi011. PMID 15958424.
  37. ↑ Chris Landsea (2009-02-06). "Frequently Asked Questions: How do tropical cyclones form?". NOAA. Archived from the original on 2009-08-27. Retrieved 2006-07-26.
  38. ↑ Sim Aberson (2009-02-06). "Subject : C2) Doesn't the friction over land kill tropical cyclones?". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2012-07-31. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
  39. ↑ Padgett, Gary (2001). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary for December 2000". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2006-03-31.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). "Polar vortex". American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2019-07-18. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
  41. ↑ Halldór Björnsson (2005-01-19). "Global circulation". Veðurstofa Íslands. Archived from the original on 2011-08-07. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
  42. ↑ Garima, Khera. "A vortex of winds-Cyclones – Geography and You". Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  43. ↑ Chen, Rui-Rong; Boyer, Don L.; Tao, Lijun (December 1993). "Laboratory Simulation of Atmospheric Motions in the Vicinity of Antarctica". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 50 (24): 4058–4079. Bibcode:1993JAtS...50.4058C. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<4058:LSOAMI>2.0.CO;2.
  44. ↑ James E. Kloeppel (2001-12-01). "Stratospheric polar vortex influences winter freezing, researchers say". University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign via the Internet Wayback Machine. Archived from the original on 2001-12-24. Retrieved 2009-12-27.
  45. ↑ Clark Evans (January 5, 2006). "Favorable trough interactions on tropical cyclones". Flhurricane.com. Archived from the original on October 17, 2006. Retrieved 2006-10-20.
  46. ↑ Deborah Hanley; John Molinari; Daniel Keyser (October 2001). "A Composite Study of the Interactions between Tropical Cyclones and Upper-Tropospheric Troughs". Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 129 (10): 2570–84. Bibcode:2001MWRv..129.2570H. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<2570:ACSOTI>2.0.CO;2.
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  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 "Dust Devils". www.crystalinks.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  49. ↑ "TCFAQ H6) Are there hurricanes on other planets ?". www.aoml.noaa.gov. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  50. ↑ Ellen Cohen (2009). "Jupiter's Great Red Spot". Hayden Planetarium. Archived from the original on 2007-08-08. Retrieved 2007-11-16.
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