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Fyade ta hanyar jinsi

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Fyade ta hanyar jinsi
rape (en) Fassara
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Has characteristic (en) Fassara sex differences in humans (en) Fassara

Fyade ta hanyar jinsin yana rarraba nau'ikan fyade ta hanyar jima'i da jinsi na mai fyade da wanda aka azabtar. Wannan iyakar ta haɗa da fyade da cin zarafin jima'i gabaɗaya. Yawancin bincike sun nuna cewa fyade yana shafar mata ba tare da daidaituwa ba, tare da yawancin mutanen da aka yanke musu hukunci maza ne; duk da haka, tun lokacin da FBI ta fadada ma'anar fyade a shekarar 2012, ana ba da ƙarin kulawa ga fyade maza, gami da mata masu fyade maza.

Tun da yake ƙananan kashi ne kawai na ayyukan cin zarafin jima'i aka kawo wa hukumomi, [1] [2] yana da wahala a tattara ainihin kididdigar fyade. Yawan cin zarafi ya bambanta da jinsi na mai aikata laifin da wanda aka azabtar. Bincike daban-daban suna jayayya cewa fyade a kurkuku na namiji da mace sun zama ruwan dare kuma suna iya zama mafi ƙarancin nau'in fyade.[3] [Littafi na 1]Bugu da ƙari, yawancin shari'o'in fyade suna faruwa ne lokacin da wadanda abin ya shafa ba su kai shekarun yarda ba, suna kawo batun Cin zarafin yara ko fyade na doka.

Bambancin jinsi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin Binciken Halin Hadarin Matasa na Kasa na 2001, kashi 10.2% na 'yan mata da kashi 5.1% na yara maza sun ba da rahoton " tilasta musu yin jima'i lokacin da [suna] so".[4] A cikin binciken 2010 na ma'aurata masu jima'i inda aka tilasta jima'i, kashi 45% sun ba da rahoton cin zarafin mata, kashi 30% sun ba da rahoto game da cin zarafin maza da kashi 20% sun ba da labarin cin zarafin juna.[5] A cikin shekara ta 2011, wani binciken da aka goyi bayan tallafin bincike daga Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Kimiyya ta Spain ya gano bisa ga "samfurin gamsarwa na dalibai 13,877 a kasashe 32" cewa 2.4% na maza da 1.8% na mata sun yarda da tilasta wa wani yin jima'i a shekarar da ta gabata. A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2014 na daliban makarantar sakandare 18,030, babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin maza da mata saboda rahoton da aka tilasta musu yin jima'i.[6]

Fyaden mata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  A cikin wani labarin bincike na 2000 daga Ofishin Gida, a Ingila da Wales, kusan 1 cikin mata 20 (5%) sun ce an yi musu fyade a wani lokaci a rayuwarsu daga shekaru 16 bayan haka.[7]

A cikin 2011, Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka na Amurka (CDC) sun gano cewa "kusan kashi 20% na dukkan mata" a Amurka sun sha wahala daga yunkurin fyade ko fyade wani lokaci a rayuwarsu. Fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na wadanda abin ya shafa an yi musu fyade kafin su kai shekara 18. [8]

A cewar wani rahoto na 2013 da CDC ta bayar, kashi 28% na matan da aka azabtar da su da kuma cikakken kashi 48% na matan da suka yi wa fyade na farko tsakanin shekaru 11 zuwa 17.

Fyaden mata ga maza

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yawancin fyade da maza suka yi wa mata ba a bayar da rahoton ba saboda "tsoron ramuwar gayya daga mai kai farmaki" kuma saboda "abin kunya ... da zurfin al'adun al'adu cewa mace ce ta wata hanya". [9][10] 

Ciki na iya haifar da fyade, adadin ya bambanta tsakanin saituna kuma ya dogara musamman akan yadda ake amfani da maganin hana daukar ciki ba tare da shingen ba. Binciken matasa a Habasha ya gano cewa daga cikin wadanda suka bayar da rahoton cewa an yi musu fyade, kashi 17% sun yi juna biyu bayan fyade, adadi wanda yayi kama da kashi 15-18% da cibiyoyin fyade a Mexico suka ruwaito.[11][12][13] Wani bincike mai tsawo a Amurka na mata sama da 4000 da aka biyo baya na tsawon shekaru uku ya gano cewa yawan ciki da ya shafi fyade na kasa ya kai 5.0% ga kowane fyade tsakanin wadanda ke da shekaru 12-45, wanda ya haifar da ciki sama da 32,000 a cikin kasa tsakanin mata daga fyade a kowace shekara.[14] Kwarewar tilasta jima'i tun tana ƙarama tana rage ikon mace na ganin jima'i a matsayin wani abu da take da iko.[15][16][17][18]

An rubuta fyade da maza suka yi wa mata a matsayin makami na ta'addanci a yaƙi (duba tashin hankali na jima'i na lokacin yaƙi).[19]

Fyaden mata ga mata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Harin / fyade ta hanyar tilasta motsawar jima'i ta mace ta hanyar mai aikata laifuka yana yiwuwa ta hanyar sarrafa dijital, Jima'i na baki, strap-ons, wasu dildos ko wasu abubuwa na kasashen waje, ko tribadism. Binciken tarho da aka gudanar a cikin 2010 don Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Amurka sun gano cewa kashi 43.8% na 'yan mata sun bayar da rahoton cewa an yi musu fyade, an yi musu cin zarafi ko kuma an bi su a wani lokaci daga abokin tarayya; daga cikin waɗannan, kashi 67.4% sun ba da rahoton mai aikata laifin ko masu aikata laifin a matsayin mata ne kawai. A cikin wannan binciken, kimanin 1 cikin 8 lesbians (13.1%) sun ba da rahoton cewa an yi musu fyade a rayuwarsu, amma ba a ba da rahoton jima'i na masu fyade ba.[20]

Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2005 da kungiyar California Coalition Against Sexual Assault (CALCASA) ta kammala cewa daya daga cikin 'yan mata uku da aka gano sun yi wa wata mace fyade. Tsoron fitowa, rashin amincewa da / ko rashin kulawa da ƙiyayya da 'yan sanda ke yi, rashin son juya ga membobin al'ummar LGBT, da kuma jin cewa mace a kan fyade mata ba a ɗauka da muhimmanci kamar yadda fyade da maza ke yi ya sa wasu wadanda abin ya shafa su yi jinkirin bayar da rahoton fyade da wasu mata suka yi.[21] A cikin wata shari'ar da aka yada da ta shafi dalibai a Kwalejin Smith a shekara ta 2005, an tuhumi mata biyu da fyade na wani, amma wanda aka azabtar ya ki bayar da shaida, kuma an sauke tuhumar.[22][23]

Fyaden maza

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  Binciken CDC ya gano cewa, a Amurka, an yi wa mutum 1 cikin 71 fyade ko kuma an yi musu yunkurin yin hakan a rayuwarsu. Wannan binciken ya gano cewa kimanin 1 cikin 21 ko 4.8% maza a cikin binciken an yi su shiga wani, yawanci abokin tarayya ko sananne.[24] Binciken NVAW ya gano cewa kashi 0.1 cikin 100 na maza da aka bincika an yi musu fyade a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 0.3 cikin 100 na mata. Yin amfani da waɗannan kididdigar an kiyasta cewa, a Amurka, an yi wa mutane 92,748 fyade a shekarar da ta gabata.   [yaushe?][25] A wani binciken da Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a a Jami'ar Boston, kashi 30 cikin 100 na maza masu luwadi da bisexual sun ba da rahoton cewa sun fuskanci akalla wani nau'i na cin zarafin jima'i a lokacin rayuwarsu.[26]

An rubuta fyade na maza a matsayin makami na yaki da ba a bayar da rahoton ba.[27][28][29]

Akwai wasu lokuta lokacin da maza za su yi magana game da kasancewa wanda aka yi wa fyade, kamar a cikin shirin The Hunting Ground, wanda ke game da yaduwar cin zarafin jima'i a makarantun koleji a Amurka da kuma gazawar gwamnatin kwaleji don magance shi yadda ya kamata.

Fyaden maza ga maza

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rashin fyade da maza suka yi wa maza an nuna masa mummunan rauni. A cewar masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Dokta Sarah Crome, an bayar da rahoton fyade na maza da kasa da 1 cikin 10. A matsayin rukuni, maza da aka yi wa fyade sun ba da rahoton rashin sabis da tallafi, kuma tsarin shari'a galibi ba su da kayan aiki don magance irin wannan laifi.[30]

Bincike da yawa suna jayayya cewa fyade na fursunoni namiji da namiji, da kuma fyade na mata da fursunoni, nau'ikan fyade ne na yau da kullun waɗanda ba a bayar da rahoton su ba har ma da yawa fiye da fyade a cikin yawan jama'a. [bayanin kula da 3] bayanin kula da 1] bayanin kula na 2]An rubuta fyade da maza suka yi wa maza a matsayin makami na ta'addanci a yaƙi (duba tashin hankali na jima'i na lokacin yaƙi). Bincike ya rubuta abubuwan da suka faru na cin zarafin maza a matsayin makami na lokacin yaƙi ko tashin hankali na siyasa a Uganda, Chile, Girka, Croatia, Iran, Kuwait, tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet da tsohuwar Yugoslavia. Kashi saba'in da shida na fursunonin siyasa maza a El Salvador da aka bincika a cikin shekarun 1980 sun bayyana akalla wani abin da ya faru na azabtar da jima'i, kuma binciken fursunoni 6,000 a sansanin fursunoni a Sarajevo ya gano cewa kashi 80% na maza sun bayar da rahoton cewa an yi musu fyade.[27] A game da Yaƙin basasar Siriya (2011-yanzu), mazajen da aka tsare sun fuskanci cin zarafin jima'i kamar tilasta musu su zauna a kan kwalban gilashi da ya fashe, suna da alaƙa da al'aurarsu da jaka mai nauyi na ruwa, ko kuma tilasta musu kallon fyade na wani wanda aka tsare da jami'ai.[31][32][33][34][35]

Fyaden mata ga maza

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Maza da ke fama da cin zarafin jima'i da mata sau da yawa suna fuskantar ka'idojin zamantakewa, siyasa, da shari'a biyu. [36] Wasu shari'o'i a Amurka sun sami karuwar kulawa kuma sun haifar da wayar da kan jama'a. Wani lokaci ana kiransa "an yi don shiga" shari'o'in (ta CDC da NISVS), ana tilasta wa maza da aka yi wa fyade su shiga cikin shiga cikin mace ba tare da yardar da ta dace ba. A lokuta da yawa, mazajen da aka azabtar suna ƙarƙashin tasirin kwayoyi ko kuma ana riƙe su a matsayi mai barazana ga rayuwa. Shari'ar Cierra Ross'[37] cin zarafin jima'i na wani mutum a Birnin Chicago ya sami babban labari na kasa kuma an yanke Ross hukunci kan mummunar cin zarafin cin zarafin mata da fashi da makami tare da beli da aka saita a $ 75,000. Irin wannan shari'ar ta haɗa da James Landrith, wanda aka sanya shi ya shiga cikin wata mace a cikin ɗakin otal yayin da ba ta iya shan giya, tare da mai fyade da ke nuna gaskiyar cewa tana da ciki don shawararsa kada ta yi gwagwarmaya, saboda wannan na iya cutar da jaririn.[38]

A Burtaniya, Jima'i na Mormon a cikin sarƙoƙi na 1970 ya kawo karuwar wayar da kan jama'a game da yiwuwar fyade mata da namiji. Wani Mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje na Mormon mai suna Kirk Anderson ya ɓace a 1977, a Ewell, Surrey, bayan an sace shi daga matakai na Gidan taro na coci. Bayan 'yan kwanaki, Anderson ya ba da rahoto ga' yan sanda cewa an sace shi kuma an ɗaure shi ba tare da son zuciyarsa ba. Ya ce yayin da aka ɗaure shi a gado, Joyce Bernann McKinney ya yi ƙoƙari ya yaudare shi, sannan ya yi masa fyade. Labaran labarai sun kasance masu yawa, a wani bangare saboda an dauki shari'ar a matsayin abin mamaki, bayan da ta shafi fyade da mace ta yi wa wani mutum. McKinney ya gudu zuwa Amurka, Birtaniya ba ta bi shi ba, kuma kotun Ingila ta yanke wa McKinney hukuncin shekara guda a kurkuku. A karkashin Dokar Laifukan Jima'i ta 1956, saboda jinsi na wanda aka azabtar, a zahiri ba a aikata wani laifi na fyade ba, kodayake an yi amfani da hari mara kyau ga mutum.[39]

Wasu maza da aka azabtar, ciki har da yara marasa shekaru, an tilasta su biya tallafin yaro ga wanda ya kai musu hari lokacin da mai fyade ya haifi jariri sakamakon harin.

Yawancin shari'o'in da aka yada a ko'ina na fyade na mata da maza a Amurka sun haɗa da malamai na makaranta da ke yin jima'i da ɗaliban su. Kowace daga cikin jihohi 50 suna da dokoki game da shekarun yarda, amma duk suna da shi a 16, 17 ko 18. Wadannan dokoki suna yin jima'i tsakanin manya da yara a ƙarƙashin shekarun yarda da cin zarafin jima'i.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "The Secretary General's database on violence against women". UN Secretary General's Database on Violence Against Women. 2009-07-24. Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2013-02-03.
  2. ↑ "A gap or a chasm? Attrition in reported rape cases" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-03-14. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
  3. ↑ Human Rights WatchNo Escape: Male Rape In U.S. Prisons. Part VII. Anomaly or Epidemic: The Incidence of Prisoner-on-Prisoner Rape.; estimates that 100,000–140,000 violent male-male rapes occur in U.S. prisons annually.
  4. ↑ Howard, Donna E.; Qi Wang, Min (2005). "Psychosocial correlates of U.S. adolescents who report a history of forced sexual intercourse". Journal of Adolescent Health. 36 (5): 372–379. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.07.007. PMID 15837340.
  5. ↑ Brousseau, Me Mélanie M. (2011). "Sexual Coercion Victimization and Perpetration in Heterosexual Couples: A Dyadic Investigation". Arch Sex Behav. 40 (2): 363–372. doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9617-0. PMID 20364306. S2CID 15650749.
  6. ↑ Corrine M., Williams (2014). "Victimization and Perpetration of Unwanted Sexual Activities Among High School Students: Frequency and Correlates". Violence Against Women. SAGE. 20 (10): 1239–1257. doi:10.1177/1077801214551575. PMID 25344559. S2CID 34612004.
  7. ↑ Rape and sexual assault of women: findings from the British Crime Survey. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-10-01.
  8. ↑ "National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey 2010 Summary Report" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  9. ↑ "(CVS)". Crime Victim Services. Archived from the original on 2013-06-15. Retrieved 2013-08-19.
  10. ↑ "Rape and Sexual Assault". Pbs.org. Retrieved 2013-08-19.
  11. ↑ Mulugeta, E; Kassaye, M; Berhane, Y (1998). "Prevalence and outcomes of sexual violence among high school students". Ethiopian Medical Journal. 36 (3): 167–74. PMID 10214457.
  12. ↑ Evaluacio´n de proyecto para educacio´n, capacitacio´n y atencio´n a mujeres y menores de edad en materia de violencia sexual, enero a diciembre 1990. [An evaluation of a project to provide education, training and care for women and minors affected by sexual violence, January–December 1990.] Mexico City, Asociación Mexicana contra la Violencia a las Mujeres, 1990.
  13. ↑ Carpeta de información básica para la atención solidaria y feminista a mujeres violadas. [Basic information file for mutually supportive feminist care for women rape victims.] Mexico City, Centro de Apoyo a Mujeres Violadas, 1985.
  14. ↑ Holmes, MM; Resnick, HS; Kilpatrick, DG; Best, CL (1996). "Rape-related pregnancy: estimates and descriptive characteristics from a national sample of women". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 175 (2): 320–4, discussion 324–5. doi:10.1016/S0002-9378(96)70141-2. PMID 8765248.
  15. ↑ Jewkes, R; Vundule, C; Maforah, F; Jordaan, E (2001). "Relationship dynamics and adolescent pregnancy in South Africa". Social Science & Medicine. 52 (5): 733–44. doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00177-5. PMID 11218177.
  16. ↑ Boyer, D.; Fine, D. (1992). "Sexual abuse as a factor in adolescent pregnancy". Family Planning Perspectives. 24 (1): 4–19. doi:10.2307/2135718. JSTOR 2135718. PMID 1601126.
  17. ↑ Roosa, M. W.; Tein, J. Y.; Reinholtz, C.; Angelini, P. J. (1997). "The relationship of childhood sexual abuse to teenage pregnancy" (PDF). Journal of Marriage and the Family. 59 (1): 119–130. doi:10.2307/353666. JSTOR 353666. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-09. Retrieved 2011-10-01.
  18. ↑ Stock, JL; Bell, MA; Boyer, DK; Connell, FA (1997). "Adolescent pregnancy and sexual risk taking among sexually abused girls". Family Planning Perspectives. 29 (5): 200–3, 227. doi:10.2307/2953395. JSTOR 2953395. PMID 9323495.
  19. ↑ "Rape as a Weapon of War and it's [sic] Long-term Effects on Victims and Society" (PDF). Ts-si.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-09-23. Retrieved 2013-08-19.
  20. ↑ "National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2010 Findings on Victimization by Sexual Orientation" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  21. ↑ "When Your Rapist Is a Woman". marieclaire.com. 30 March 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  22. ↑ "Two women arraigned on rape charges". southcoasttoday.com. Associated Press. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  23. ↑ Staff, Matt Belliveau, Collegian. "Rape charges dropped against local women". dailycollegian.com. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  24. ↑ Black, M.C., Basile, K.C., Breiding, M.J., Smith, S.G., Walters, M.L., Merrick, M.T., Chen, J., & Stevens, M.R. (2011). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010 Summary Report. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, pp.1-2.
  25. ↑ P., Tjaden, & N., Thoennes (2000). Full Report of the Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequence of Violence Against Women. US Department of Justice, pp. 26.
  26. ↑ "Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals at Increased Risk for Sexual Assault - BU Today - Boston University". bu.edu. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Storr, Will (17 July 2011). "The rape of men : Society : The Observer". The Observer. London: Guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2011. Sexual violence is one of the most horrific weapons of war, an instrument of terror used against women. Yet huge numbers of men are also victims.
  28. ↑ McKay, Hollie (20 March 2019). "Male rape emerging as one of the most under-reported weapons of war". Fox News. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  29. ↑ Eriksson-Baaz, Maria; Stern, Maria (2013). Sexual Violence as a Weapon of War? : Perceptions, Prescriptions, Problems in the Congo and Beyond (PDF). Zed Books. ISBN 978-1780321639. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  30. ↑ "Male rape victims left to suffer in silence". abc.net.au. February 9, 2001. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
  31. ↑ Dobner, Jennifer (2008-08-10). "Cloned-dog owner is '70s fugitive". The Denver Post. (AP). Retrieved 2014-03-17.
  32. ↑ Bone, James; Kennedy, Dominic (2008-08-08). "Missing years in Bernann McKinney's strange journey from Mormon sex case to clones called Booger". The Sunday Times. London. Archived from the original on 2008-10-07. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
  33. ↑ "Corrections". St. Petersburg Times. 2008-08-13. p. A1. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  34. ↑ "Setting it straight". The Sacramento Bee. 2008-08-13. p. A2. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  35. ↑ Dube, Rebecca (August 26, 2008). "I dress my dog in a pumpkin costume - is that a gateway to madness?". The Globe and Mail.
  36. ↑ Barbara Krahé; Renate Scheinberger-Olwig; Steffen Bieneck (2003). "Men's Reports of Nonconsensual Sexual Interactions with Women: Prevalence and Impact". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 32 (5): 165–175. doi:10.1023/A:1022456626538. PMID 12710831. S2CID 21015424.
  37. ↑ Meredith Bennett-Smith (September 6, 2013). "Cierra Ross, Chicago Mom, Charged With Raping Man At Gunpoint". Huffington Post.
  38. ↑ Landrith, James A. (15 January 2012). "I've Got the T-Shirt and the Trauma Response to Go With It". The Good Men Project.
  39. ↑ "Sexual Offences Act 1956 (c.69), section Intercourse by force, intimidation, etc". Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved 2009-02-24.
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