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Gurbataccen ruwa a Canada

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Gurbataccen ruwa a Canada
aspect in a geographic region (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na water pollution (en) Fassara
Nahiya Amirka ta Arewa
Ƙasa Kanada
Has cause (en) Fassara sewage disposal (en) Fassara
Yana haddasa cuta da Unhealthy (en) Fassara
Canal pollution
ruwa Yana gurbace wa har ya canja kala.

Gurbacewar ruwa a Kanada gaba ɗaya na gida ne da yanki a cikin Kanada mai wadatar ruwa, kuma yawancin mutanen Kanada suna da "samun isasshen ruwan sha mai arha, da tsaftatacce Ko mai tsafta." An samu haifar da gurɓacewar ruwa a Kanada ta ƙazanta na birni, zubar da ruwa a birane, gurɓacewar masana'antu da sharar masana'antu, gurɓataccen aikin gona, rashin isassun kayan aikin ruwa. Wannan barazana ce ta dogon lokaci a Kanada saboda "haɓakar yawan jama'a, cigaban tattalin arziki, sauyin yanayi, da ƙarancin samar da ruwan sha a wasu sassan ƙasar."[1]

Bayanin

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Duk da yake yawancin mutanen Kanada suna samun ruwa mai tsafta, a cikin gida da yanki akwai lokuta na "rufe bakin teku na jama'a, kuma gurɓataccen ruwa, furannin algal, ciyawar ciyawa, kisa, rufe girbin kifi, shawarwarin tafasa-ruwa, barkewar cututtuka na ruwa, da gurɓatacce. ruwan kasa", a cewar wani rahoto na 1998 daga British Columbia.[2]

Gurɓacewar ruwa na faruwa ne sakamakon najasa na birni, zubar da ruwa a birane, sannan gurɓacewar masana'antu da sharar masana'antu, gurɓacewar aikin gona, rashin isassun ababen more rayuwa na ruwa.

Gurɓacewar ruwan saman

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Akwai manyan nau'ikan gurɓacewar ruwa guda biyu a Kanada, gurɓacewar ruwa da gurɓataccen ruwan ƙasa.

gurɓacewar ruwa a kasa

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Hanyar ruwa ta gurɓace da sharar gida iri-iri

Maɓuɓɓugan gurɓataccen ruwan ƙasa sun haɗa da wuraren zubar da ƙasa na birni, Kuma wuraren zubar da sharar masana'antu, "tankunan ajiyar man fetur, zubar da tankunan ruwa, da zubewar bazata". Rarraba, ko majiyoyin da ba su da tushe sun haɗa da "kutsawa daga ƙasar gona da aka yi wa maganin kashe qwari da takin zamani". Gurɓacewar ruwa a cikin ƙasa yana shafar samar da ruwa yayin da gurɓataccen ruwan ya kai ga koguna, tafkuna da kuma tekuna. [3]

Tushe

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Tushen gurɓacewar ruwa sun haɗa da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, maɓuɓɓugar da ba su da tushe, da maɓuɓɓugan iyaka.

Tushen tushe

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A Kanada, akwai shirye-shiryen sa ido da yawa a cikin wurin don ganowa da daidaita gurɓataccen wuri, inda za a iya gano abubuwan gurɓatawa zuwa "madogarar ganowa guda ɗaya". A shekara ta 1998, alal misali BC, ya ba da rahoton cewa yawancin "ƙarshen bututu" da aka fitar daga masana'antu da na gundumomi an tsara su gabaɗaya kuma ana sarrafa su

gurɓacewar tushe mara ma'ana

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Ba za a iya gano gurɓacewar tushen tushen (NPS) cikin sauƙi zuwa tushe ɗaya ba, yana sa su fi wahalar daidaitawa. Ana sakin su a hankali a cikin tsarin ruwa daga wurare daban-daban. NPS tana da lissafin "yawan gurɓataccen ruwa a Kanada", sannan kuma matsalar ba a magance ta da ƙarfi kamar yadda ake fitar da ma'ana ba (gubancewa daga tushe guda ɗaya da za'a iya tantancewa). [4]

Abubuwan gurɓatawar NPS daga wuraren da ba a kula da su ba, sun haɗa da haɓaka ƙasa da noma. A shekara ta 1998, British Columbia ta ba da rahoton cewa NPS ita ce babbar "sabarin gurɓatar ruwa a wannan lardin nan da shekarata 1998 kuma waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwa suna haifar da babbar barazana da girma" ga albarkatun ruwa. [5]

Babban nau'ikan NPS sune laka, abinci mai gina jiki, gurɓataccen mai guba da sinadarai, da ƙwayoyin cuta.

Babban tushen NSP shine gudu na birane da manyan tituna, aikin noma, gandun daji, masana'antar hakar ma'adinai, marinas da ayyukan kwale-kwale. Sannan kuma Ruwan taki, da ruwan sharar noma misalai ne na NSP a masana'antar noma. A cikin birane, ruwan guguwa NSP ne, kamar yadda ake zubar da ruwa a kan manyan tituna.

Shahararrun rairayin bakin teku masu a bakin tekun New Brunswick, irin su Parlee Beach, da Murray Beach Provincial Park sun gurɓata daga maɓuɓɓuka masu tasowa, Kuma wanda zai iya haɗawa da "magudanar ruwa na birni, ko zubar da ruwa daga gonaki ko gandun daji." Lardin ya ƙaddamar da sabbin ka'idojin gwajin ingancin ruwa don wuraren shakatawa na larduna takwas da suka haɗa da Parlee Beach, Murray Beach, Lardin Lardin Mactaquac, Kogin New River, Dutsen Carleton, Oak Bay, New Brunswick, Miscou, da Val-Comeau saboda "Shahararsu kuma saboda wasu daga cikinsu akwai matsaloli a baya”. [6]

Tushen iyaka

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Gurɓacewar iyaka shine gurbatar ruwa da ta samo asali daga wani yanki ko ƙasa amma yana barazana ga ingancin ruwa a wani yanki. Misali shine gurɓatar Kogin Columbia ta Teck Resources a Trail, British Columbia wanda ya gurɓata kogin da ke ƙasa a cikin Jihar Washington ta Amurka.

Ƙungiyar Chemical Society ta Amurka ta ba da rahoto a cikin Yuli shekarar 2020, cewa an gano sabbin nau'ikan abubuwan Per- da polyfluoroalkyl (PFOAs) a cikin Tekun Arctic. Sun bayar da rahoton "mafi girman matakan PFAS" a cikin "ruwa da ke fitowa daga Tekun Arctic idan aka kwatanta da ruwan da ke shiga Arctic daga Arewacin Atlantic". Ana ɗaukar waɗannan a matsayin "sinadaran har abada" saboda "dawwama, daɗaɗa, da kuma yaɗuwar faruwa a cikin jinin jama'a." Ba a kera PFASs a Kanada ba kuma an hana shigo da, siyarwa, ko amfani da samfuran PFOS ko PFOS waɗanda ke ɗauke da wasu keɓancewa, tun daga shekarata 2008.

Dalilai

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Najasalin birni

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A cewar Marq de Villiers a cikin shekarata 2003 Ruwan da ba na almara ba: Fate of Our Most Precious Resource, har zuwa 1970s kusan kashi uku na ƙananan hukumomin Kanada sun zubar da danyen najasa a cikin koguna ba tare da maganin sharar gida ba. :305 A shekara ta 2011, babu wata hukumar kula da ruwan sha ta ƙasa. Gurɓacewar ruwa ta hanyar najasa na daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haddasa gurbatar ruwan sha. A shekara ta 2009, ƙungiyar bayar da shawarwari ta Ecojustice ta kiyasta cewa zubar da ruwan najasa a Kanada yana wakiltar kusan lita biliyan 200 a shekara. A shekara ta 2009, ƙaramar hukumar Halifax a Nova Scotia tana ci gaba da zubar da sharar mutane kai tsaye zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Halifax. [7] Kurakurai da rashin wadatuwa a wuraren najasa sun haifar da zubewar danyen najasa lita miliyan 190 a cikin kogin Ottawa a cikin shekarar 2004, da kuma sakin "ruwa na najasa da aka yi da shi a cikin Red River a Winnipeg, Manitoba a cikin 2011.

A cikin Oktoba shekarata 2015, Montreal ta zubar da gangan lita biliyan takwas na danyen ruwa daga wani magudanar ruwa guda ɗaya a cikin kogin St. Lawrence, birnin ya ba da labaran duniya. Ya kasance al'ada ta gama gari don zubar da najasa a cikin St. Lawrence kafin shekarun 1980. [8] Montreal ta zubar da ruwan datti na lita biliyan 10 a cikin St. Lawrence a cikin bazara na 2003, lita biliyan 7.6 a cikin bazarar 2003, da lita miliyan 770 na ruwan da ba a kula da su ba a cikin fall na 2005. [8] Ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya a Toronto yana da tsofaffin tsarin magudanar ruwa wanda ruwan sama mai yawa ya mamaye shi. Daga nan ne aka tilasta birnin ya “ketare tsire-tsire masu kula da ruwa da aika dattin najasa zuwa tafkin Ontario. [8] A cikin watan Yulin shekarar 2013, ambaliyar ruwa ta haifar da najasa lita biliyan guda da ruwan guguwa ya mamaye titunan birnin da ke kwarara zuwa tashar ruwa ta Toronto. [8]

Halifax, Nova Scotia sun jefar da danyen najasa a cikin tashar jiragen ruwa kafin gina sabon ginin su na sabuwar masana'antar sarrafa ruwan sha a cikin shekarata 2008. Akwai wasu najasa da aka fitar "ba tare da sani ba, lokacin da aka yanke layukan magudanar ruwa yayin aikin".

Winnipeg, Manitoba ya zubar da kusan lita miliyan 185 na danyen najasa a cikin "kogin Winnipeg tun shekarar 2004 saboda tsohon tsarin hada-hadar magudanar ruwa". Babban gyare-gyaren da ake buƙata zuwa tsarin najasa na Winnipeg zai ci dala biliyan 4. [8]

Ruwan najasa yana gurbata muhalli

Tun shekarata 1894, Victoria, British Columbia ta fara zubar da danyen najasa cikin ruwa da ke gudana zuwa Puget Sound, Amurka . A shekara ta 2015, yankin Victoria da Esquimalt a British Columbia suna zubar da danyen najasa kusan lita miliyan 130 a kowace rana zuwa mashigar Juan de Fuca, wanda ke kaiwa ga Tekun Fasifik . [8] Wannan al'ada ta ƙare a watan Janairu 2021, tare da kammala wani sabon najasa $775 miliyan McLoughlin Point Wastewater Plant a Esquimalt wanda zai iya kula da "daidai da 43 tafkunan Olympics na sharar gida kullum".

Ruwan ruwa na birni

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Kanada tana nazarin tushen kwararar ruwa a birane - guguwa da dusar ƙanƙara - gurbatar yanayi shekaru da yawa saboda "yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga tabarbarewar ingancin ruwan saman a wurare da yawa". Babban tushen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin birane ya fito ne daga "ayyukan da suka shafi sufurin ababen hawa da ambulan ginin ƙarfe." [9] A shekara ta 1986, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Tarayya ta ƙaddamar da wani shiri na bincike don ganowa, ganowa, da gano guba zuwa tushen su, musamman dangane da kwararar ruwa a birane .

Sabis na harshen Faransanci na CBC Radio-Canada ya ruwaito cewa bayan ruwan sama mai yawa, sannan danyen najasa na Montreal yana haɗuwa da ruwan sama kuma an ba su izinin shiga kai tsaye zuwa kogin St. Lawrence da Rivière des Prairies . Masu hawan igiyar ruwa a yankin sun kamu da rashin lafiya saboda gurbataccen ruwa, wanda a wasu wurare, yana da matakan ƙwayoyin cuta na coliform "sau 20 fiye da matakan da ake yarda da su don yin iyo." [10]

Gurɓacewar masana'antu da sharar masana'antu

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gurɓacewar noma

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Noma da Samar da abinci Agri-Food Canada sun ruwaito a cikin shekarata 2014 cewa fannin noma yana ba da gudummawa ga gurɓatar ruwa ta hanyar "zubar da iska na magungunan kashe qwari, taki da taki, ko zubar da nitrogen a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa" wanda a ƙarshe ana fitar da shi zuwa cikin ruwa na sama. Waɗannan gurɓatattun gurɓatattun abubuwa daga ayyukan noma suna shiga cikin tafkuna, koguna ko tekuna.

Bisa ga labarin 4 Agusta shekarar 2010 Drumheller Mail labarin, gwaje-gwajen da Jami'ar Calgary masu bincike suka gudanar sun gano wani maganin anabolic steroid, Zeranol - wanda shine estrogen -like fili - a cikin samfurori da aka ɗauka a 2006 daga Tolman Bridge da Morrin Bridge a kan Red Deer River . Alberta. Zeranol "zai iya shafar jinsin kifi". Masu binciken sun ce wannan gurɓataccen abu yana fitowa ne daga shanun gonaki saboda ba a amfani da shi a cikin magungunan ɗan adam don haka ba zai iya fitowa daga masana'antar kula da najasa na birni ba, wata hanyar da za a iya kamuwa da ita. [11] Dangane da labarin shekarata 2020 a cikin mujallar Ambio, masu bincike sun mai da hankali kan kasancewar "masu binciken bincike kamar su sunadarai masu lalata endocrine (EDCs) ko magunguna" a cikin tsarin ruwan mu.

Rashin isassun kayan aikin ruwa

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Nasihar Ruwan Sha na Dogon Lokaci (DWA)s

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Al'ummomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na farko a Kanada sun kasance ƙarƙashin Shawarar Ruwa na Tsawon Wa'adi (DWA) shekaru da yawa, bisa ga rahoton 7 ga Yuni, shekarar 2016, rahoton Human Rights Watch (HRW). Rahoton ya lura cewa yawancin 'yan Kanada a Kanada mai arzikin ruwa - ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi arziki a duniya - suna "samun isasshen ruwan sha mai araha, da tsaftataccen tsafta." A yawancin al'ummomin ƙasashen farko, ruwan "ya gurɓace, mai wuyar samun damar shiga, ko kuma yana cikin haɗari saboda rashin tsarin kulawa". Rahoton ya lura cewa yawancin DWAs sun kasance suna aiki "tsawon shekaru, wani lokacin shekaru da yawa". [12] :4Tun a shekarar 1977 gwamnatocin tarayya da suka shude suka yi nazari kan lamarin, amma sun kasa samun maslaha. Iyakantaccen kayan aikin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a cikin al'ummomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na farko, "yana ba da gudummawa ga matsanancin karancin gidaje a wuraren ajiya", wanda ke haifar da "jerin jira na gidaje, da cunkoso". [12] :13Har sai an inganta abubuwan more rayuwa, "al'ummomin ba za su iya haɓaka gidajensu ba." [12] :13Tun daga shekarar 1996 zuwa 2015 gwamnatin tarayya ta yi kaca-kaca da kasafin kudin ma’aikatar tarayya da ke ba da kudade da kuma daidaita ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a asusun ajiyar da ya ta’azzara matsalar. [12] :13Daga shekarata 2015 zuwa 2021 tare da ƙarin tallafin tarayya 103 DWA an ɗage su. Ya zuwa ranar 25 ga Maris, shawarwari 56 sun rage amma sama da rabin wadannan sun riga sun fara aikin samar da ababen more rayuwa na ruwa kuma a cikin kashi uku na shari'o'in, ana jiran ɗaukaka shawarar.

Fitattun abubuwan da suka faru na gurɓacewar ruwa

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Northland waste water, Kanada

Ɗaya daga cikin "mafi muni na gubar muhalli a tarihin Kanada", in ji The Lancet, ya faru ne a arewa maso yammacin Ontario lokacin da aikin ɓangaren litattafan almara da takarda mallakar ƙungiyar Birtaniya, Reed Paper Group, ya kwashe kimanin 10,000 kilograms (22,000 lb) na mercury daga shukar chloralkali da ke Dryden zuwa kogin Wabigoon tsakanin shekarun 1962 da 1970. [13] The mercury contamination of the Wabagoon River system ya kasance matsattse.[14] Gurbacewar mercury na tsarin kogin Wabagoon ya yi yawa. :e141Fitar da mercury ya gurɓata magudanar ruwa a lardin Saskatchewan maƙwabta, wanda ya haifar da ƙarar Reed Paper— Interprovincial Cooperatives Ltd v R. Kogin Wabigoon ya kasance "har yanzu yana gurbata sosai" a cikin shekarata 2016.

A shekara ta 1997, kogin Yamaska na ɗaya daga cikin koguna da suka fi ƙazanta a lardin Quebec - musamman saboda sharar noma da magungunan kashe qwari. Ayyukan ɗan adam, gami da hargitsin muhalli a cikin kogin Yamaska, sun haifar da tabarbarewar ingancin ruwan sama da na ƙasa. [15] Wasu gurbatattun koguna uku kuma suna kwarara cikin kogin St. Lawrence— Kogin Boyer, Kogin Chaudière, da Kogin L'Assomption . Gwamnatin tarayya da na larduna sun kafa Tsarin Ayyuka na Saint-Laurent 1990-1994 da Saint-Laurent Vision 2000, 1994 -1998 don kiyayewa da kare kogin. Ɗaya daga cikin makasudin yarjejeniyar shine "hana da rage tasirin gurɓataccen aikin gona a kan koguna huɗu - Kogin Yamaska, Kogin Boyer, Kogin Chaudière, da kogin L'Assomption - da ke gudana a cikin St. Lawrence". [15] A cewar kungiyar da ba ta riba ba, Gidauniyar Rivers ta Quebec, an sami zubar da ruwa 651 a cikin Kogin Yamaska a cikin shekarata 2015. A ranar 28 ga Yuni, 2016, birnin Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, ya zubar da kusan tan 8,000 na danyen najasa a cikin kogin Yamaska da ake zargin ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban kifaye. [16]

"Mafi girman shari'ar gurɓataccen ruwa a tarihin Kanada" shine " barkewar cutar E. coli a Walkerton, Ontario a cikin Mayu 2000. A cikin rahoton binciken shari'a na Walkerton na shekarar 2002, Mai shari'a Dennis O'Connor 's ya ce "zai iya hana shi ta hanyar ingantaccen sinadarin chlorination na ruwan sha." [17] O'Connor ya ce sauran abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa sun haɗa da soke gwajin ruwa da kuma yanke shirye-shiryen muhalli da gwamnatin Ontario ta yi a wancan lokacin a ƙarƙashin Firayim Minista na Ontario, Mike Harris . Harris yayi aiki daga shekarata 1995 zuwa 2002 wanda shirinsa ya dogara da " Juyin Juyin Halittu na gama gari " ya haɗa da siyar da gwajin ruwa, lalata da yankewa ayyukan lardi. [17] A lokacin da ya zama firaministan kasar an yanke kasafin kuɗin Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Ontario da kashi 42 cikin 100 sakamakon korar ma'aikata sama da shekara ta 2000, ciki har da wadanda ke da hannu a cikin bincike, sa ido, aiwatarwa, gwaji, da dubawa. An mayar da gwajin ruwa mai zaman kansa. [18]

A cikin Mayu 2000, a cikin fashewar Walkerton E. coli, mutane shida sun mutu kuma 2000 suna da ciwon gastroenteritis saboda rashin isasshen ruwa. A cikin watan Mayun shekarata 2000 Walkerton E. coli fashewa mutane shida sun mutu kuma 2000 suna da ciwon gastroenteritis saboda rashin isasshen ruwa. [19] [20] [21]

A cikin 2000s, an taso da damuwa cewa yashin mai na Athabasca yana haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin kogin Athabasca, dangane da ruwan sama na acid, da kasancewar arsenic,[22] and the presence of arsenic, lead and mercury in higher levels than those recommended in Canada's national guidelines in water downstream from Albertan oil sites.[23][24][25][26] gubar da mercury a cikin manyan matakan fiye da waɗanda aka ba da shawarar a cikin jagororin ƙasar Kanada. a cikin ruwa a ƙasa daga wuraren mai na Albertan. Ruwan acid ruwan sama ne da aka gurɓata da sinadarai na iska, wanda ya sa ya zama acidic . Manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da ruwan acid su ne sulfur dioxide da nitrogen oxide . Kogin Athabasca ya gurɓata da mai da ruwan tafki mai wutsiya tun farkon haɓaka yashi mai ta hanyar ɗigogi daban-daban. A cikin shekarata 2007 Suncor ya zubar da ɓata ruwa lita miliyan 9.8 na yashin mai zuwa cikin kogin Athabaska. [25] Tafkunan [Oil Sands tailing ponds (Kanada) | Tafkunan mai yashi]] suna kusa da kogin sosai wanda ke ƙara yuwuwar kamuwa da cuta saboda malalar ruwan ƙasa. An bayyana a cikin shekarata 1997 cewa tafkunan wutsiya na Suncor sun kasance suna yoyon 1,600 cubic metres (57,000 cu ft) na ruwa mai guba a cikin Athabaska a rana. Kogin Athabasca shine mafi girma a cikin ruwa a duniya amma ana damuwa game da tafkunan wutsiya na Suncor da Syncrude. A shekara ta 2010, Tattaunawar Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Ƙasar Amirka labarin ta ce arsenic, cadmium, chromium, gubar, mercury, nickel da sauran abubuwa masu guba masu guba sun shiga cikin tributary da koguna na Athabasca daga ci gaban yashi mai.

Gurbacewar Manyan Tafkunan - Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, da Ontario - mafi girman tsarin ruwan saman ruwa a duniya - wanda ke lissafin kusan kashi 18% na ruwan saman ruwa a duniya, gurɓataccen ruwa ya shafa sosai. Yawan adadin phosphorus a cikin tabkuna, wanda ke haifar da eutrophication da haɓakar algae kuma a ƙarshe hypoxia — iskar oxygen. An bayyana Lake Erie "matattu" a cikin shekarata 1970s. Daga 1970s zuwa 1990s, lardin Ontario ya yi aiki don maido da Tafkunan ta hanyar "tsaftace tashoshin ruwa da yawa masu gurbatar yanayi, bays da bakin ruwa" da "rage yawan sinadarai masu guba da ke cutar da kifi da namun daji." An dakatar da wanke-wanke na phosphate, an inganta gyaran najasa, an ɗauki ƙarin ayyukan noma da ba su dace da muhalli don "rage abubuwan gina jiki da ke shiga tafkin". [27] Pollution of the Arctic Ocean doubled from 2002 to 2012.[28] A cikin Satumba 2012, Amurka da Kanada sun rattaba hannu kan gyaran gyare-gyare na Yarjejeniyar Ingancin Ruwa na Manyan Tafkuna . Babban manufar yarjejeniyar ita ce "maido da kiyaye amincin sinadarai, jiki da halittu na ruwa". [29] Mahimman gyare-gyaren da aka yi wa yarjejeniyar sun haɗa da "adireshi[ing] nau'in ɓarna na ruwa, lalata muhalli da kuma tasirin sauyin yanayi, da tallafawa ci gaba da aiki kan barazanar da ake samu ga lafiyar mutane da muhalli a cikin Babban Tafkunan Basin kamar algae masu cutarwa, Kuma sinadarai masu guba., da fitar ruwa daga wasu tasoshin”. [29]

Dokar Rigakafin Gurbacewar Ruwa ta Arctic ta 1970 ta kafa sabbin jagorori don hana gurɓatar ruwan Arctic na Kanada. A shekara ta 2008, Fisheries da Oceans sun ba da rahoton cewa wasu ruwan Arctic suna da matakan gubar da suka fi ƙa'idodin Kanada. Gurbacewar Tekun Arctic ya ninka daga shekarata 2002 zuwa 2012.

A shekara ta 2006, an yi la'akari da furannin algae na Lake Winnipeg a matsayin mafi munin algae na kowane babban tafkin ruwa a duniya, a cewar Canadian Geographic . A cikin shekarata 2011, lardin Manitoba ya fitar da wani rahoto daga Jami'ar Regina ta Kanada Research Chair in Environmental Change and Society. wanda ya bayyana "canjin yanayin yanayin yanayin kwatsam a tafkin Winnipeg" wanda "ya haifar da eutrophication." [30]

Irving Pulp and Paper, wani kamfani mai zaman kansa mallakar JD Irving, an tuhumi shi da kirga 15 a karkashin Dokar Kifi bayan Reversing Falls pulp da takarda a yammacin Saint John, New Brunswick ya fitar da wani gurbataccen iska a cikin lokuta goma a cikin St. John River tsakanin Yuni Shekarata 2014 da Agusta 2016. An saita hukuncin a CA $3.5M-"daya daga cikin mafi girman hukunci na ajiyar abubuwa masu lalacewa. [31] A wata kotun lardin New Brunswick, Irving ya amsa laifinsa a watan Oktoba 2018, zuwa uku daga cikin tuhume-tuhume goma sha biyar kuma "ya amince da biyan dala miliyan 3.5 a matsayin hukunci a zaman wani bangare na bayanan gaskiya da shawarwarin hadin gwiwa". Lauyan mai shigar da kara Paul Adams ya ce girma da kuma gubar da suke fitarwa na da matukar muhimmanci. [31] A cikin martani, a cikin Oktoba shekarata 2018, lauyoyin Irving sun kalubalanci kundin tsarin mulki na Dokar Kamun kifi. A baya an yanke masa hukuncin kisa na Saint John da laifin keta dokar kamun kifi a 1999, 2009 da 2010 tare da hukuncin tsakanin $37,000 da $75,000. [31]

Duba wasu abubuwan

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Kanada
  • Manyan Tafkunan # Gurbacewa
  • Matsalolin muhalli a Kanada

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Government of Canada, Office of the Auditor General of Canada (7 December 2010). "Chapter 2—Monitoring Water Resources". Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  2. ↑ "Water pollution: causes and effects". Government of Canada. Environment and Climate Change. 30 November 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named GC_20170609
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Rahman_2014
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named BC_GOV_ELP_1998
  6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CBC_MacKinnon_20180518
  7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named MacQueen
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CBC_20151008
  9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Müller_20200325
  10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CBC_20140825
  11. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ETC_Jeffries_2010
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named HRW_20160607
  13. ↑ Armstrong, F. A. J.; Hamilton, A. L. (1973). "Pathways of mercury in a polluted Northwestern Ontario Lake. Trace metals and metal-organic interaction in natural waters". Ann Arbor Science Publ.: 131–156.
  14. ↑ Philibert, Aline; Fillion, Myriam; Mergler, Donna (April 1, 2020). "Mercury exposure and premature mortality in the Grassy Narrows First Nation community: a retrospective longitudinal study". The Lancet Planetary Health. 4 (4): –141–e148. doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30057-7. ISSN 2542-5196. PMID 32353294.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named EPQ_1997
  16. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CBC_Smith_20160605
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CBC_20100510
  18. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named GOV_ON_Walkerton_2002
  19. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named deVilliers_2003
  20. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named O'Connor, Dennis R
  21. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named archives.gov.on.ca
  22. ↑ Jeziorski, A.; Yan, N. D.; Paterson, A. M.; Desellas, A. M.; Turner, M. A.; Jeffries, D. S.; Keller, B.; Weeber, R. C.; McNicol, D. K.; Palmer, M. E.; McIver, K.; Arseneau, K.; Ginn, B. K.; Cumming, B. F.; Smol, J. P. (28 November 2008). "The Widespread Threat of Calcium Decline in Fresh Waters". Science. 322 (5906): 1374–1377. Bibcode:2008Sci...322.1374J. doi:10.1126/science.1164949. PMID 19039134. S2CID 24907037. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  23. ↑ "Canada tar sands industry ignoring toxic river pollution". The Ecologist. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  24. ↑ "Canada leaves out rise in oil sands pollution from UN report". The National Post. 30 May 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Timoney, Kevin; Peter Lee (2009). "Does the Alberta Tar Sands Industry Pollute? The Scientific Evidence". The Open Conservation Biology Journal. 3: 65–81. doi:10.2174/1874839200903010065. mirror
  26. ↑ "Oilsands to exceed Alberta's new pollution limits, say documents". CBC. The Canadian Press. 11 September 2012.
  27. ↑ Canada, Environment; Canada, Fisheries and Oceans; Canada, Indian and Northern Affairs (2008). "Land-Based Pollution in the Arctic Ocean: Canadian Actions in a Regional and Global Context". Arctic. 61 (5): 111–121. doi:10.14430/arctic106. hdl:10535/5556.
  28. ↑ "Arctic Ocean Pollution Doubled in 10 Years". UPI. 23 October 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Environment Canada
  30. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Leavitt_2011
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CBC_MacKinnon_20181009
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