Gurbataccen ruwa a India
 Gurbataccen ruwa a India | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
water pollution (en)  |
| Ƙasa | Indiya |
Gurbacewar ruwa . Sauran hanyoyin gurbatar yanayi sun hada da kwararar ruwa a noma da kananan masana'antu marasa tsari. Galibin koguna da tafkuna da ruwan sama a Indiya sun gurbace saboda masana'antu da najasa da ba a kula da su da kuma datti.
Batutuwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Najasa mara magani[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Akwai babban tazara tsakanin tsarawa da maganin sharar gida a Indiya. Kuma Matsalar ba wai kawai Indiya ba ta da isassun ƙarfin jiyya har ma da cewa masana'antar kula da najasa ba sa aiki kuma ba a kula da su.
Galibin cibiyoyin kula da najasa na gwamnati na ci gaba da kasancewa a rufe a mafi yawan lokuta saboda rashin tsari ko rashin kulawa ko rashin ingantaccen wutar lantarki da za a iya sarrafa ta, tare da ma’aikatan da ba sa aiki da kuma rashin kulawa. Sannan Kuma Ruwan sharar da ake samu a waɗannan wuraren yakan shiga cikin ƙasa ko ƙafewa. Sharar da ba a tattara ba tana taruwa a cikin birane yana haifar da rashin tsafta da fitar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa da ke shiga cikin ruwa da ƙasa.
Najasa da ake fitarwa daga birane, garuruwa da wasu kauyuka shine babban abin da ke haddasa gurbatar ruwa a Indiya. Ana buƙatar saka hannun jari don cike gibin da ke tsakanin najasar da Indiya ke samarwa da kuma ƙarfin sarrafa najasa a kowace rana. Manyan biranen Indiya suna samar da lita miliyan 38,354 a kowace rana (MLD) na najasa, amma ikon kula da najasa na birni shine kawai 11,786 MLD. [1] Yawancin kogunan Indiya sun gurɓata sosai sakamakon fitar da najasa a cikin gida.
Hukumar Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa ta Tsakiya, Ma'aikatar Muhalli & Dazuzzuka ta Gwamnatin Indiya, ta kafa cibiyar kula da ingancin ruwa ta kasa da ta kunshi tashoshi 1,429 na sa ido a cikin jihohi 28 da 6 a cikin Tarayyar Turai a kan koguna da wuraren ruwa daban-daban a fadin kasar. Kuma Wannan ƙoƙarin yana kula da ingancin ruwa a duk shekara. Cibiyar sa ido ta hada da koguna 293, tafkuna 94, tankuna 9, tafkuna 41, koguna 8, magudanan ruwa 23, magudanan ruwa 18 da rijiyoyi 411 da aka rarraba a fadin Indiya. Ana nazarin samfuran ruwa akai-akai don sigogi 28 ciki har da narkar da iskar oxygen, ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran sigogin da aka kafa na duniya don ingancin ruwa. Bugu da ƙari 9 alamar karafa da ragowar magungunan kashe qwari guda 28 ana nazarin su. Hakanan ana yin sa ido kan yanayin halitta akan takamaiman wurare.
Binciken kimiyya na samfuran ruwa daga shekarata 1995 zuwa 2008 ya nuna cewa gurɓataccen kwayoyin halitta da ƙwayoyin cuta yana da tsanani a cikin ruwa na Indiya. Wannan ya faru ne saboda fitar da ruwan sharar gida ta hanyar da ba a kula da shi ba, galibi daga cikin biranen Indiya.
kwayoyin halitta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A cikin shekarar 2010 sa ido kan ingancin ruwa ya gano kusan dukkan koguna da manyan matakan BOD (ma'auni na gurɓataccen abu tare da kwayoyin halitta). An sami mafi munin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi, a cikin tsari mai raguwa, Kuma a cikin kogin Markanda (490 mg/l BOD), sai kogin Kali (364), kogin Amlakhadi (353), canal Yamuna (247), kogin Yamuna a Delhi (70) da kogin Betwa (58). Don mahallin, samfurin ruwa tare da BOD na kwanaki 5 tsakanin 1 da 2 mg O/L yana nuna tsaftataccen ruwa, 3 zuwa 8 mg O/L yana nuna tsaftataccen ruwa mai matsakaici, 8 zuwa 20 yana nuna ruwan iyaka, kuma sama da 20 MG O/L yana nuna rashin lafiya ga muhalli, gurbataccen ruwa.
Matakan BOD sun yi tsanani a kusa da birane da manyan garuruwa. Kuma A yankunan karkara na Indiya, matakan kogin BOD sun wadatar don tallafawa rayuwar ruwa. [1]
Matakan Coliform[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Rivers Yamuna, Ganga, Gomti, Ghaghara, Chambal, Mahi, Vardha da Godavari, suna daga cikin mafi yawan gurɓataccen ruwa na coliform a Indiya. Kuma Don mahallin, coliform dole ne ya kasance ƙasa da 104 MPN/100 ml, zai fi dacewa ba ya cikin ruwa don a yi la'akari da shi lafiya ga amfanin ɗan adam, da kuma ban ruwa inda coliform na iya haifar da barkewar cuta daga gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin aikin gona.
A cikin shekarata 2006, kashi 47 cikin ɗari na kula da ingancin ruwa sun ba da rahoton adadin coliform sama da 500 MPN/100 ml. A cikin shakarar 2008, kashi 33 cikin 100 na duk tashoshin sa ido kan ingancin ruwa sun ba da rahoton jimlar matakan coliform da suka wuce waɗannan matakan, suna ba da shawarar ƙoƙari na baya-bayan nan don ƙara kayan aikin sarrafa gurɓataccen gurɓatawa da haɓaka masana'antar jiyya a Indiya, na iya canza yanayin gurbatar ruwa.
Magance najasa a cikin gida da kuma yin amfani da najasar da aka gyara don ban ruwa na iya hana gurɓacewar ruwa, rage buƙatar ruwa mai daɗi a fannin ban ruwa da kuma zama hanyar ban ruwa. Tun daga shekara ta 2005, kasuwar masana'antar sarrafa ruwan sha ta Indiya tana haɓaka kowace shekara a ƙimar kashi 10 zuwa 12 cikin ɗari. {Asar Amirka ita ce mafi girma da ke ba da kayan aikin jiyya da kayayyaki zuwa Indiya, tare da kashi 40 cikin 100 na kasuwa na sabon shigarwa. A wannan adadin na fadada, da kuma ɗauka cewa gwamnatin Indiya ta ci gaba da yin gyare-gyare, manyan zuba jari a masana'antun sarrafa magudanar ruwa da samar da kayan aikin wutar lantarki, an kiyasta Indiya za ta kusan rubanya karfin maganin ruwa har sau uku nan da shekarata 2015, kuma karfin samar da magani zai dace. Bukatun kula da ruwan najasa na Indiya na yau da kullun nan da shekarata 2020.
Magani[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kula da ruwa a Indiya yana samun taki. Yunkurin farfado da Ganga da gwamnatin kungiyar kwadago ta yi, na tsaftace Yamuna na daga cikin kokarin da gwamnati ta fara. [2] Yunkurin dawo da kogin Chennai na tsaftace kogin Cooum, Adyar da ke Chennai da ƙoƙarin ƙungiyoyin jama'a da ƙungiyoyi irin su Gidauniyar Muhalli ta Indiya (EFI) ke jagoranta na tsabtace tafkuna da tafkuna a ƙasar ana ganinsu a matsayin gagarumin ci gaba wajen kiyaye ruwa.
Wasu matsalolin[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wani bincike na hadin gwiwa da PRIMER da hukumar kula da gurbatar yanayi ta Punjab suka yi a shekarar 2008, Kuma ya nuna cewa a kauyukan da ke kusa da Nullah, fluoride, mercury, beta-endosulphan da kuma maganin kashe kwari na heptachlor sun wuce iyaka da aka halatta (MPL) a cikin kasa da ruwan famfo. Bugu da ƙari, ruwan yana da babban taro na COD da BOD (sunadarai da buƙatun oxygen na biochemical), ammonia, phosphate, chloride, chromium, arsenic da chlorpyrifos pesticide. Ruwan ƙasa kuma ya ƙunshi nickel da selenium, yayin da ruwan famfo yana da yawan gubar dalma, nickel da cadmium.
Ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin damina na kara tabarbare matsalar gurbatar ruwa a Indiya, yayin da take wanke-wanke da fitar da datti da gurbatacciyar kasa zuwa cikin kogunanta da dausarta. Matsakaicin hazo na shekara-shekara a Indiya ya kai kimanin murabba'in cubic biliyan 4000. Daga wannan, tare da yanayin gine-ginen Indiya a cikin shekarata 2005, albarkatun ruwa da ake da su a cikin koguna sun kai kimanin mita biliyan 1869. Bisa kididdigar da aka yi wajen rarraba ruwan sama a kasar a kowace shekara, albarkatun ruwa da ake amfani da su, ciki har da ruwan kasa, an yi iƙirarin ya kai kimanin mita biliyan 1122. Yawancin wannan ruwa ba shi da lafiya, saboda gurbatar yanayi yana lalata ingancin ruwa. Gurbacewar ruwa ta iyakance adadin ruwan da ake samu ga masu amfani da Indiya, masana'anta da kuma noma.
Musamman koguna[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ganges[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Fiye da 500 mutane miliyan suna zaune a gefen kogin [Ganges]. [3] [4] Kimanin mutane 2,000,000 ne suka saba yin wanka a kowace rana a cikin kogin, wanda mabiya addinin Hindu ke daukarsa mai tsarki. Gurbacewar kogin Ganges babban haɗari ne ga lafiya. [5]
Gwamnatin Tsakiyar Indiya ta kafa NRGBA, akan 20 Fabrairu shekarar 2009 ƙarƙashin Sashe na 3 (3) na Dokar Kare Muhalli, a shekarata 1986. Ya kuma ayyana Ganges a matsayin "Kogin Kasa" na Indiya. [6] Kujerar ta hada da Firayim Ministan Indiya da manyan ministocin jihohin da Ganges ke bi ta cikin su. [7]
The Yamuna[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Bisa kididdigar da aka yi a shekarar 2012, kogin Yamuna mai tsarki na Delhi yana dauke da kwayoyin cutar coliform 7,500 a cikin 100cc na ruwa. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da dama, kungiyoyin matsa lamba, kungiyoyin kula da muhalli, da kuma ’yan kasa, sun dukufa wajen gudanar da ayyukansu na tsaftace kogin. [8]
Ko da yake Indiya ta sake sake fasalin manufofinta na ruwa na kasa a cikin shekarata 2002 don ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar al'umma da kuma daidaita tsarin kula da ruwa, tsarin tsarin mulkin ƙasar yana tabbatar da cewa ta kasance "bayani na niyya kawai." Alhakin kula da harkokin ruwa ya rabu tsakanin ma'aikatu da sassa daban-daban guda goma sha biyu ba tare da hadin kai ba. Kuma Ma’aikatun gwamnati da sashen ayyuka na jiha sun kasa shawo kan matsalar, duk da cewa ta kashe shekaru da dama da dala miliyan 140 wajen gudanar da wannan aiki. [8]
Sauran[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Buddha Nullah, rafi na ruwa na yanayi, wanda ke ratsa yankin Malwa
- Kogin Mithi, wanda ke ratsa cikin birnin Mumbai, ya gurbace sosai.
- Gurbacewar Kogin Mithi
- Gurbacewar Kogin Mula
- Gurbacewar Kogin Gomti
- Gurbacewar kogin Vrishabhavati
Duba wasu abubuwan[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Kasa Alkali
- Tasirin muhalli na ban ruwa
- Matsalolin muhalli a Indiya
- Jihohin Indiya da yankunan ƙungiyar sun sami matsayi ta hanyar yawaitar bayan gida
- Ruwan ƙasa a Indiya
- Dokar Rikicin Ruwan Kogin Interstate
- Ban ruwa a Indiya
- Siyasar Ruwa ta Kasa
- Albarkatun ruwa a Indiya
- Karancin ruwa a Indiya
- Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Indiya
- Yamuna Mission
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kaur et al., Wastewater production, treatment and use in India UN Water (Publisher)
- ↑ http://mowr.gov.in/schemes-projects-programmes/programmes/ganga-rejuvenation
- ↑ "Ganga conservation efforts inspire thousands". Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2022-03-22.
- ↑ A Sacred River Endangered by Global Warming 17 June 2007
- ↑ India's polluted Ganges River threatens people's livelihoods DW Germany (2013)
- ↑ "National Ganga River Basin Authority" Archived 2011-10-07 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ "Composition of NGRBA." Archived 2012-07-10 at Archive.today
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Yamuna: Story of a river being poisoned to death. The Hindu on July 6, 2012 issue