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Harshen Efik

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Harshen Efik
Harshen Efik
Efik
'Yan asalin magana
 2,693,000 (2020)
Baƙaƙen boko
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-2 efi
ISO 639-3 efi
Glottolog efik1245[1]
Efik
Usem Efịk
Asali a Southern Nigeria
Yanki Cross River State
Ƙabila Efik
'Yan asalin magana
 (400,000 cited 1998)[2]
Second language: 2 million (1998)[3]
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-2 efi
ISO 639-3 efi
Glottolog efik1245[1]

Efik /ɛ f ɪ k / [4] dace. Efik. Usem Efịk ) suna ne na yaren kabilar Efik ta Nigeria. Shi ne babban yaren da aka fi yi a jihar Cross River a Najeriya. An saka sunan yaren ne bayan mutanen Efik waɗanda suke a cikin jihar ta Cross River da kuma jihar Akwa Ibom. Masu amfani da harshen Efik na iya fahimtar juna tare da masu amfani da sauran ƙananan harsunan Cross River kamar Ibibio, Annang, Oro da Ekid amma matakin fahimtar a fuskar yaren Oro da Ekid na da wahala; a wata fuskar, masu magana da waɗannan yarukan suna iya fahimtar juna watau Efik (da Ibibio) amma ba zasu iya maidawa ba. [5] Habakar kalmomin harshen Efik ya samo asali da tasiri ta hanyar cudanyar Turawan Ingila, na Portugal da sauran al'ummomin da garuruwan dake kewaye da su kamar Balondo, Oron, Efut, Okoyong, Efiat da Ekoi (Qua).[6] [7]

Rarrabuwa

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Yarukan Nijar-Kongo

Salon amfani da harshen Efik ya samu rarrabuwa zuwa kashi da yawa tun a ƙarni na 19. Dr. Baikie ne mutum na farko da yayi kokarin bayanin rarrabuwar harshen Efik a shekara ta 1854. [8] [9] Dr Baikie ya ce, "Duk yarukan da ke gaɓar teku daga Ɗaya zuwa Tsoho Kalabar, suna da alaƙa na kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, da yaren Igbo, wanda daga baya Dr. Latham ya sanar cewa tana da dangantaka da Kafir-class". Kafir-class kalma ce ta kaskanci da ake amfani da ita don bayyana yarukan Bantu. [10] Don haka, Dr Baikie yayi ƙoƙari don rarraba Harshen Efik kamar yadda yake da alaƙa da harsunan Bantu. Attemptoƙari na gaba don rarraba harshen Efik shine Rev. Hugh Goldie wanda ya sanya Harshen Efik a matsayin ɗayan Harsunan Arewa wanda ya faɗi, "ya samar da mafi yawan ɓangarorin sa kamar yadda rukunin Semitic ke yi, daga tushen fi'ili." [11] Westermann ya sake yin wani ƙoƙari wanda ya sanya harsunan Efik a matsayin na ƙungiyar Yammacin Sudan na harsunan Sudanic. Greenberg ne ya gabatarda rabe-raben harsunan yanzu wanda ya hada Efik a cikin dangin Benuwai-Kongo na dangin Niger-Congo. [12] Ɗaya daga cikin ka'idojin shigar da harshen Efik cikin dangin Niger-Congo shine yanayin fasalin su. A cewar Greenberg, "halayyar halittar Neja-Kwango wacce ke samar da babban abin kwatance shine tsarin sanya sunan suna ta hanyar rataye biyu." Saboda yawan kamanceceniya a cikin kalmomin Efik, masana kamar Der-Houssikian, sun soki rabe-raben harshe na Greenberg yana mai cewa, "Goma daga cikin shigar Efik suna da kamus na Goldie da yawa. Wannan nan da nan ya kawo yiwuwar ma'ana mabambanta da ma'anonin ma'ana. Irin waɗannan bambance-bambancen ba Goldie ne ya bayyana su ba. Waɗannan keɓaɓɓun suna rage adadin abubuwan da ba tuhuma ba daga 51 zuwa 36. ” [13] Daga baya Faraclass ya yi wani bincike mai wuyar fahimta game da Yarukan Kuros Riba kuma ya rarraba harshen Efik a matsayin memba na ƙaramin rukunin ƙananan ƙungiyar Delta-Cross wanda ƙari ne ga babbar ƙungiyar Kuros Riba wacce ita ce babbar ƙungiyar Benuwai Kwango dangin Kongo.

Tarihi

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Wini rubutu kenan da yaren Efik, a shekarar 1900 wanda Daniel Obiom Amaku ya rubuta.

Efik Adabi

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Cif Eyo Nsa ya fara jawo wanzuwar yaren a rubuce a cikin shekara ta 1812 ta wanda aka fi sani da Willy Eyo Honesty. [14] GA Robertson ne ya samo waɗannan kalmomin daga wajen Cif Eyo Nsa.

Kalmomin Eyo Efik na Zamani Turanci
Hittam Itam Hat
Hecat Ikọt Bush
Henung Inụñ Gishiri
Erto Eto Itace
Wang Ñwan Mace
Kuskuren Ebua Kare
Heuneck Unek Rawa

Tun kafin gabatar da kalmomi a harshen Efik wanda Cif Eyo Nsa ya janyo, ƴan kasuwa da yawa daga tsohuwar Calabar sun iya karatu da rubutu a harshen turanci kuma suna adana mujallu don karatu. [15] Wasiƙar farko da aka rubuto daga shugabannin Old Calabar ya fara ne a shekarar 1776. [16] Don haka, an riga an shirya filin rubutu don harshen Efik kafin zuwan turawa masu da'awan kiristanci. Lokacin da Cocin United Church Presbyterian Church of Scotland Mission ta iso Old Calabar a shekarar 1846, Reverend Hope Waddell da Samuel Edgerley tare da taimakon Eikyo ɗan kasuwar Egboyoung (Ekpenyong) suka fara rikodin kalmomin Efik; waɗannan an buga su a cikin lithofis ɗin lithographic ɗin su kuma an shirya su a shekarar 1849. [17] Bayan isar da mishaneri, akwai matsalar samar da ingantaccen salon rubutu ga Harshen Efik. Dokar Lepsius ne ya kirkiro rubutun da mishan suka zaba wanda aka gano tsarinsa da haruffan sautin suna dacewa da yaren Efik a lokacin. Daga baya aka fitar da kamus na farko na Efik a 1862 ta Rev. Hugh Goldie da rubutun kalmomin Efik an kirkiresu a 1874 ta Goldie. Yaren Efik ya bunƙasa cikin rubutaccen adabi wanda mishaneri da Efik bi da bi, suka taka rawar gani. [18] Ayyukan addini na farko waɗanda aka fassara a cikin yaren Efik sun haɗa da Tsohon Alkawari wanda Alexander Robb ya kammala shi a 1868 kuma aka buga shi a 1873; Wasikar Bulus zuwa ga Ibraniyawa wanda William Anderson ya fassara kuma ya buga. [19] Ministocin 'yan asalin ƙasa ɗaya sun ba da gudummawa ga faɗaɗa adabin addinin Efik. Reverend Esien Esien Ukpabio, wazirin Efik na farko da aka nada a cikin 1872, ya fassara zuwa harshen Efik, na "Bishara da 'ya'yanta" na Dr. JH Wilson. Asuquo Ekanem wanda yayi daidai da wazirin Efik ya fassara yaƙin John Bunyan mai tsarki zuwa Efik. Mutanen Efik daidai sun fara rubuta waƙoƙin waƙoƙi na Coci kuma suna buga su. William Inyang Ndang wanda ya ɗan jima a Biritaniya shine Efik na farko da ya gabatar da mawaƙa a majami'u a Calabar kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga yawancin waƙoƙin Church tare da matarsa, Misis Jane Ndang. [20] Tsakanin shekarun 1930 zuwa 1950s, an buga Mujallu, Jaridu da na zamani a cikin yaren Efik. Daga farkon shekarun 1930, akwai mujalla mai shafi goma sha biyu-uku a cikin harshen Efik, "Obụkpọn Obio" (Bugle na gari) wanda Reverend James Ballantyne ya shirya. An tsara aikin ne ga mai karatu na gaba daya kuma ya ƙunshi batutuwa da dama, tun daga yar girma ye Uforo Obio (Raguwar da ci gaban gari) zuwa Ufọk Ndọ (gidan aure) da sauran batutuwa makamantan su. Wannan ya biyo baya a cikin 1940s ta "Uñwana" (haske), na wata-wata mai shafi 32, wanda EN Amaku ya shirya. Daga 1948 zuwa 1950, wata jaridar mai shafi takwas a mako-mako a cikin Efik, "Obodom Edem Usiahautin" (Gabatar da Magana a Gabas), wanda Cif Etim Ekpenyong ya shirya kuma aka buga a Kamfanin Henshaw Press an sayar da shi a 2d kowanne. [21] Yana kawo labaran duniya na yau da kullun (Littafin farko) kuma an karanta shi sosai. Don haka, yaren Efik ya ji daɗin karatun sosai tun daga zuwan mishaneri na Kirista a cikin shekarar 1846.

Yaɗa Harshen Efik

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Saboda yawan kasuwancin mutanen Efik, yaren ya zama yaren da ake amfani da shi a yankin Kuros Riba. [6] A cewar Offiong da Ansa,

Harshen Efik a cikin shekarun da suka gabata ya haɓaka zuwa matakin da ya mamaye sauran yarukan da ake magana da su a kewayen Jihar Kuros Riba. Harshe kamar yaren Kiong wanda mutanen Okoyong ke magana an rasa shi saboda masu magana da shi sun lalata harshen Efik tsawon shekaru. Hakanan ana magana akan harshen Efut wanda mutanen Efut ke magana dashi a Calabar ta Kudu, Baya ga kasancewa yaren da kashi daya cikin uku na jihar Kuros Riba yake magana dashi a matsayin L1, shine L2 ko L3 na yawancin yan asalin Kuros Riba. Don manufar talla, ana amfani da yare sosai bayan Ingilishi a cikin jihar. Ana watsa tallan Talabijin da Rediyo a kowace rana a fannoni daban-daban, A cikin siyasa ana amfani da yaren duk a cikin sanatocin Kudancin da wasu yankuna na Yankin Sanatan Tsakiya na Jihar. A cikin ilimi, akwai tsarin karatun firamare da sakandare na Efik a makarantu. A fannin cigaban ilimin harsuna, ana karanta shi ne a matakin farko a jami’ar Calabar. [22]

Daga cikin Ibibio, harshen Efik ya samu karɓuwa a matsayin yaren adabi saboda fassarar da Baibul na Ikilisiyar Scotland ya yi a cikin Efik. [6] Harshen Efik daidai ya rayu a Yammacin Indiya saboda fitar da bayi daga Yankin Kuros Riba. Ana iya samun kalmomin asalin Efik a cikin kalmomin mutanen Gullah Geechee na Amurka. [23] A cikin 'yan kasashen waje a Cuba, ana amfani da wani nau'i na forman Efik wanda aka kirkira a cikin ƙungiyar ɓoye ta Abakuá, wacce ta samo tushe daga ƙungiyar ɓoye ta Efik Ekpe a Najeriya. [24]

Fasaha

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Bakandamiya

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Alamar sautin baƙi [25]
Bilabial Labio-hakori Alveolar Palatal Velar Labio-velar
Tsaya bayyana b d
rashin murya t k k͡p
Fricative f s
Hanci m n ɲ ŋ
Wasula da rabi j w

Salon Furuci

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/ b / yana da allophone da yawa. [25] [26] Waɗannan allophones suna dogaro da matsayin / b / a cikin kalma. A matsayi na ƙarshe yana faruwa azaman dakatar da fito da sautin magana a matsayin [p̚], kamar yadda yake a cikin kalmomin aiki masu zuwa. [kop̚] (saurare!), [sɔp̚] (da sauri!), [fɛp̚] (dodge!). / p / a cikin Efik ana samun sa ne kawai a matsayi na ƙarshe kuma ana iya fahimtar su kamar / β / a cikin matsakaiciyar matsayi, misali; [dép] + [úfɔk] = [déβúfɔk]. [27] Idan kuwa, duk da haka, baƙi ne ke biye da shi nan da nan, yana faruwa ne a matsayin tsayayyar fitarwa da sauti, kamar yadda yake a cikin waɗannan misalan: [28]</br> [i.kop.ke] (bai ji ba)</br> [n̩.dɛp.ke] (Ban siya ba)</br>

Kamar / b /, / t / da / k / ba a sake su ba a matsayi na ƙarshe. [28] Don haka, a tsarin magana muna da abubuwa masu zuwa: </br> [bɛt̚] (jira)</br> [dɔk̚] (tono)</br>

Tsarin Rubutawa da Rubutun rubutun Efik

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An rubuta Yaren Efik ta amfani da harafin Latin (wanda aka fi sani da Harrufan Boko). Haruffa da ake aiki yayin rubuta Yaren Efik sun haɗa da: a, b, d, e, f, i, k, m, n ,,, o, ọ, s, t, u, w, y, kp, kw, ny, nw, gh. [29] Wadannan Haruffa Har ila yau suna da siffofin babban birnin su: A, B, D, E, F, I, K, M, N, Ñ, O,,, S, T, U, W, Y. Haruffa C, G, J, L da Q, V da Z ba a amfani da su. [30] Don Q, harafin "Kw" da sauti na Turanci 'ng', ana amfani da 'ñ'. Haruffan baƙi na yaren Efik sun kasu kashi biyu Harrufa baƙaƙe da baƙaƙe biyu

Hanyoyin haɗin waje

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Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Efik". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Glottolog" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ Samfuri:Ethnologue18
  3. ↑ Samfuri:E14
  4. ↑ Bauer, p.370
  5. ↑ Mensah and Ekawan, p.60
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Simmons, p.16
  7. ↑ Goldie, Dictionary of the Efik, p.28
  8. ↑ Baikie, p.420
  9. ↑ Jeffreys, p.63
  10. ↑ Silverstein, p.211
  11. ↑ Goldie, Calabar, p.301
  12. ↑ Greenberg, p.9
  13. ↑ DerHoussikian,p.320
  14. ↑ Robertson, p.317
  15. ↑ Forde, p.8
  16. ↑ Williams, p.541
  17. ↑ Aye, A learner's Dictionary, p.xiii
  18. ↑ Aye, The Efik Language, p.4
  19. ↑ Nair, p.438
  20. ↑ Aye, Old Calabar, p.154
  21. ↑ Aye, The Efik Language, p.5
  22. ↑ Offiong & Ansa, p.25
  23. ↑ Jones-Jackson, p.426
  24. ↑ Miller, p.11
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Essien, p.15
  26. ↑ Goldie, Principles, p.5
  27. ↑ Ukpe, p.35
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Essien, p.16
  29. ↑ Aye, A learner's Dictionary, p.iv
  30. ↑ Una, p.8
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