Fitar da ruwa
 Fitar da ruwa |
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fitarwa da ruwa ya haɗa da fitar da Ruwa mai laushi, daga ƙasa ɗaya zuwa wata. Babban karuwa a cikin yawan mutane da ci gaban tattalin arziki a duk faɗin duniya a cikin karni na ashirin ya sanya babban damuwa a kan albarkatun ruwa mai laushi na duniya. Haɗe da Canjin yanayi, ana sa ran za su sanya buƙata mafi girma akan albarkatun ruwa a wannan ƙarni. Rashin ruwa ya zama damuwa ta duniya, kuma an bayyana ruwa mai laushi a matsayin "zaki mai laushi" da "mai na karni na 21. "
Fitar da ruwa daga Kanada zuwa Amurka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kanada tana da kashi 7% na wadatar ruwa mai sabuntawa a duniya.[1] Fitar da ruwan sha tsakanin Kanada da Amurka a halin yanzu yana faruwa a karamin sikelin, galibi a matsayin fitar da ruwa mai kwalliya. Masana'antar ruwa mai kwalliya tana fitar da ruwa a cikin kwantena yawanci ba su da girma fiye da lita ashirin.[2] Amma har ma wannan na iya zama mai kawo rigima an zargi babban kamfanin abinci na kasa da kasa Nestle da yunkurin "ƙuntata" garin Hillsburgh, Ontario, da ruwansa a cikin 2012 da 2013, a lokacin fari.[3] –
Tun daga shekara ta 1850, Amurkawa suna karkatar da yawancin ruwan Kogin Chicago, wanda zai gudana cikin Tafkin Michigan, cikin kwandon Mississippi a kan Chicago Sanitary da Ship Canal. A wannan yanayin, duk da haka, burin ba ya mallaki ruwan da zai ƙare a cikin Great Lakes, amma ya jagoranci ruwan Chicago daga Tafkin Michigan, tushen ruwa na Chicago.
Bukatarsu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Jihohi da yawa a Amurka sun fuskanci karancin ruwa a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, suna samar da kasuwa don ruwa mai laushi wanda zai iya zama mai fa'ida ga Kanada. A kudu maso yammacin Amurka, yawan jama'a da salon rayuwa da ke cinye ruwa mai yawa sun sa yawancin ruwa da koguna a yankin su yi amfani da su sosai. Ruwa a cikin Oglala Aquifer, wanda ke aiki da yawa a yammacin tsakiyar Amurka, an yi amfani da shi sau takwas da sauri a cikin 2001 fiye da yawan sakewa. Ana sa ran buƙatun wannan ruwa mai laushi zai ƙaru yayin da yanayin ya yi zafi.
Yayin da yawan mutane da masana'antu ke girma kuma canjin yanayi yana faruwa, za a sanya matsin lamba a kan ƙasashe masu wadata da ruwa kamar Kanada don fitar da ruwan su zuwa ƙasashen da ke da karancin ruwa. A farkon shekara ta 2014, Gary Doer, jakadan Kanada a Amurka, ya ce a shekarar 2020 matsin lamba kan ingancin ruwa da yawa zai zama babba. Ya yi hasashen cewa muhawara da jayayya tsakanin kasashen biyu za su sa rikici a kan bututun Keystone XL "yi kama da wauta" ta hanyar kwatanta.[4]
Shawarwari
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An gabatar da shawarwari da yawa game da canja wurin ruwa mai yawa daga Great Lakes Basin zuwa Amurka. Wannan zai haɗa da jigilar ruwa tsakanin kwari a fadin iyakar kasa da kasa tsakanin Kanada da Amurka ta amfani da tafkin wucin gadi. Babu wani daga cikin wadannan shawarwari da aka aiwatar da su, galibi saboda matsalolin muhalli da na kudi. [ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2007)">citation needed</span>]
An gabatar da tsare-tsaren fitar da ruwa daga Kanada zuwa Amurka a babban sikelin a baya. Wadannan tsare-tsaren sun hada da:
- Babban Recycling da Northern Development (GRAND) Canal shirin don madatsar ruwan James Bay, a kudancin Hudson Bay, don ƙirƙirar tafkin ruwa mai laushi da kuma karkatar da ruwa daga koguna 20 da ke gudana cikinta zuwa Georgian Bay. Za a kwashe ruwa ta cikin Great Lakes zuwa bututun mai zuwa kudu maso yammacin Amurka.
- Aikin North American Water and Power Alliance (NAWAPA) ya ba da shawarar karkatar da kogin Yukon, Liard, da Peace zuwa cikin Rocky Mountain Trench don ƙirƙirar tafkin mai tsawon kilomita 800 wanda zai canja wurin ruwa zuwa Amurka.
- A cikin shekarun 1990s, an ba da shawarar fitar da ruwa ta hanyar tanki zuwa larduna uku na Kanada.[2] A cikin 1991, Sun Belt Water Inc. na Santa Barbara, California, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Snowcap Waters Ltd., na Fanny Bay, British Columbia, Gundumar Goleta Water, ta California, ta zaba shi don shiga kwangila don samar da ruwa mai yawa ta tankar ruwa amma gwamnatin British Columbia ta sauya manufofin fitar da ruwa kuma ta gabatar da haramtacciyar bayar da lasisin fitar da ruwa wanda ya haifar da'awar sasantawa akan Kanada a ƙarƙashin Babi na 11 na Yarjejeniyar Ciniki ta Arewacin Amurka da Sun Belt Water Inc. Har ila yau, ba a warware sulhu ba.
- A cikin 1999 Nova Group Ltd. ta sami izini daga gwamnatin Ontario don fitar da lita miliyan 600 na ruwa a kowace shekara daga Lake Superior zuwa Asiya. Rikici na siyasa a Kanada da Amurka ya sa gwamnati ta soke izinin.[5]
Damuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A Kanada an sami damuwa game da fitar da ruwa zuwa Amurka tun daga shekarun 1960, lokacin da jihohin da ke kudu maso yammacin Amurka suka fuskanci karancin ruwa na farko kuma suka fara neman hanyoyin ruwa don kara yawan kayan da suke da shi.[2] Cire ruwa mai yawa daga tabkuna zai shafi tsarin halittu mara kyau, yana kara yawan gurɓataccen yanayi da kuma cutar da shuke-shuke da al'ummomi dabbobi.
Batutuwan Shari'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An sanya ruwa a matsayin kaya a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Ciniki ta Arewacin Amurka (NAFTA) tun daga shekarun 1980. Wannan ya kara tashin hankali a cikin muhawara game da fitar da ruwa. Kodayake babu wani daga cikin dokokin NAFTA da ke tilasta wa Kanada fara fitar da ruwan ta da yawa, idan Kanada ta yanke shawarar fara fitarwa zai zama da wahala daga baya a dakatar da su.[2]
In 2002 the Federal government of Canada passed the International Boundary Waters Treaty Act. This banned the removal of more than 50 million cubic metres (13×109 US gal) of water from a water basin in the Great Lakes in one day. The Boundary Waters Treaty is limited to waters on the Canadian-US border and does not apply to freshwater in other parts of Canada. This means the about 85 percent of Canada’s water is susceptible to export.[6]
Alaska
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tun lokacin da Kanada ta dauki matsayi mai karfi game da fitar da ruwa, wasu kamfanoni sun mayar da hankali ga Alaska.[5] Alaska ita ce hukuma ta farko a duniya da ta ba da izinin fitar da ruwa mai yawa, kuma tana da babban damar fitar da ruwa. Ɗaya daga cikin makircin yana ba da shawarar jigilar ruwa daga Alaska zuwa China ta hanyar tanki. Za a yi amfani da wannan ruwa don tara wafers na kwamfuta ta hanyar ma'aikata masu arha na kasar Sin. Kwamfuta na kwamfuta suna buƙatar ruwa mai tsabta sosai. Wannan ya sa farashin cire ruwan gishiri ya zama tsada sosai, yana yin makircin kamar wannan, wanda ba zai zama mai fa'ida ba don dalilai na cikin gida, mai fa'idar dalilai na masana'antu.
Fitar da ruwa a cikin Jihohi a Amurka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ranar 13 ga Yuni, 2013, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta amince da hukunce-hukuncen ƙananan kotuna a cikin Gundumar Ruwa ta Yankin Tarrant v. Herrmann, tana riƙe da cewa dokokin ruwa na jihar Oklahoma sun hana hukumomin jihar sayar da ruwa don amfani da waje, ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Red River tsakanin Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas da Louisiana.
Fitar da ruwa a Jamus
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duk da yake an gina Canal na Rhine-Main-Danube da farko a matsayin hanyar jigilar kayayyaki a fadin Babban Ruwa na Turai (wanda ke haɗa Tekun Arewa da Tekun Baƙi ta hanyar hanyoyin ruwa na ciki), ana kuma amfani da shi don jigilar ruwa daga Danube zuwa koguna masu karancin ruwa na Franconia da yankunan da ke kusa. Don wannan dalili an halicci tabkuna da yawa na wucin gadi kamar Großer Brombachsee.
Fitar da ruwa daga Rasha zuwa Kazakhstan da Uzbekistan
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kashi mai bushe amma mai yawan jama'a a kudancin Kazakhstan da jihohin Asiya ta Tsakiya da ke kusa da su suna da irin wannan matsayi dangane da Siberia ta Rasha kamar yadda kudu maso yammacin Amurka ke yi game da Kanada. Kogin Siberiya, da koguna na arewacin Turai Rasha suna gudana "marasa amfani" cikin tekun Tekun Arctic, yayin da wannan ruwa za a iya amfani da shi sosai don aikin gona da maƙwabtan kudancin Rasha ke ban ruwa. Ba abin mamaki ba ne, shawarwari don canja wurin ruwa mai yawa daga Kogin Ob a Siberia zuwa tafkin Aral Sea a Kazakhstan da Uzbekistan an yi la'akari da su sosai ta gwamnatin tarayya ta Soviet tun a cikin shekarun 1960-80, lokacin da duk jamhuriyoyin da ke da hannu sun kasance mambobi ne na USSR. Duk da yake mutane da yawa a cikin jamhuriyoyin Asiya ta Tsakiya sun maraba da shi, aikin ya sami zargi mai tsanani daga masana kimiyya da yawa da kuma fitattun marubuta da 'yan jarida a Rasha, kamar Valentin Rasputin da Sergey Zalygin, wani lokacin ana kiransu gaba ɗaya da "Siberian environmental lobby" Afghanistan kuma an haɗa shi da kashi 9.36% na kuɗin da ke biyan kuɗin fitar da ruwa.
An kare shi a cikin 1986 saboda dalilai na tattalin arziki da muhalli, an sake tayar da ra'ayin canja wurin ruwa na kasa da kasa a cikin karni na 21 a cikin masu mulki na jihohin da ke da 'yanci yanzu.Dukansu shugaban Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev da shugaban Uzbek Islam Karimov sun nuna sha'awar irin wannan tsarin canja wurin ruwa. Duk da yake gwamnatin tarayya ta Rasha har zuwa yanzu ba ta da alhakin kan batun, shirin ya sami amsa mai ban sha'awa daga magajin garin Moscow da mai fatan shugabancin Rasha, Yuri Luzhkov.[7][8][9]
Sauran hanyoyin fitar da ruwa mai yawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin gajeren lokaci, ingantaccen rabon albarkatu da ingantaccen fasahar kiyaye ruwa na iya ci gaba da buƙatar ruwa a wasu ƙasashe a ƙarƙashin iko. Koyaya, rikicin ruwa na iya faruwa a nan gaba wanda zai sa fitar da ruwa mai yawa ya zama mafi kyawun tsari. [ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2007)">citation needed</span>]
Hanyoyin da za a gina don canja wurin ruwa suna buƙatar babban saka hannun jari da farashin aiki. Wannan zai sa farashin ga masu amfani da ruwa ya yi tsada. Sabanin haka, fasahar da ake buƙata don cire ruwan teku ta inganta sosai kuma tana da farashi mai karɓa ga kasuwannin birane. Ko matsin lamba don fitar da ruwa mai yawa yana ci gaba da ƙaruwa ya dogara da ci gaba na gaba a cikin fasahar cire ruwa. Idan farashin cire gishiri ya ragu sosai, zai zama mai rahusa don samar da ruwa mai laushi daga ruwan gishiri fiye da shigo da ruwa mai kyau daga wata ƙasa. Kudin cire gishiri a halin yanzu kasa da $ 1 a kowace cubic mita ($ 0.028 / cu . Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya ta ba da shawarar cewa cire ruwan gishiri zai zama hanyar da aka fi so don samun ruwan sha da amfani da masana'antu. Koyaya, buƙatar ruwa mai tsabta sosai don wasu amfani da masana'antu har yanzu yana buƙatar shigo da ruwa mai laushi.
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas
- Rashin ruwa na bakin teku
- Ma'adanai na ruwa
- Cinikin ruwa
- Jirgin ruwa
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Water Quantity". Environment Canada. 9 January 2007. Archived from the original on 2011-08-07.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Heinmiller, B. Timothy (2003). "Harmonization Through Emulation: Canadian Federalism and Water Export Policy" (PDF). Canadian Public Administration. 46 (4): 495–513. doi:10.1111/j.1754-7121.2003.tb01589.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-14. Retrieved 2024-06-12.
- ↑ Tencer, Daniel (June 4, 2013). "Nestle Canada Water Dispute: Company Denies It Wants To Take Water During Times Of Drought". Huffington Post Canada. Retrieved March 23, 2015.
- ↑ Mason, Gary (February 28, 2014). "In a water war, Canada could get hosed". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved March 23, 2015.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Anderson, Terry L.; Landry, Clay J. (1996). "Exporting Water To The World" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-12-28.
- ↑ Fischhendler, Itay (2003). "Can Basin Management Be Successfully Ignored: The Case Of The US-Canada Transboundary Water" (PDF). SOAS Water Issues Study Group. SOAS University of London. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-30.
- ↑ Brown, Bess A. (2002-09-30). "Uzbekistan Resurrects River-Diversion Scheme: Desperation or Inspiration?". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
- ↑ Temirov, Rustam (19 February 2003). "Lobbying Grows in Moscow for Siberia-Uzbekistan Water Scheme". eurasianet.org. Archived from the original on 17 March 2003.
- ↑ "Siberian River Project Revived". Institute for War and Peace Reporting. 8 September 2006. Archived from the original on 2024-04-10.