Haƙƙin hanya

Haƙƙin hanya
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	subjective right (en)

Haƙƙin hanya shi ne haƙƙin a doka, wanda aka kafa ta amfani ko bayarwa, don wucewa ta wata hanya ta musamman ta filaye ko kadarorin wani", ko "hanya ko babbar hanyar da ke ƙarƙashin irin wannan haƙƙin". ^[1] Hakanan akwai irin wannan haƙƙin samun na dama a ƙasar da gwamnati ke riƙe, filaye waɗanda galibi ana kiran su ƙasar jama'a, filayen jiha, ko kuma ƙasar Crown. Lokacin da mutum ɗaya ya mallaki ƙasar da ke kan iyaka ta kowane bangare ta filayen mallakar wasu, ana iya samun sauƙi, ko kuma a ƙirƙira don fara haƙƙin shiga ƙasar da ke kan iyaka Ko ƙarshenta.

Wannan labarin yana mai da hankali ne a kan samun shiga ta ƙafa, da keke, doki, ko ta hanyar ruwa, yayin da Dama-na-hanyar (shiri) ta mayar da hankali kan haƙƙin amfani da ƙasa don manyan tituna, layin dogo, da bututun mai.

Hanya ta ƙafa haƙƙin hanya ce wadda bisa doka kawai masu tafiya a ƙafa nebza su iya amfani da su. Titin bridle haƙƙin hanya ce wacce masu tafiya a ƙasa kawai, masu keke da dawaki za su iya amfani da su bisa doka, amma ba ta abubuwan hawa ba. A wasu ƙasashe, musamman a Arewacin Turai, inda 'yancin yin yawo a tarihi ya ɗauki nau'i na haƙƙin jama'a, ba za a iya taƙaita haƙƙin hanya zuwa takamaiman hanyoyi ko hanyoyi ba.

Madadin ma'anar

See also: Public trust doctrine

Ƙarin ma'anar haƙƙin hanya, musamman a cikin sufuri na ƙasar Amurka, shi ne nau'in sauƙi da aka ba shi ko aka tanada akan ƙasar don dalilai na sufuri, wannan na iya zama don babbar hanya, hanyar ƙafar jama'a, layin dogo, canal, da kuma watsa wutar lantarki. layuka, bututun mai da iskar gas. ^[2]

Kalmar na iya bayyana fifikon zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, "haƙƙin doka na mai tafiya a ƙasa, abin hawa, ko jirgin ruwa don ci gaba da fifiko akan wasu a wani yanayi ko wuri". ^[3] A cikin ladubban tafiye -tafiye, inda idan ƙungiyoyi biyu na masu tuƙi suka haɗu a kan tudu, al'ada ta taso a wasu wuraren da ƙungiyar ta hau tudu tana da haƙƙin hanya Ko hanyoyi.

A duk duniya

New Zealand

Akwai fa'ida ga jama'a a ƙasar New Zealand, gami da hanyoyin ruwa da bakin teku, to amma "sau da yawa ya rabu kuma yana da wahalar ganewa".

Jamhuriyar Ireland

A cikin Jamhuriyar Ireland, haƙƙin masu tafiya a ƙasa na hanyar zuwa coci, da aka sani da hanyoyin jama'a, sun wanzu tsawon ƙarni. A wasu lokuta, dokar zamani ba ta da tabbas; A gefe guda, dokokin zamanin Victorian kan sauƙi suna kare haƙƙin mai mallakar dukiya, wanda kundin tsarin mulki na shekarar 1937 ya inganta, wanda ya ayyana cewa haƙƙin hanya dole ne a keɓe musamman don amfanin jama'a. ^[4] Ana adawa da waɗannan, waɗanda ke da'awar haƙƙin gama gari na hanya harkar zuwa ga wani matsayi na ƙasa wanda ya ƙare yakin Land na shekara ta 1880s zuwa ƙarshen mulkin Birtaniyya a shekara ta 1922. Ana iya tabbatar da haƙƙin hanya ta hanyar mallaka mara kyau, amma tabbatar da ci gaba da amfani na iya zama da wahala. Shari'ar da aka ji a cikin shekarar 2010 game da da'awar a kan gidan gidan Lissadell ya dogara ne akan dokokin tarihi, tun lokacin da Dokar Gyaran Kasa da Bayar da Doka, a shekara ta 2009 ta gyara .

Dokar ta shekarar 2009 ta kuma soke koyaswar bayar da tallafi na zamani, kuma ta ba mai amfani damar da'awar haƙƙin hanya bayan shekaru kusan 12 na amfani da shi a cikin ƙasa mai zaman kansa mallakar wani, shekaru 30 akan ƙasar jiha da shekaru 60 a kan gaba . ^[5] Dole ne mai da’awar ya nemi kotuna, sannan a tabbatar da da’awarsu ta hanyar umarnin kotu, sannan a yi mata rajista da kyau kan takardun mallakar, tsari mai tsawo. Dole ne mai amfani ya tabbatar da "jin daɗi ba tare da ƙarfi ba, ba tare da ɓoyewa ba kuma ba tare da izini na baki ko a rubuce na mai shi ba", sake bayyana ƙa'idar tsohuwar ƙarni na Nec vi, nec clam, nec precario . Umarnin kotu da ke ba da haƙƙin hanya na sirri ne ga mai nema har tsawon rayuwarsa, kuma ba za a iya gadonsa ko sanya shi ba.

Ƙasar Ingila

Ingila da Wales

A Ingila da Wales, ban da a cikin gundumomi kimanin guda 12 na ciki na London da birnin Landan, haƙƙoƙin jama'a hanyoyi ne waɗanda jama'a ke da haƙƙin Doka a Ingila da Wales ta bambanta da na Scotland a cikin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin hanya kawai suna kasancewa a inda aka keɓe su (ko kuma za a iya sanya su idan ba a rigaya ba) yayin da a Scotland duk wata hanya da ta dace da wasu sharuɗɗa an bayyana shi a matsayin dama ta hanya., kuma ban da haka akwai babban zato na samun damar shiga karkara. Hakanan akwai haƙƙin masu zaman kansu na hanya ko sauƙi .

Hanyoyi na ƙafafu, bridleways da sauran haƙƙoƙin hanya a yawancin Ingila da Wales ana nuna su akan taswirori na musamman . Taswirar taswirar taswirar taswira ce ta haƙƙin jama'a na hanya a Ingila da Wales. A cikin doka shi ne tabbataccen rikodin inda haƙƙin hanya yake. Hukumar manyan tituna (yawanci karamar hukumar gundumomi, ko kuma hukuma ta tarayya a yankunan da ke da tsarin bene daya) tana da aikin doka na kiyaye taswirar tabbatacce, kodayake a wuraren shakatawa na kasa hukumar kula da shakatawa ta kasa yawanci tana kula da taswira.

London

An tsara taswirorin taswirar haƙƙoƙin jama'a ga duk dan ƙasar Ingila da Wales a sakamakon Dokar Kare Kare da Haƙƙin Hanya ta shekarar 2000, ban da gundumomi goma sha biyu na ciki na London waɗanda, tare da birnin London, ba a rufe su ba. ta Dokar.

Don kare haƙƙin da ake da su a Landan, Ramblers sun ƙaddamar da "Sanya London akan Taswira" a cikin shekara ta 2010 da nufin samun "kariyar doka iri ɗaya don hanyoyi a babban birnin kamar yadda aka riga aka samu don ƙafafu a wasu wurare a Ingila da Wales. A halin yanzu, doka ta baiwa gundumomin Inner London damar zaɓar samar da taswirorin taswira idan suna so, amma babu wanda ya yi haka.

An kaddamar da taron kaddamar da "Sanya London akan Taswira" a dakin karatu na Burtaniya, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin "Yankin Inner London na Ramblers yana aiki tare da ma'aikatan Babban Ofishin Ramblers don kokarin shawo kan kowane gundumomi na ciki na London a kan abin da ake so. na samar da tabbataccen taswirorin haƙƙin hanya".

A cikin shekara ta 2011 Majalisar Lambeth ta zartar da ƙuduri don yin aiki don ƙirƙirar taswirar taswira ga gundumarsu, amma har yanzu wannan bai wanzu ba. Birnin London ya samar da Taswirar Samun Jama'a. Taswirorin taswira sun wanzu don gundumomi na waje na London .

Hanyoyi masu izini

Wasu masu mallakar filaye suna ba da izinin shiga ƙasarsu ba tare da keɓe haƙƙin hanya ba. Waɗannan galibi ba a bambance su a zahiri da haƙƙin jama'a na hanya, amma ana iya iyakance su. Irin waɗannan hanyoyin galibi ana rufe su aƙalla sau ɗaya a shekara, ta yadda ba za a iya kafa haƙƙin hanya ta dindindin a cikin doka ba.

Scotland

A Scotland, haƙƙin hanya hanya ce da jama'a suka sami damar wucewa ba tare da tsangwama ba na akalla shekaru 20. ^[6] Dole ne hanyar ta haɗu da "wuraren jama'a" guda biyu, kamar ƙauyuka, coci-coci ko hanyoyi. Ba kamar a Ingila da Wales ba babu wani takalifi a kan ƙananan hukumomin Scotland don sanya hannu kan haƙƙin hanya. Koyaya ƙungiyar agaji ta Scotways, wacce aka kafa a cikin shekarata 1845 don kare haƙƙin hanya, rubutawa da sanya hannu kan hanyoyin. ^[7]

Dokar sake fasalin ƙasa (Scotland) ta 2003 da aka tsara a cikin doka na gargajiya, marasa motsi, hanyoyin samun damar ƙasa da ruwa. Ƙarƙashin Dokar shekarar 2003 an buga bayanin haƙƙoƙin harshe bayyananne ta Ƙarƙashin Halitta na Scottish: Lambar Samun Waje ta Scotland . An cire wasu nau'ikan filaye daga wannan zato na samun damar shiga, kamar filin jirgin ƙasa, filayen jirage da lambuna masu zaman kansu.

Sashe na 4 na Code Access ya bayyana yadda aka ba masu kula da filaye damar neman jama'a su guji wasu wurare na wani ɗan lokaci kaɗan don gudanar da ayyukan gudanarwa, duk da haka dole ne ƙaramar hukuma ta amince da ƙuntatawa na dogon lokaci. Ana amfani da ikon hana isa ga jama'a na ɗan lokaci ba tare da sanarwa ba ta hanyar harbi, gandun daji ko masu sarrafa iska,^{[ana buƙatar hujja]} amma baya ƙara zuwa Haƙƙin Hanyoyi na Jama'a. A Scotland jama'a suna da babban matakin 'yanci akan Haƙƙin Hanya fiye da buɗaɗɗen ƙasa. Toshe Haƙƙin Hanya a Scotland wani cikas ne na laifi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Manyan Hanyoyi, kamar yadda yake a Ingila da Wales, amma rashin samun damar taswirorin Haƙƙin Hanyoyi na jama'a a Scotland yana da wahala a aiwatar da shi.

Duk da yake a Ingila da Wales, hukumomin babbar hanya suna da alhakin kiyaye taswirar haƙƙin hanya da aka amince da su bisa doka, a cikin Scotland dokoki daban-daban sun shafi kuma babu wani rikodin haƙƙin hanya da aka amince da shi bisa doka. Duk da haka, akwai Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ƙasa (CROW), wanda Ƙungiyoyin Haƙƙin hanya na Scotland da Access Society (Scotways) suka haɗa, tare da haɗin gwiwar Scottish Natural Heritage, da taimakon hukumomin gida. Akwai nau'ikan haƙƙin hanya guda uku a cikin CROW:

tabbatarwa - hanyoyin da aka ayyana su a matsayin haƙƙin hanya ta wasu hanyoyin doka;
tabbatarwa – hanyoyin da mai gida ya yarda da su azaman haƙƙin hanya, ko kuma inda hukumomin gida suka shirya ɗaukar matakin doka don kare su;
da'awar - wasu haƙƙin hanyoyin, waɗanda ba a tabbatar da su ba ko tabbatar da su, amma waɗanda ke da alama sun cika ka'idojin doka na gama gari kuma har yanzu ba a yi gardama a kan doka ba.

Ireland ta Arewa

Ireland ta Arewa tana da ƴancin haƙƙoƙin jama'a na hanya kuma samun damar shiga ƙasar a Arewacin Ireland ya fi ƙuntata fiye da sauran sassan Biritaniya, ta yadda a yawancin yankuna masu yawo ba za su iya jin daɗin ƙauyen ba kawai saboda yarda da haƙurin masu mallakar ƙasa. An samu izini daga duk masu mallakar filaye a duk fadin ƙasarsu Hanyar Waymarked da Ulster Way . Mafi yawan filayen jama'a na Arewacin Ireland ana iya samun dama, misali Ma'aikatar ruwa da filin sabis na gandun daji, kamar yadda ƙasar ke da kuma ƙungiyoyi irin su National Trust da Woodland Trust .

Ireland ta Arewa tana da tsarin shari'a iri ɗaya da Ingila, gami da ra'ayoyi game da ikon mallakar ƙasa da haƙƙin jama'a na hanya, amma tana da tsarin kotuna, tsarin abubuwan da suka gabata da takamaiman dokar samun dama. ^[8]

Amurka

A cikin ƙasar Amurka, ana ƙirƙiri hanyar dama ta hanya ta zama nau'i na sauƙi . Sauƙaƙe na iya zama mai fa'ida mai sauƙi, wanda ke amfanar kadarorin maƙwabta, ko sassauƙa gabaɗaya, wanda ke amfanar wani mutum ko mahaluƙi sabanin wani yanki na ƙasar. Duba kuma "Ma'anar Madadin" a sama, dangane da nau'ikan sauƙi da aka bayar ko aka tanada akan ƙasa don dalilai na sufuri,

Dama don yawo

'Yancin yin yawo, ko 'yancin kowane mutum shine haƙƙin jama'a na jama'a na samun damar shiga wani fili na jama'a ko na sirri don nishaɗi da motsa jiki. An ba da izinin shiga ko'ina cikin kowace buɗaɗɗiyar ƙasa, ban da hanyoyi da waƙoƙi da ake da su.

A Ingila da Wales haƙƙoƙin samun damar jama'a sun shafi wasu nau'ikan ƙasar da ba a noma ba musamman - "dutse, moor, zafi, ƙasa da ƙasa gama gari masu rijista". Ƙasar da aka bunƙasa, lambuna da wasu yankuna musamman an keɓe su daga haƙƙin shiga. Ana iya samun ƙasar noma idan ta faɗi cikin ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan da aka kwatanta a sama (Duba Dokar Kare Kare da Haƙƙin Hanya 2000 ). Yawancin gandun daji na jama'a suna da irin wannan haƙƙin shiga ta hanyar sadaukar da kai na son rai da Hukumar Kula da gandun daji ta yi . Mutanen da ke amfani da haƙƙin samun dama suna da wasu ayyuka na mutunta haƙƙin wasu mutane na gudanar da ƙasa, da kuma kare yanayi da yanci.

A cikin Scotland da ƙasashen Nordic na Finland, Iceland, Norway da Sweden da kuma ƙasashen Baltic na Estonia, Latvia da Lithuania 'yancin yin yawo na iya ɗaukar nau'in haƙƙin jama'a na gama gari waɗanda wasu lokuta ana tsara su cikin doka. Samun damar tsoho ne a sassan Arewacin Turai kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin isasshe na asali wanda ba a tsara shi a cikin doka ba sai zamanin yau. Wannan haƙƙin kuma yakan haɗa da shiga tafkuna da koguna, don haka ayyuka kamar iyo, kwale-kwale, tuƙi da tuƙi. ^[9] Dokar sake fasalin ƙasar (Scotland) ta shekarar 2003 tana ba kowa haƙƙin samun dama ga yawancin ruwa na cikin ƙasa a cikin Scotland (ban da ababen hawa), samar da cewa suna mutunta haƙƙin wasu.

Kungiyar kwale-kwalen jiragen ruwa ta Biritaniya (BCU) ce ke gudanar da Gangamin Samun Koguna don buɗe hanyoyin ruwa na cikin ƙasa a Ingila da Wales a madadin jama'a. A karkashin dokar Burtaniya ta yanzu, an hana jama'a shiga koguna, kuma kashi 2% na dukkan kogunan Ingila da Wales ne ke da haƙƙin shiga jama'a. BCU tana amfani da yaƙin neman zaɓe ba wai don wayar da kan al'amuran samun dama ba kawai, amma don ƙoƙarin kawo canje-canje a cikin doka.

Yawancin ƙasashe masu zafi irin su Madagascar suna da manufofin tarihi na buɗe damar shiga gandun daji ko wuraren jeji.^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}

Ƙasar jama'a

Wasu ƙasar da aka daɗe ana ɗaukar jama'a ko kambi na iya zama yankin ƴan asalin ƙasar, a cikin ƙasashen da aka yi na mulkin mallaka.

Ƙasar Crown a Kanada

Yawancin Kanada ƙasar Crown ce ta larduna . Wasu ana hayar su don ayyukan kasuwanci, kamar gandun daji ko hakar ma'adinai, amma akan yawancinsu akwai damar shiga kyauta don ayyukan nishaɗi kamar yin tafiye-tafiye, keke, kwale-kwale, tseren kan iyaka, hawan doki, da farauta da kamun kifi, da sauransu. A lokaci guda ana iya ƙuntata ko iyakance damar shiga saboda dalilai daban-daban (misali, don kare lafiyar jama'a ko albarkatu, gami da kare tsirrai da dabbobin daji). ^[10] A cikin Yankunan Kanada Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Kanada ce ke gudanar da ƙasar Crown. An ƙirƙiri wuraren shakatawa na ƙasar Kanada daga ƙasan Crown kuma Gwamnatin Tarayya kuma ke gudanar da ita. Sannan kuma Hakanan akwai wuraren shakatawa na larduna da wuraren ajiyar yanayi waɗanda aka ƙirƙira makamancin haka. Mutanen ƙabilar Kanada na iya samun takamaiman hakki akan ƙasar Crown da aka kafa ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyoyin da suka rattaba hannu a lokacin da Kanada ke mulkin mallaka na Biritaniya, kuma sun yi iƙirarin mallakar wasu ƙasar Crown.

Ƙasar Crown a Ostiraliya

Yawancin yankin ƙasar Ostiraliya shine Crown land, wanda jihohin Ostiraliya ke gudanarwa. Yawancin ya ƙunshi hayar makiyaya, ƙasar da mutanen Aborigin suka mallaka da kuma gudanarwa (misali Ƙasar APY ), da kuma "wanda ba a raba" Ƙasar Crown. Ana ba da izinin shiga na ƙarshe don dalilai na nishaɗi, kodayake ana buƙatar motoci masu motsi don bin hanyoyi.

Ƙasar jama'a a Amurka

Yawancin filayen jama'a na jihohi da na tarayya a buɗe suke don amfanin nishaɗi. Damar nishaɗi ta dogara ne akan hukumar gudanarwa, kuma tana gudanar da aikin daga faɗaɗɗen wuraren buɗe ido na kyauta ga kowa da kowa, waɗanda ba a buɗe su ba na Ofishin Kula da Filaye zuwa wuraren shakatawa da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa na Amurka da ake sarrafawa sosai. Matsugunan namun daji da wuraren kula da namun daji na jihohi, waɗanda aka gudanar da farko don haɓaka wurin zama, gabaɗaya a buɗe suke don kallon namun daji, tafiye-tafiye, da farauta, yawace-yawace sai dai rufewa don kare mace-mace da sheƙar gida, ko don rage damuwa kan dabbobin hunturu Ko sanyi.Dazuzzuka na ƙasa gabaɗaya suna da cakuda hanyoyin da aka kiyaye da kuma tituna, jeji da wuraren da ba a bunƙasa ba, da wuraren raye-raye da wuraren zama.

Ruwa

Gaba

Hakkokin jama'a akai-akai suna wanzuwa a gaban rairayin bakin teku. A cikin tattaunawa ta shari'a ana kiran bakin teku sau da yawa a matsayin yanki mai yashi .

Don rairayin bakin teku masu zaman kansu a cikin Amurka, wasu jihohi kamar Massachusetts suna amfani da ƙaramin alamar ruwa azaman layin raba tsakanin kadarorin Jiha da na mai bakin teku. Sauran jihohi kamar California suna amfani da alamar ruwa mai tsayi.

A cikin Burtaniya, gabaɗaya ana ɗaukan gandun daji mallakin Crown ne duk da cewa akwai wasu abubuwan ban mamaki, musamman ma abin da ake kira kamun kifi da yawa waɗanda za su iya zama ayyukan tarihi don taken, tun daga zamanin Sarki John ko a baya, da kuma Dokar Udal., dukkan wanda ya shafi gabaɗaya a cikin Orkney da Shetland . Duk da yake a cikin sauran Biritaniya ikon mallakar ƙasa ya ƙare har zuwa babban alamar ruwa, kuma ana ganin Crown ya mallaki abin da ke ƙasa da shi, a Orkney da Shetland ya haɓaka zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci lokacin bazara. Inda yankin gaba ke mallakar Crown jama'a suna samun damar shiga ƙasa da layin da ke nuna babban tudun ruwa .

A Girka, bisa ga L. 2971/01, an ayyana yankin gabas a matsayin yanki na bakin teku wanda zai iya kaiwa ta iyakar hawan raƙuman ruwa a bakin tekun (mafi girman igiyar ruwa a bakin tekun) a cikin iyakar su. iya aiki (mafi girman magana zuwa "yawanci matsakaicin raƙuman hunturu" kuma ba shakka ba ga lokuta na musamman ba, kamar tsunami da sauransu. ). A Yankin bakin teku, baya ga keɓancewar doka, na jama'a ne, kuma ba a ba da izinin yin gine-gine na dindindin a kai ba.

Kamar yadda yake tare da busasshiyar yashi na bakin teku, takaddamar doka da ta siyasa na iya tasowa kan mallakar da kuma amfani da jama'a na gabar teku . Misali ɗaya na baya-bayan nan shi ne gardamar gaba da tekun New Zealand da ta shafi iƙirarin ƙasa na mutanen Māori . Koyaya, Dokar Ruwa da Yankin Teku (Takutai Moana) Dokar 2011 ta ba da garantin shiga jama'a kyauta.

Rivers

Kungiyar kwale-kwalen jiragen ruwa ta Biritaniya (BCU) ce ke gudanar da Gangamin Samun Koguna don buɗe hanyoyin ruwa na cikin ƙasa a Ingila da Wales a madadin jama'a. A karkashin dokar Ingila da Wales ta yanzu, an hana jama'a shiga koguna, kuma kashi 2% na dukkan kogunan Ingila da Wales ne ke da haƙƙin shiga cikin jama'a.

Duba sauran abubuwa

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

Manazarta

↑ New Oxford American Dictionary.
↑ Henry Campbell Black, "Right-of-way", Black's Law Dictionary (West Publishing Co., 1910), p. 1040.
↑ New Oxford American Dictionary
↑ The constitution guarantees the "life, person, good name and property rights of every citizen" (Article 40.3)
↑ http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2009/en/act/pub/0027/sec0033.html 2009 Act, s.33
↑ [1] archive copy of SNH document
↑ [2] Scotways: The Scottish Rights of Way & Access Society.
↑ A Guide to Public Rights of Way and Access to the Countryside: .
↑ Right to roam in Norway: .
↑ [3] Archived 2015-07-31 at the Wayback Machine; › DNR › Crown Land

[1] New Oxford American Dictionary.

[2] Henry Campbell Black, "Right-of-way", Black's Law Dictionary (West Publishing Co., 1910), p. 1040.

[3] New Oxford American Dictionary

[4] The constitution guarantees the "life, person, good name and property rights of every citizen" (Article 40.3)

[5] ttp://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2009/en/act/pub/0027/sec0033.html 2009 Act, s.33

[Archive_of_Rights_of_way_in_Scotland-6] [1] archive copy of SNH document

[7] [2] Scotways: The Scottish Rights of Way & Access Society.

[8] A Guide to Public Rights of Way and Access to the Countryside: .

[9] Right to roam in Norway: .

[10] [3] Archived 2015-07-31 at the Wayback Machine; › DNR › Crown Land

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