Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Sao Tome and Principe

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Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Sao Tome and Principe
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Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka kan Ayyukan Ɗancin Dan Adam na São Tomé da Príncipe ya bayyana cewa gwamnati gabaɗaya tana girmama haƙƙin ɗan ƴa na' yan ƙasa, duk da matsaloli a wasu yankuna.

São Tomé da Príncipe na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe 11 na Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara da aka kiyasta "yanci" a cikin binciken Freedom in the World na 2006 wanda Freedom House ta buga a kowace shekara, ƙungiyar da ke goyon bayan dimokuradiyya wacce ke sa ido kan haƙƙin siyasa, 'yancin farar hula, da' yancin yada labarai a duniya. A kan sikelin daga 1 (mafi yawan kyauta) zuwa 7 (mafi ƙarancin kyauta), São Tomé ya sami 2 don haƙƙin siyasa da 'yancin jama'a.

'Yancin siyasa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Daga samun 'yancin kai a 1975 har zuwa 1990, kasar ta kasance jam'iyya daya da ke da ƙuntataccen haƙƙin siyasa. A cikin 1990, 'yan ƙasa sun amince da kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya kafa dimokuradiyya ta jam'iyyun da yawa.

Tun daga wannan lokacin, an gudanar da zabuka tara na kasa a São Tomé da Príncipe: zabuka hudu na shugaban kasa (a 1991, 1996, 2001, da 2006) da biyar na Majalisar Dokoki (1991, 1994, 1998, 2002, da 2006). Dukkanin wadannan zabuka an gudanar da su ne gabaɗaya kyauta, adalci, da kuma bayyane ta masu sa ido na cikin gida da na duniya.

An gudanar da zabe a matakin kananan hukumomi a karo na farko a shekarar 1992. An ba Príncipe ikon cin gashin kansa a shekarar 1994 kuma an zabe shi majalisar yanki da gwamnati a shekarar 1995.

Ƴancin jama'a[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƴancin taro, ƙungiya, motsi, da addini an tabbatar da su ta hanyar kundin tsarin mulki kuma gwamnati tana girmama su gabaɗaya. Ana girmama 'yancin ilimi.

Ƴanci na ƴan jarida[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, "Dokar ta ba da ƴancin magana da na ƴan jarida, kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya tana girmama waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Har ila yau, ya lura cewa wasu 'yan jarida suna yin tantance kansu. "

Talabijin da rediyo suna aiki da jihar kuma babu tashoshin masu zaman kansu, saboda matsalolin tattalin arziki da kasuwa. Babu wata doka da ta hana kafa irin waɗannan tashoshin kuma duk jam'iyyun adawa suna da damar yin amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na gwamnati, gami da akalla minti uku a kowane wata a talabijin. Jaridu da takardun adawa da ke sukar gwamnati suna yawo kyauta.

Kamfanin 'yan jarida na São Tomé an kiyasta su 'yanci' ta kungiyar Freedom House. A cikin Binciken 'Yancin Labarai na 2006, São Tomé ya kasance na 5 daga cikin kasashe 48 na Afirka ta Kudu dangane da' yancin' yan jarida kawai bayan Mali, Mauritius, Ghana, da Afirka ta Kudu. [1] An adana shi

Freedom House ya bayyana halin da ake ciki na 'yancin' yan jarida na kasar kamar haka: "Kundin Tsarin Mulki na São Tomé ya tabbatar da' yancin' yan yada labarai kuma gwamnati tana da tarihin misali na mutunta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin a aikace. Littattafan da ke sukar manufofin hukuma suna yawo kyauta ba tare da an kama 'yan jarida ba, an ɗaure su, an azabtar da su ko kuma an tsananta musu. Koyaya, 'yan jarida suna yin kyakkyawan matakin tantance kansu, kuma galibi suna dogara da fitowar labarai na hukuma don rahotonsu wanda ke hana ci gaban aikin jarida na bincike. Rashin kudaden shiga na talla, fasaha, horar da kafofin watsa labarai da albashi mara kyau suma sun zama manyan nakasa ga 'yan jarida. "

Sauran shahararrun kungiyoyin 'yancin' yan jarida kamar su Reporters Without Borders (RSF), Cibiyar Harkokin Labarai ta Duniya (IPI), da Kwamitin Kare 'Yan Jarida (CPJ) ba su haɗa da São Tomé a cikin rahotannin shekara-shekara ba.

Dokar Shari'a[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsarin shari'a da shari'a[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wani bangare na shari'a mai zaman kansa, gami da Kotun Koli tare da mambobin da aka zaba, kuma suna da alhakin, Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, an kafa ta hanyar raba gardama ta 1990 kan mulkin jam'iyyun da yawa. Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci a kan gwamnati da shugaban kasa, amma a wasu lokuta ana amfani da ita. Tsarin kotun yana da yawa, ba shi da ma'aikata, ba shi na isasshen kuɗi, kuma yana fama da jinkiri mai tsawo a cikin shari'o'in sauraro.

Dokar ta ba da haƙƙin shari'ar jama'a mai kyau, haƙƙin daukaka kara, haƙƙin wakilcin shari'a, kuma, idan matalauta, haƙƙin lauyan da jihar ta nada. Ana zaton wadanda ake tuhuma ba su da laifi, suna da 'yancin fuskantar shaidu, da kuma gabatar da shaidu a madadin kansu. Koyaya, rashin isasshen albarkatun ya haifar da tsare-tsare na dogon lokaci kafin shari'a kuma ya hana bincike sosai a cikin shari'o'in aikata laifuka.

Halin jami'an tsaro[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Babu rahotanni cewa gwamnati ko jami'anta sun aikata kisan kai ko kisan kai ba bisa ka'ida ba, azabtarwa, ko ɓacewar siyasa.

Yanayin kurkuku[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An bayyana yanayin kurkuku a kasar a matsayin "mai tsanani, amma ba barazana ga rayuwa ba" a cikin rahoton ma'aikatar jihar. An bayar da rahoton cewa wuraren sun cika, kuma abinci bai isa ba. An tsare wasu fursunoni kafin a yi musu shari'a tare da fursunoni da aka yanke musu hukunci.

Gwamnati ta ba da izinin masu sa ido kan haƙƙin ɗan adam su ziyarci kurkuku.

Hukuncin kisa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An soke hukuncin kisa a São Tomé da Príncipe a shekarar 1990. São Tomé da Príncipe sun tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu ga Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2017.[1]

Cin hanci da rashawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Cin hanci da rashawa na hukuma matsala ce mai tsanani. Ba a bincika São Tomé da Príncipe a cikin Ƙididdigar Kula da Cin Hanci da rashawa ta Transparency International ta 2005.

Nuna bambanci a cikin al'umma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dokar ta samar da daidaito ga dukkan 'yan ƙasa ba tare da la'akari da jima'i ba, kabilanci, asalin launin fata, halin siyasa, imani, ko tabbacin falsafa, kuma yayin da gwamnati ke aiwatar da waɗannan tanadi, mata sun fuskanci nuna bambanci. Rikicin cikin gida akan mata ya faru, gami da fyade, amma ba a san girman matsalar ba. Kodayake mata suna da 'yancin yin amfani da shari'a - ciki har da ma'aurata da yawa sun ƙi kawo matakin shari'a ko kuma ba su san hakkinsu ba a karkashin doka. Hadisi ya hana mata yin rikice-rikice na cikin gida a waje da iyali.

Dokar ta tanadi cewa mata da maza suna da daidaitattun 'yancin siyasa, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa. Duk da yake mata da yawa suna da damar samun dama a ilimi, kasuwanci, da gwamnati, a aikace mata har yanzu suna fuskantar nuna bambanci na al'umma.

Rashin kula da yara bai yadu ba; duk da haka, akwai karancin kariya ga marayu da yara da aka watsar. Aikin yara matsala ce.

Babu rahotanni cewa an fataucin mutane zuwa, daga, ko a cikin kasar.

Hakkin ma'aikaci[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Hakkin shirya, yajin aiki, da ciniki gaba ɗaya an tabbatar da su kuma ana girmama su. Ƙungiyoyin kwadago kalilan ne, amma ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun yi amfani da shirin rarraba ƙasa na gwamnati don jawo hankalin ma'aikata. Saboda rawar da take takawa a matsayin babban ma'aikaci a bangaren albashi, gwamnati ta kasance babban mai magana da ma'aikata a kan dukkan batutuwa, gami da albashi. Yanayin aiki a yawancin gonakin koko na jihar suna da tsanani.

Yanayin tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shafin da ke biyowa yana nuna ƙididdigar São Tomé da Príncipe tun 1975 a cikin rahotanni na Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke buga kowace shekara. Matsayi na 1 shine "kyauta"; 7, "ba kyauta ba".[2]

Shekara Ƴancin Siyasa Ƴancin Jama'a Matsayi Shugaban ƙasar Sao Tome and Principe
1975 5 5 Sashin Kyauta Manuel Pinto da Costa
1976 5 5 Sashin Kyauta Manuel Pinto da Costa
1977 6 5 Sashin da ba kyauta ba Manuel Pinto da Costa
1978 6 6 Sashin da ba kyauta ba Manuel Pinto da Costa
1979 6 6 Sashin da ba kyauta ba Manuel Pinto da Costa
1980 6 6 Sashin da ba kyauta ba Manuel Pinto da Costa
1981 6 6 Sashin da ba kyauta ba Manuel Pinto da Costa
1982 6 6 Sashin da ba kyauta ba Manuel Pinto da Costa
1983 7 7 Sashin da ba kyauta ba Manuel Pinto da Costa
1984 7 7 Sashin da ba kyauta ba Manuel Pinto da Costa
1985 7 7 Sashin da ba kyauta ba Manuel Pinto da Costa
1986 7 7 Sashin da ba kyauta ba Manuel Pinto da Costa
1987 7 7 Sashin da ba kyauta ba Manuel Pinto da Costa
1988 6 7 Sashin da ba kyauta ba Manuel Pinto da Costa
1989 6 5 Sashin da ba kyauta ba Manuel Pinto da Costa
1990 5 5 Sashin kyata Manuel Pinto da Costa
1991 2 3 Kyauta Miguel Trovoada
1992 2 3 Kyauta Miguel Trovoada
1993 1 2 Kyauta Miguel Trovoada
1994 1 2 Kyauta Miguel Trovoada
1995 1 2 Kyauta Miguel Trovoada
1996 1 2 Kyauta Miguel Trovoada
1997 1 2 Free Miguel Trovoada
1998 1 2 Kyauta Miguel Trovoada
1999 1 2 Kyauta Miguel Trovoada
2000 1 2 Kyauta Miguel Trovoada
2001 1 2 Kyauta Fradique de Menezes
2002 1 2 Kyauta Fradique de Menezes
2003 2 2 Kyauta Fradique de Menezes
2004 2 2 Kyauta Fradique de Menezes
2005 2 2 Kyauta Fradique de Menezes
2006 2 2 Kyauta Fradique de Menezes
2007 2 2 Kyauta Fradique de Menezes
2008 2 2 Kyauta Fradique de Menezes
2009 2 2 Kyauta Fradique de Menezes
2010 2 2 Kyauta Fradique de Menezes
2011 2 2 Kyauta Manuel Pinto da Costa
2012[3] 2 2 Kyauta Manuel Pinto da Costa
2013[4] 2 2 Kyauta Manuel Pinto da Costa
2014[5] 2 2 Kyauta Manuel Pinto da Costa
2015 2 2 Kyauta Manuel Pinto da Costa
2016 2 2 Kyauta Evaristo Carvalho
2017 2 2 Kyauta Evaristo Carvalho
2018 2 2 Kyauta Evaristo Carvalho
2019 2 2 Kyauta Evaristo Carvalho
2020 2 2 Kyauta Evaristo Carvalho
2021 2 2 Kyauta Carlos Vila Nova
2022 2 2 Kyauta Carlos Vila Nova

Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Matsayin São Tomé da Príncipe game da yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam ta duniya kamar haka:

Yarjejeniya Hukuma An gabatar Rattaba hannu Ratified
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide[6] Amurka 1948 - -
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination[7] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 1966 2000 -
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights[8] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 1966 1995 -
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights[9] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 1966 1995 -
First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights[10] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 1966 2000 -
Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity[11] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 1968 - -
International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid[12] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 1973 - 1979
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women[13] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 1979 1995 2003
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment[14] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 1984 2000 -
Convention on the Rights of the Child[15] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 1989 - 1991
Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty[16] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 1989 2000 -
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families[17] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 1990 2000 -
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women[18] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 1999 2000 -
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict[19] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 2000 - -
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography[20] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 2000 - -
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities[21] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 2006 - -
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities[22] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 2006 - -
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance[23] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 2006 - -
Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights[24] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 2008 - -
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure[25] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 2011 - -

Bayani[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

1.^ Lura cewa "Shekara" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Sabili da haka, bayanin shekarar da aka yi alama ta 2008 ya fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu.
2. ^ Ya zuwa Independence a ranar 12 ga Yuli 1975, da 1 ga Janairu shekaru bayan haka.
3. ^ Rahoton 1982 ya rufe shekara ta 1981 da rabi na farko na 1982, kuma rahoton 1984 mai zuwa ya rufe rabi na biyu na 1982 da dukan 1983. Don sauƙaƙewa, an raba waɗannan rahotanni biyu na "shekara da rabi" zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar interpolation.

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named auto
  2. ↑ Freedom House (2012). "Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012" (XLS). Retrieved 2012-08-22.
  3. ↑ Freedom House (2013). "Freedom in the World 2013: Democratic Breakthroughs in the Balance" (PDF).
  4. ↑ Freedom House (2014). "Freedom in the World 2014" (PDF).
  5. ↑ Freedom House (2015). "Freedom in the World 2015" (PDF).
  6. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 1. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Paris, 9 December 1948". Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  7. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 2. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. New York, 7 March 1966". Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  8. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 16 December 1966". Archived from the original on 17 September 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  9. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966". Archived from the original on 1 September 2010. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  10. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 5. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966". Archived from the original on 2019-03-24. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  11. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 6. Convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity. New York, 26 November 1968". Archived from the original on 2018-11-16. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  12. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 7. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. New York, 30 November 1973". Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  13. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 18 December 1979". Archived from the original on 23 August 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  14. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 9. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. New York, 10 December 1984". Archived from the original on 8 November 2010. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  15. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11. Convention on the Rights of the Child. New York, 20 November 1989". Archived from the original on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  16. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 12. Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty. New York, 15 December 1989". Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  17. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 13. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. New York, 18 December 1990". Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  18. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 6 October 1999". Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  19. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. New York, 25 May 2000". Archived from the original on 2016-04-25. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  20. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11c. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. New York, 25 May 2000". Archived from the original on 2013-12-13. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  21. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006". Archived from the original on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  22. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15a. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006". Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  23. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 16. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. New York, 20 December 2006". Archived from the original on 2019-07-17. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  24. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3a. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 10 December 2008". Archived from the original on 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  25. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11d. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure . New York, 19 December 2011. New York, 10 December 2008". Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.

Haɗin waje[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

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