Harshen Malay

 

Harshen Malay
Bahasa Melayu — بهاس ملايو‎
'Yan asalin magana	harshen asali: 77,000,000 (2007) harshen asali: 77,000,000 (2007)
Dangin harshen	Austronesian (en) Malayo-Polynesian (en) Malayic (en) Malayan (en) Harshen Malay
Baƙaƙen rubutu	Malay alphabet (en) , Jawi (en) da Baƙaƙen boko
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-1	ms
ISO 639-2	msa may
ISO 639-3	msa
Glottolog	da mala1546 indo1326 da mala1546

Mai magana da bambancin Indonesian a cikin Netherlands

Mai magana da bambancin Malaysian a Langkawi

Wani saurayi yana magana da harshen Kedah Malay

Harshen yana da yawa, watau, an daidaita nau'ikansa da yawa a matsayin harshen ƙasa (bahasafundsaan ko bahasa nasional) na jihohin kasashe da yawa tare da sunayen hukuma daban-daban: a Malaysia, an sanya shi a matsayin ko dai Bahasa Malaysia ("Malaysian") ko kuma bahasa Melayu("Harshe na Malay"); a Indonesia, an sanya wani nau'ikan ƙa'ikan ƙa-ida mai zaman kansa da ake kira Bahasa ("Indonesia") zuwa yankunan Indiya da kuma Yammacin Malay (Malay) Yammacin yankin Malay) inda aka ƙuntata zuwa Yammacin Yammacin Indiyawan Yammacin "Malay" da Yammacin" (/məˈleɪ/ Template:Respell; Template:Lang-ms, Jawi: بهاس ملايو‎) is an Austronesian language that is an official language of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore, and that is Malayalso spoken in East Timor and parts of Thailand. Altogether, it is spoken by 290 million people (including 260 million as "Indonesian") across Maritime Southeast Asia.

Malay na gargajiya, wanda kuma ake kira Kotun Malay, shine ma'auni na wallafe-wallafen Malacca da Johor Sultanates kafin mulkin mallaka don haka ana kiran yaren Malacca, Johor ko Riau Malay (ko haɗuwa daban-daban na waɗancan sunayen) don rarrabe shi daga sauran Harsunan Malay. A cewar Ethnologue 16, da yawa daga cikin nau'ikan Malayic da suke lissafawa a halin yanzu a matsayin harsuna daban-daban, gami da nau'ikan Orang Asli na Malay Peninsular, suna da alaƙa da daidaitattun Malay cewa suna iya tabbatar da cewa yare ne. Har ila yau, akwai harsunan Malay da yawa da ke da alaƙa da harshen da aka samo daga Malay na gargajiya da Makassar Malay, wanda ya zama harshe mai gauraye.

Asalin

Masa ilimin harsuna na tarihi na Malay sun yarda da yiwuwar asalin Malayic ya kasance a yammacin Borneo. Wani nau'in da aka sani da Proto-Malayic an yi magana a Borneo aƙalla daga 1000 KZ, an yi jayayya da shi a matsayin harshen kakannin dukkan Harsunan Malay na gaba. , Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, zuriyar yaren Proto-Austronesian, ya fara raguwa aƙalla 2000 KZ, mai yiwuwa ne sakamakon fadada Mutanen Austronesian zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asiya daga tsibirin Taiwan.

Tarihi

Shekaru da yawa, Srivijaya, ta hanyar fadadawa, ikon tattalin arziki da ƙarfin soja, yana da alhakin yaduwar Tsohon Malay a duk fadin Malay Archipelago. Harshen aiki na 'yan kasuwa kuma an yi amfani da shi a tashar jiragen ruwa daban-daban, da kasuwanni a yankin.

Tarihin harshen Malay za a iya raba shi zuwa lokuta biyar: Tsohon Malay, Lokacin Canji, Malay na gargajiya, Malay na zamani da Malay na zamani. Tsohon Malay yi imanin cewa shi ne ainihin kakannin Malay na gargajiya.

Tsohon Malay ya rinjayi Sanskrit, harshen gargajiya na Indiya. Ana iya samun kalmomin aro na Sanskrit a cikin ƙamus na Tsohon Malay. An samo rubutun dutse na farko da aka sani a cikin Tsohon Malay a Sumatra, Indonesia, an rubuta shi a cikin Nau'ikan Pallava na haruffa na Grantha kuma an rubuta shi ne a ranar 1 ga Mayu 683. An san shi da Rubutun Kedukan Bukit, ɗan Holland M. Batenburg ne ya gano shi a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 1920 a Kedukan Bukita, Kudancin Sumatra, a bakin kogin Tatang, wani yanki na Kogin Musi. Yana da karamin dutse na 45 by 80 centimetres (18 by 31 in) in).