Congress of Vienna
Majalisar Vienna (French: Congrès de Vienne, German 1814-1815) ta kasance jerin tarurrukan diflomasiyya na kasa da kasa don tattaunawa da amincewa kan yiwuwar sabon tsarin siyasa da tsarin mulkin Turai bayan faduwar Sarkin Faransa Napoleon Bonaparte. Mahalarta taron sun kasance wakilai na dukkan ikon Turai da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki, karkashin jagorancin dan kasar Austria Klemens von Metternich, kuma an gudanar da shi a Vienna daga watan Satumba 1814 zuwa watan Yuni 1815.[1]
Manufar Majalisar ita ce samar da shirin zaman lafiya na dogon lokaci ga Turai ta hanyar magance matsalolin da suka taso daga yakin juyin juya halin Faransa da na Napoleon ba tare da amfani da tashin hankali ba (sojoji). Manufar ba wai kawai a maido da tsoffin iyakoki ba ne, a'a, a sake daidaita manyan iko ta yadda za su daidaita juna kuma su kasance cikin zaman lafiya, kasancewar a lokaci guda makiyaya ga masu karamin karfi. Mafi mahimmanci, masu karfi na gabaɗaya, shugabannin tunani masu ra'ayin mazan jiya kamar Von Metternich suma sun nemi hanawa ko kawar da jamhuriya, sassaucin ra'ayi da ƙungiyoyin juyin juya hali waɗanda, daga ra'ayinsu, sun haɓaka tsarin tsarin mulki na tsarin mulkin Turai na da, wanda kuma ya ci gaba da yi masa barazana.
A teburin tattaunawa matsayin Faransa ya kasance mai rauni dangane da na Biritaniya, Prussia, Ostiriya da Rasha, wani bangare na dabarun soja na shugaban mulkin kama-karya a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. A cikin sasantawar da bangarorin suka cimma, Faransa ta yi watsi da duk wani mamayar da ta yi a baya-bayan nan, yayin da sauran manyan kasashe uku za su iya samun manyan nasarori a yankuna. Prussia ta ƙara ƙasa daga ƙananan jihohi a yamma: Pomerania na Sweden, 60% na Masarautar Saxony da yammacin tsohuwar Duchy na Warsaw. Austria ta sami Venice da yawancin arewacin Italiya. Rasha ta sami tsakiya da gabashin yankin Duchy na Warsaw. Bayan haka, duk sun amince da amincewa da sabuwar Masarautar Netherlands wadda aka ƙirƙira watanni kaɗan kafin daga ƙasar Austriya.[2]
Abin da ya faru nan take shi ne Napoleon na Faransa da kuma mika wuya a watan Mayun 1814, wanda ya kawo karshen yakin shekaru 23 na kusan ci gaba. Tattaunawar ta ci gaba duk da barkewar yakin da Napoleon ya dawo daga gudun hijira da sake dawo da mulki a Faransa a cikin kwanaki dari na Maris zuwa Yuli 1815. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Majalisar kwanaki tara kafin Napoleon ya sha kashi a Waterloo a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni 1815.
Wasu masana tarihi sun soki sakamakon Majalisar saboda haifar da murkushe ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da na demokraɗiyya da masu sassaucin ra'ayi da ke fitowa daga farar hula kuma ana ganin hakan a matsayin sasantawa na mayar da martani don amfanin sarakunan gargajiya. Wasu, galibi daga baya, sun yaba wa Majalisar saboda ceton Turai daga manyan yaƙe-yaƙe na kusan ƙarni.
Tsarin Majalisa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sunan "Majalisar Dokokin Vienna" ba yana nufin ba da shawarar wani zama na yau da kullun ba ne, a'a, ƙirƙirar tsarin ƙungiyoyin diflomasiyya da ke haɗa masu ruwa da tsaki na kowane garken don ba da damar bayyana ra'ayoyi, bukatu da ra'ayoyi da sauƙaƙe tattaunawa kan batutuwan gaba ɗaya a tsakaninsu. Von Metternich ne ya tsara tsarin Majalisa, wanda haziƙi Friedrich von Gentz ya taimaka, kuma karo na farko a tarihi inda, a ma'auni na nahiyar, wakilan ƙasa da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki suka taru a birni ɗaya a lokaci guda don tattaunawa da tsara tsarin. yanayi da tanadin yarjejeniyoyin. Kafin Majalisar Dokokin Vienna tsarin diflomasiyya na gama gari ya shafi musayar bayanan da aka aika akai-akai a tsakanin manyan manyan biranen kasar da tattaunawa daban-daban a wurare daban-daban, tsari mai cike da wahala da ke bukatar lokaci da sufuri. Tsarin da aka saita a Majalisar Vienna zai zama abin ƙarfafawa ga taron zaman lafiya na 1856 wanda Faransa (Majalisar dokokin Paris) ta shirya wanda ya daidaita yakin Crimean. Majalisar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Vienna ta haifar da Concert na Turai, koyarwar siyasa ta kasa da kasa wacce ta jaddada kiyaye iyakokin siyasa, daidaiton iko, da mutunta bangarori masu tasiri da kuma wanda ke jagorantar manufofin ketare tsakanin kasashen Turai har zuwa barkewar rikici. Yaƙin Duniya na farko a 1914.[3]
Don cimma daidaito a tsakanin al'ummomi daban-daban da ke da sha'awar zaman sulhu, an gudanar da zaman tattaunawa na yau da kullun da fuska da fuska inda za a iya ƙirƙira ra'ayoyi da shawarwari. Ayyukan manufofin da aka gina Concert na Turai a kai ya samo asali ne ta hanyar rufe kofa tsakanin manyan kasashe biyar-Austria, Birtaniya, Rasha, Prussia da Faransa. Hudu na farko daga cikin manyan masu samar da zaman lafiya biyar sun gudanar da mulki ne kawai saboda sun kawo kan teburin "ikon tattaunawa" wanda ya samu nasara mai wuya a yakin Napoleon; Faransa ta ji daɗin matsayinta mai fa'ida ta hanyar ƙwaƙƙwaran dabarun diflomasiyya na babban ɗan siyasa Taleyrand. Ƙananan hukumomi, kamar Spain, Sweden, da Portugal, an ba su dama kaɗan don gabatar da bukatunsu kuma wani lokaci kawai suna shiga cikin tarurrukan da aka yi tsakanin manyan masu iko. Duk da haka, domin duk wakilai sun taru a birni ɗaya yana da sauƙin sadarwa, ji da yada labarai da jita-jita, da kuma gabatar da ra'ayi ga kasashe masu karfi da masu karfi. Har ila yau, wani muhimmin al'amari ga jam'iyyun da aka yi taro a birnin Paris, sun hada da damar da aka bayar wajen gudanar da ayyukan shaye-shaye da na abincin dare don kulla alaka ta yau da kullum da juna da gina hanyoyin diflomasiyya.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Artz, Frederick B. (1934). Reaction & Revolution: 1814–1832. p. 110.
- ↑ King, David (2008). Vienna 1814: How the Conquerors of Napoleon Made Love, War, and Peace at the Congress of Vienna. Crown Publishing Group. p. 334. ISBN 978-0-307-33716-0.
- ↑ Rösch, Felix (26 October 2020). "Affect, practice, and change: Dancing world politics at the Congress of Vienna". Cooperation and Conflict. 56 (2): 123–140. doi:10.1177/0010836720954467. ISSN 0010-8367.