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Hakkokin ɗan'adam a Bosnia da Herzegovina

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Hakkokin ɗan'adam a Bosnia da Herzegovina
human rights by country or territory (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Facet of (en) Fassara Herzegovina

Tarihin 'yancin ɗan adam na Bosniya da Herzegovina ya kasance an dauki tsawon shekaru daga ƙungiyoyin gwamnatoci waɗanda suka haɗa da Majalisar dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Kotun Turai na' Yancin Dan Adam da kungiyar Tsaro da Hadin Kai a Turai, da kuma na duniya da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na cikin gida irin su Human Rights Watch da Amnesty International . An soki gwamnatin Bosniya da Herzegovina saboda nuna wariya na kabilanci da addini a yadda take mu'amala da tsirarun kabilu da addinai kamar mutanen Romani da yahudawa . An kuma soki gwamnatin kasar kan yadda take kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira da suka biyo bayan yakin Bosniya da kuma gazawarta wajen wadata masu neman mafakar da kayan abinci kamar abinci, matsuguni da kuma taimakon likita. Kuma a cewar BH Novinari, kungiyar ‘yan jaridar ta Bosniya, ‘ yancin yada labarai batu ne a Bosniya da Herzegovina, inda ‘yan jaridu ke fuskantar hare-hare, barazana da matsin lamba daga gwamnati. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na 'yancin dan adam sun kuma bayar da rahoton katsalandan a cikin aikin su daga gwamnati. Tarayyar Turai ta soki gwamnatin ta Bosniya saboda jinkirin da take yi na shigar da karar laifukan yaki a cikin gida daga yakin Bosniya biyo bayan rufe Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa game da Tsohuwar Yugoslavia a watan Disambar shekarar 2017.

Babban Ofishin kare hakkin dan adam
national headquarters

Rikicin kabilanci sananne ne a cikin al'ummar Bosniya. Manyan kabilun uku su ne; Bosniaks, wadanda galibinsu Musulmai ne, da Croats, wadanda suke Katolika, da kuma Republika Srpska wadanda ke bin darikar Orthodox ta Sabiya. Wannan rikicin na kabilanci ya haifar da Yakin Bosniya wanda ya gudana tsakanin shekarar 1992, zuwa shekarar 1995, biyo bayan samun 'yancin kan Bosnia da Herzegovina daga Tarayyar Yugoslavia. Yakin ya haifar da mutuwar 100 000. Laifin laifukan yaƙi da take hakkin ɗan adam da kowace ƙasa da abin ya shafa suka aikata. An kawo mafi yawan adadin laifukan yaƙi a kan Sabiyawan.

Nuna wariyar launin fata da na addini.

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A shekarar 2019, Bankin Duniya ya wallafa wani rahoto da ya gano cewa nuna wariya ga mutanen Roma babbar matsala ce a kasashen Yammacin Balkan, ciki har da Bosnia da Herzegovina. Rahoton ya gano cewa mutanen Roma, wadanda suka kunshi kashi 1.7% na al'ummar Bosniya, suna da wahalar samun ayyukan yau da kullun kamar kiwon lafiya, ilimi, aikin yi da kuma gidaje fiye da wadanda ba 'yan Rome ba.

Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa da kasa ta Human Rights Watch ta bayyana a cikin Rahotonta na shekara-shekara na 2020, cewa nuna wariya ga kabilu da tsirarun addinai ya kasance babban batun 'yancin ɗan adam a Bosniya da Herzegovina. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ta Bosniya ya haramtawa wasu tsirarun kabilu irin su yahudawa da kuma ‘yan kabilar ta Rome, wadanda su ne manyan kungiyoyin tsiraru biyu a kasar tsayawa takarar shugabancin kasar.

Matsalolin da ke cikin Tsarin Mulki na Bosniya da Herzegovina sakamako ne na Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Dayton, wacce aka sanya hannu a cikin shekarar 1995, a ƙarshen Yaƙin Bosniya.

Saboda gagarumar rawar da kishin kasa da siyasar nuna kabilanci ke takawa a cikin al'umar Bosniya, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Bosniya ya tanadi cewa Shugabancin gwamnati dole ne ya kunshi mambobi guda uku da aka zaba kai tsaye. Memba na shugaban kasa guda daya Bosniaks, Croats da Serbia ke zaba kowannensu. Dole ne dan takarar shugaban kasa ya kasance yana da 1 daya daga cikin wadannan asalin na kabilanci kuma bai cancanta ba idan sun kasance memba na wasu karin kabilun, wanda ke hana kananan kabilu, kamar Romawa da yahudawa, tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa, da kuma duk wanda yake zuwa fiye da ɗaya daga cikin manyan kabilun uku. Bugu da ƙari, Bosniaks, Croats da Sabiyawa na iya zaɓar ɗan takara ɗaya ne kawai daga ƙabilarsu.

Wadannan takunkumin da suka shafi kabilanci kan cancantar tsayawa takarar zaben da aka zaba suna da sabani, kuma kungiyoyin kasa da kasa irin su Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan Adam sun soki lamarin. A cikin shari'ar shekarar 2009, na Sejdić da Finci v. Bosnia da Herzegovina, Kotun Turai ta 'Yancin Dan Adam ta yanke hukuncin cewa Tsarin Mulkin Bosniya ya nuna wariya kuma ya saba wa Yarjejeniyar Turai kan' Yancin Dan Adam . Dervo Sejdić, mutumin Roma, da Jakob Finci, wani Bayahude, sun shigar da kara ga Kotun Turai ta 'Yancin Dan Adam cewa ba su cancanci tsayawa takarar Shugaban kasa da Majalisar Wakilan Jama'ar Bosniya da Herzegovina ba saboda kasancewarsu na kananan kabilu, duk da cewa dukkan mutanen biyu 'yan kasar ta Bosniya ne.

Laifukan yaki.

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Duk cikin Yaƙin Bosniya tsakanin shekarar 1992-zuwa 1995, an sami yawan cin zarafin ɗan adam. Waɗannan sun haɗa da tsarkake kabilanci, zartar da hukunci ba bisa doka ba, fyade da azabtarwa. A watan Disambar shekarar 2017, Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ta Yugoslavia, kotun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kirkiro don hukunta laifukan yaki da suka faru a yakin Bosnia, aka rufe. Kotunan cikin gida tun daga wannan lokacin suke da alhakin gurfanar da laifukan yaƙi da na cin zarafin bil'adama waɗanda suka faru yayin yaƙin. Rahoton Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Ofishin Babban Kwamitin Kula da Hakkin Dan-Adam a kan Bosnia da Herzegovina ya ba da rahoton damuwar cewa kotunan cikin gida na Bosniya da Herzegovina sun yi jinkirin kammala shari'ar laifukan yaki. Wadanda aka yi wa fyade da azabtarwa a lokacin yakin suna fuskantar kalubale da yawa wajen samun adalci na shari'a, suna fuskantar € 5,000, a kudin kotu idan harkarsu ba ta yi nasara ba.

Masu neman mafaka da wadanda suka rasa muhallinsu.

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Ya zuwa shekara ta 2020, an ci gaba da sanya ‘yan Bosniya 96,421, a matsayin wadanda suka rasa muhallinsu daga yakin Bosniya, wanda ya kare a shekarar 1995. Kashi 58 cikin 100, na ‘yan Bosniya da suka bar kasar a matsayin‘ yan gudun hijira a lokacin Yaƙin har yanzu ba su dawo ba. Shirin Gidaje na Yankin da gwamnati ta bayar da kudi ya gina gidaje 1000, domin sake tsugunar da 'Yan Gudun Hijira da wadanda suka dawo.

Dukkanin kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama da na Amnesty International sun soki yadda gwamnatin Bosniya take gudanar da ayyukan kwararar ‘yan gudun hijira kwanan nan. Sukar sun hada da gwamnatoci masu jinkirin aiwatar da aikace-aikacen neman mafaka da gazawar samar da abinci na asali, matsuguni da kuma kula da lafiya ga masu neman mafakar.

Masu kare hakkin dan adam da kungiyoyin fararen hula.

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Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Human Rights Watch ta ruwaito a rahotonta na shekara ta 2019, na Duniya cewa masu kare hakkin dan adam da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na fuskantar tsangwama a cikin aikin su. Sun ba da rahoton cewa 'yan sanda sun ba da tarar cin zarafin jama'a ga mutanen da ke halartar tarukan jama'a da zanga-zanga. Kungiyar Tsaro ta 'Yan Jarida ta Turai ta ba da rahoton cewa a cikin shekarar 2014, Alliance of Independent Social Democrats, babbar jam'iyyar siyasa a Republika Srpska, ta fitar da jerin sunayen' yan jarida da kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba wadanda suke ganin cewa "ba su dace ba". Human Rights Watch ta kuma ruwaito cewa Republika Srpska ta kirkiro wata doka da za ta basu damar sa ido kan ayyuka da kudaden kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke karbar gudummawar kasashen waje.

'Yancin yada labarai.

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'Yancin aikin yan jarida na cikin tsarin Mulkin kasar Bosniya. Freedom House ta rarraba aikin jaridar Bosniya da na Herzegovina a matsayin kyauta. A cewar dandamalin Majalisar Turai na Inganta Kariyar 'Yan Jarida da Tsaron' Yan Jarida, tun daga shekarar 2015, an kai "hare-hare bakwai kan lafiyar jiki da mutuncin 'yan jarida", shida da suka faru na "cin mutunci ko tursasawa' yan jarida", da wasu "wasu hare-hare guda hudu wadanda ke da matukar tasiri kan 'yancin yada labarai". A cewar dandamalin, goma sha biyar daga cikin wadannan abubuwan da suka faru ba a warware su ba kuma an warware su ko kuma gwamnatin Bosniya ta magance su. A cewar kungiyar ta Human Rights Watch, 'yan jarida na fuskantar musgunawa, matsin lamba daga kungiyoyin siyasa, hare-hare masu karfi da tursasawa ciki har da barazanar kisa. Human Rights Watch ta ba da rahoton cewa BH Novinari, kungiyar ‘yan jarida a Bosniya da Herzegovina, sun ba da rahoton take hakkin‘ yan jarida 41, a shekarar 2019.

Yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi.

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Auren jinsi ɗaya doka ce a cikin Bosnia da Herzegovina. Ba a yarda da auren jinsi ɗaya ba hakana da alaƙa da doka ba a ƙarƙashin dokar Bosniya. Ana barin mutane masu canza jinsi su canza jinsi na doka. A cikin rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na 2019, game da Bosnia da Herzegovina, Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam da Kwamitin Da ke Kan Azabtarwa sun nuna damuwa kan rashin binciken da hukumomi ke yi game da laifukan nuna kiyayya da aka aikata wa 'yan madigo,' yan luwadi, masu jinsi biyu da kuma jinsi. Madigo da tashin hankali da laifukan ƙiyayya ga membobin ƙungiyar LGBT sun bazu a cikin Bosnia da Herzegovina. A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2008, fararen hula bakwai da wani jami'in 'yan sanda sun ji rauni ta hanyar zanga-zangar adawa da LGBT a bikin Queer Festival na Sarajevo. Wadanda suka shirya bikin sun samu barazanar kisa ba a san su ba har zuwa bikin. An kwantar da mutane shida tare da raunuka a kai kuma daya daga cikin maharan ‘yan sanda sun tsare. A watan Satumba na shekara ta 2019, aka gudanar da faretin LGBT na Bosnia na farko a Sarajevo, babban birnin ƙasar. Jami'an 'yan sanda dubu daya sun kasance don kare masu zanga-zangar daga tashin hankali da laifukan kiyayya. An gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa a Sarajevo ta ƙungiyoyin masu adawa da LGBT a daidai lokacin da ake fareti.

Hakkokin mata.

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Kungiyar Tsaro da Hadin Kai a Ofishin Jakadancin Turai da ke Bosniya da Herzegovina ta ba da rahoton cewa cin zarafin mata matsala ce da ta zama ruwan dare a cikin al’ummar ta Bosniya. Ofishin jakadancin ya kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, mata ba su da wakilci sosai a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati. A lokacin Yaƙin Bosniya tsakanin shekara ta 1992, zuwa 1995, an sami wata annobar lalata da yara. Babu wani adadi na hukuma da ke kan yawan matan da aka ci zarafinsu yayin Yaƙin, duk da haka kimantawa tsakanin 20, 000, da 50, 000. Tsarin shari'ar Bosniya ya kasance ba mai da martani game da hukunta maza da suka yi lalata da juna yayin yakin. Wadanda abin ya shafa na fuskantar barazanar rasa dubban kudin tarayyar Turai a kudin kotu idan suka kai karar Republika Srpska saboda lahanin da lalata da sojojinsu suka yi lokacin yakin.

Amsoshin duniya.

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kungiyar Tsaro da Hadin Kai a Turai shahararriyar kungiyar gwamnatoci ce wacce ke gudanar da aiki a cikin Bosnia da Herzegovina. Suna aiki don dawo da zaman lafiya da jituwa a yankin da kuma inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam ga dukkan 'yan ƙasa na Bosnia da Herzegovina, gami da Romawa da jama'ar yahudawa. Mata na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suna da ofishi a Bosniya da Herzegovina, inda suke da burin tallafa wa gwamnati wajen cimma matsayin duniya a daidaiton jinsin Dan Adami.