Harshen Phuthi

Phuthi
Síphùthì or Siphuthi
Furucci	[sípʰʊːtʰɪ]
Asali a	Lesotho, South Africa
Ƙabila	Phuthi people
'Yan asalin magana	(20,000 cited 1999)
Dangin harshen	Nnijer–Kongo Atlantic–Congo Volta-Congo Benue–Congo Bantoid Southern Bantoid Bantu Southern Bantu Nguni Tekela Phuthi
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	phut1246
Guthrie code	S.404
Linguasphere	99-AUT-fc

Phuthi (Síph Norteì) yaren Nguni Bantu ne da ake magana a kudancin Lesotho da yankuna a Afirka ta Kudu da ke kusa da wannan iyaka. Dangi mafi kusa da Phuthi shine Swati (ko Siswati), wanda ake magana a Eswatini da lardin Mpumalanga na Afirka ta Kudu. Kodayake babu hulɗa na zamantakewa da al'adu ko siyasa na zamani, Phuthi yana cikin harshe na ci gaba da yaren tarihi tare da Swati. Harsunan Sesotho da Xhosa da ke kewaye da Phuthi suna da tasiri sosai, amma suna riƙe da ainihin ƙamus da ƙamus da ba a samu a cikin Xhosa ko Sesotho ba, kuma an samo su ne kawai a wani ɓangare a cikin Swati zuwa arewa.

Ana iya gano tushen bayanan Phuthi zuwa Bourquin (1927), amma a cikin wasu nassoshi masu mahimmanci fiye da shekaru 100 daga yanzu (Ellenberger 1912). Har zuwa kwanan nan, harshen ba a rubuta shi sosai ba game da halayensa na harshe. Muhimmin binciken da ya gabata (amma tare da bayanai marasa daidaituwa, da iyakataccen zato na harshe) shine Godfrey Mzamane (1949).

Geography da demoography

An kiyasta cewa kusan mutane 20,000 a Afirka ta Kudu da Lesotho suna amfani da Phuthi a matsayin harshensu na asali, amma ainihin alkaluman na iya karuwa sosai. Babu bayanan ƙidayar jama'a kan masu magana da Phuthi da ke samuwa daga Afirka ta Kudu ko Lesotho . Harshen tabbas yana cikin haɗari.

Ana magana da Phuthi a cikin mutane da yawa (watakila da dama) na al'ummomin da suka warwatse a cikin yankunan kan iyaka tsakanin inda nisa na arewa maso gabashin Cape ya hadu da Lesotho : daga Herschel arewa da gabas, da kuma a yankin Matatiele na arewa maso gabashin Transkei ; kuma a ko'ina cikin kudancin Lesotho, daga Quthing a kudu maso yamma, ta yankuna kudu da gabashin Dutsen Moorosi, zuwa kauyukan tsaunuka yamma da arewacin Qacha ( Qacha's Nek ).

A cikin Phuthi, akwai aƙalla yankunan yare guda biyu, bisa ma'auni na harshe: Mpapa/Daliwe vs. duk sauran yankuna. Wannan taxonomy ya dogara ne akan ma'aunin sauti guda ɗaya (amma mai yawan gaske) (kasancewar/rashin labilisation na sakandare ). Mpapa da Daliwe ( Sesotho Taleoe [taliwe]</link> ) ƙauyuka ne a kudancin Lesotho, kudu maso gabashin Dutsen Moorosi, akan hanyar ƙura da ke kaiwa zuwa Tosing, sannan kuma zuwa Mafura (kauyen da ke magana da Phuthi), kuma a ƙarshe Mpapa/Daliwe. Sauran yankunan da ake magana da harshen Phuthi (duk an ba su a cikin tarihin Lesotho Sesotho ) sun haɗa da Makoloane [makolwani] da Mosuoe [musuwe], kusa da Quthing, a kudu maso yammacin Lesotho; Seqoto [siǃɔtɔ]</link> ( Xhosa Zingxondo, Phuthi Sigxodo [siᶢǁɔdɔ]</link> ); Makoae [makwai]</link> (Phuthi Magwayi ) gabas; da ƙauyuka da dama a arewa da yammacin Nek na Qacha . (Qacha shine babban garin kudu maso gabas a Lesotho, a cikin gundumar Nek ta Qacha ). Yankunan da ke magana da harshen Phuthi (wato, gado) sun haɗa da ƙauyukan Transkei na arewacin Gcina [g/ina] (a kan hanyar zuwa tashar tashar Tele Bridge ) da Mfingci [mfiᵑ/i] (a gefen kogin Tele, daura da Sigxodo)., kusan). Taleoe [taliwe] [siǃɔtɔ] [siᶢǁɔdɔ] [makwai]

Tarihin siyasa

Shahararren shugaban Phuthi a tarihin tarihi shine babban sarki Moorosi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1795). Da alama kusan ƙasar kudancin kogin Orange a Lesotho a yau shine yaren Phuthi ne a lokacin mafi girman tarihi a tarihin mutanen Basotho, Moshoeshoe I. - shekaru bakwai kacal ya girmi Moorosi-wanda ikonsa a cikin 1830s, duk da haka, ya yi nisa da rufe yankin Lesotho na yau. Har zuwa 1820, akwai 'yan ƙauyukan Basotho kaɗan kawai, da ƙaramin dangin Baphut [h] i, wanda Moshoeshoe ya nuna ikon mallakarsa mara kyau. Yawancin Phuthis, tare da Moorosi, sun yi nisa zuwa kudancin Thaba Bosiu, kudu da Kogin Orange, da kyau daga hanyar Moshoeshoe.</link>

Moorosi zai mutu cikin wani yanayi maras tabbas akan Dutsen Moorosi ( Sesotho Thaba Moorosi ) a cikin 1879, bayan tsawan watanni tara da sojojin Burtaniya, Boer da Basotho suka yi (ciki har da sa hannun soja na Cape Mounted Riflemen ). Ana kiran wannan kewaye da sunan "Tawayen Moorosi". Batun da ya janyo wannan kawanya dai shi ne zargin satar dabbobi a yankin Herschel. Bayan da aka yi wa kawanya, al'ummar Phuthi sun tarwatse a yankin kudancin Lesotho na zamani da kuma yankin arewacin Transkei, domin gujewa kamawa daga hannun turawan mulkin mallaka. A saboda wannan dalili, an yi hasashen cewa, ƙauyukan Phuthi (ciki har da Mpapa, Daliwe, Hlaela, Mosifa da Mafura—duk a gabashin Dutsen Moorosi, a cikin Lesotho ) galibi ana samun su a cikin irin waɗannan yankuna masu tsaunuka, ana iya samun su kawai tare da girma. wahala ga bare).</link>

Bayan kewayen "Tawayen Moorosi", an kama mutanen Phuthi da yawa, aka tilasta musu gina gadar (yanzu, tsohuwar gada) a Aliwal North da ke haye Senqu ( Kogin Orange ). Kafin 1879, da alama an dauki Moorosi a wasu hanyoyi a matsayin mai matukar barazana ga Cif Moshoeshoe I. Ko da yake a halin yanzu ana wakilta zuwa wani yanki na gwamnatin Lesotho a Maseru, bayan tashin 1879 mutanen Phuthi sun shuɗe daga tarihin Lesotho na zamani da na Gabashin Cape.</link>

Rabewa

Phuthi yaren Bantu ne, a fili a cikin shiyyar kudu maso gabas S (cf. Guthrie 1967–1971). Amma a kudancin Afirka ana kallon Phuthi a matsayin ko dai yaren Nguni ne ko kuma yaren Sotho-Tswana, idan aka yi la'akari da babban matakin haɗaɗɗiyar da ke nunawa a cikin dukkan tsarin nahawu (kamus, sautin sauti, phonology, ilimin halittar jiki, syntax).</link>

Amma Phuthi asalin halitta ne—tare da Zulu, Hlubi, Xhosa, arewa da kudancin Ndebele, da Swati — tabbas yaren Nguni ne. Don haka, ya kamata a ƙidaya shi a cikin ƙungiyar S.40 a cikin Zone S, bin rabe-raben Guthrie . Bugu da ari, da aka ba da kewayon lexical, phonological har ma da ƙananan tasirin sautin sauti wanda ya bayyana an raba kusan kawai tare da Swati, Phuthi za a iya rarraba shi ba tare da jayayya ba a matsayin harshen Tekela Nguni, wato, a cikin sashin Nguni wanda ya hada da Swati, wasu sigar Kudancin Ndebele, da sauran harsunan Gabashin Cape, Bhaca da Hlubi .</link>

Littafin ƙamus na zamani da ilimin halittar jiki na Phuthi ya tabbatar da madaidaicin da'awar (misali Godfrey Mzamane 1949) cewa Phuthi tana nuna alaƙa mai nauyi sosai da tasirin sakamako daga dogon zamanta da Sesotho (na wani lokaci watakila fiye da ƙarni uku). Akwai, alal misali, babban matakin 'kasuwa biyu' na abubuwa da yawa, ga masu magana da yawa, misali -ciga "tunanin" (Nguni-source), da -nakana "tunanin" (Sesotho-source). Prefixes class prefixes suna kusan dukkanin sifar CV- (wato suna bin sifar baƙar wasali na Sesotho, ba sifar Nguni VCV na gaba ɗaya ba).</link>

Hakanan akwai tasirin yanki: yaren Mpapa Phuthi (wanda kawai ke riƙe da labilised coronal stops) ya fi karkata sosai zuwa Sesotho lexicon da ilimin halittar jiki (har ma da phonology), yayin da yaren Sigxodo ya fi karkata zuwa ga ƙamus na Xhosa da ilimin halittar jiki (har ma da phonology). ).

Ethnologue ya lissafa Phuthi a matsayin madadin sunan Swati, yaren ƙasa na Swaziland. However, Phuthi is no longer coherently in any obvious sort of heteronomous dialect relationship to Swati (several hundred kilometres separate the two language territories; Phuthi-speakers appear to have no conscious awareness of any relationship to Swati). Nevertheless, there are very significant linguistic elements at all levels of the grammar – ba ko kadan kamus - wanda ya danganta Phuthi kusa da Swati a tarihi, a zahiri yana nuna Swati ya zama dangi na kusa da Phuthi.</link></link>

Fassarar sauti

Ci gaba da aikin filin Simon Donnelly (UCT/Illinois / Wits Jami'o'in) a cikin 1994-1995 a tsakanin al'ummomin magana a Sigxodo da Mpapa (kudancin Lesotho ) ya haifar da gano nau'i mai ban mamaki na nau'i na phonological da morphological, abubuwan da suka bambanta da su. Phuthi (a cikin dukkan yankin Bantu na kudancin kasar).

Ana samun kayan tarihin sauti mai zuwa a cikin Phuthi:

Wasula

Sabanin sauran harsunan Nguni, Phuthi tana da tsarin wasali 9 mai tsayi daban-daban guda huɗu. Ya sami sabon jerin "superclose" wasulan /i/</link> kuma /u/</link> daga Sotho, yayin da Nguni manyan wasulan da aka gada ke nunawa kamar /ɪ/</link> kuma /ʊ/</link> .

	Gaba	Tsakiya	Baya
Kusa	i		u
Kusa-kusa	ɪ		ʊ
Kusa-tsakiyar	e		o
Bude-tsakiyar	ɛ		ɔ
Bude		a

Daidaiton wasali

Alamun jituwa guda biyu na wasali suna yaduwa zuwa saɓani dabam-dabam: tsayin tsayin tsayin wasali mai juriya (hagu-zuwa-dama); da haɗin kai na ATR / RTR mai jira, kiran tsakiyar wasulan [e o ɛ ɔ]</link> (dama-zuwa-hagu). A cikin farko, 'super kusanci ' — kuma Sesotho vocalic kadari - a tushen-karshen matsayi yana haifar da karin wasula masu darajar kusanci iri ɗaya. A ta biyun, dukkan wasula masu tsaka-tsaki ba tare da katsewa ba kusa da gefen dama na kalmar sauti lax ([RTR]); duk sauran wasulan tsaka-tsaki suna da ƙarfi ([ATR]).

Shigar da wasali

Ƙwararren wasali shine yanayin jituwa-kamar yanayin yanayin yanayin halittar da ake samu a yawancin harsunan Bantu. Ƙwaƙwalwar wasali a tushen fi'ili mai nau'i-nau'i biyu yana da cikakkiyar fa'ida sosai a cikin Phuthi, wato, -CaC- aiki mai tushe ya zama -CeC-e a cikin madaidaicin al'amari (ko 'cikakkiyar lokaci'), misali -tfwatsha 'ɗauka a kai' → -tfwetshe 'dauka a kai', -mabha 'kama, rike' → -mebhe 'a rike'. (Misalan 9, 11, a ƙasa).

Amfani da ilimin dabi'a na tsayin wasali

The 'super kusanci ' dukiya kuma yana aiki a cikin nau'in jituwa na wasali na farko (a sama) yana aiki a cikin aƙalla tsari ɗaya na tsarin halittar Phuthi (maɓallin axiomatic mummunan polarity na copula: "Babu..."). Amfani da ilimin halittar jiki don kadarorin murya (a nan: [supercloseness]) baya bayyana ana yin rikodin wani wuri don yaren Bantu.

Consonants

Wayoyin Phuthi

		Labial	Dental / Alveolar		Bayan-<br id="mw-g"><br><br><br></br> alveolar	Velar	Glottal
			tsakiya	na gefe
Danna	a fili		ᵏǀ	ᵏǁ	ᵏǃ
	m		ᵏǀʰ	ᵏǁʰ	ᵏǃʰ
	numfashi		ᶢǀʱ	ᶢǁʱ	ᶢǃʱ
	nasalised		ᵑǀ	ᵑǁ	ᵑǃ
Nasal	a fili	m	n		ɲ	ŋ
	numfashi	m̤	n̤		ɲ̤
Tsaya	mara murya	p	t			k
	m	pʰ	tʰ			kʰ
	numfashi	b̤	d̤			ɡ̤
	m	ɓ
Haɗin kai	mara murya		ts	tl	tʃ
	m		tsʰ	tlʰ	tʃʰ	kxʰ
	numfashi		d̤z̤	d̤l̤	d̤ʒ̤
Ƙarfafawa	mara murya	f	s	ɬ	ʃ	x	h
	numfashi	v̤	z̤		ʒ	ɣ̤	ɦ̤
Kusanci	a fili	w	r	l	j
	numfashi	w̤	r̤	l̤	j̤

1. Matsakaicin tsayuwa marasa murya da masu haɗin gwiwa ana gane su ta hanyar sauti azaman masu fitar da su [pʼ]</link> , [tʼ]</link> , [kʼ]</link> , [tsʼ]</link> , [tʃʼ]</link> [tlʼ]</link> .
2. Haƙori ya shafi /ts/</link> da /dz/</link> suna da allophones tare da labilised secondary articulation [tf]</link> kuma [dv]</link> lokacin da zagayen wasali ya biyo baya (sai dai superclose /u/</link> ).
3. Baƙaƙen da aka yiwa alama da diaeresis baƙin baƙin ciki ne, waɗanda ke da tasiri akan sautin sautin su.
4. Wayoyin wayoyi /p/</link> , /tʰ/</link> , /d̤/</link> , /ʒ/</link> , /kx/</link> , /tl/</link> , /tlʰ/</link> kuma /l/</link> suna faruwa galibi a cikin kalmomin lamuni daga Sotho, ba cikin ƙamus na gado ba. /k/</link> yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin affixes; faruwar sa a cikin tushen kuma ana ba da rance daga Sotho.

Danna baƙaƙe

Phuthi yana da tsarin latsa baƙaƙe, na yau da kullun na kusan duk Nguni, a wuraren magana guda uku: hakori, alveolar, da na gefe. Amma yawan ɗabi'a da wayoyi, ko danna 'accompaniments', suna da ƙarancin talauci, tare da guda huɗu kawai: tenuis cqx, mai son ch qh xh, gc gq gx, da hanci nc nq nx . Swati, ta kwatanta, yana da dannawa a wuri ɗaya kawai (haƙori [ǀ]</link> ), amma biyar (ko ma shida) ɗabi'a da wayoyi. Rage yawan dannawa a cikin Phuthi na iya zama ɗan alaƙa da kusan jimillar rashi na baƙon da aka riga aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Phuthi, ana ɗauka (misali) *nkx, *ngx za a yi nazari daidai da prenasalized *ng, *nk.

Sautin

Ko dai daga cikin bambance-bambancen sautin saman sama biyu, H (high) ko L (ƙananan), yana yiwuwa ga kowane silsilar (kuma a wasu ƙayyadaddun lokuta masu iya tashi (LH) da faɗuwar (HL) sautunan suna yiwuwa ma). Akwai nau'in nau'i a cikin nau'in sautin L: lokacin da syllable ya kasance 'rashin damuwa' (wato, daga maƙarƙashiya a matsayi na farko, ko kuma yanayin yanayin yanayin yanayin yanayin yanayin yanayin yanayi ko lexically sanya damuwa a cikin syllabic nucleus ), ana samar da syllable ta hanyar murya a. ƙaramin sauti. Wannan tsarin sautin bacin rai shine na yau da kullun ta hanyar phonological (wato, samfurin ƙaramin adadin sigogi na phonological), amma yana da rikitarwa sosai, yana mu'amala sosai tare da ilimin halittar jiki (kuma har zuwa wani lokaci tare da lexicon). A tsarin sauti, ana gardamar Phuthi don nuna bambanci mara sautin hanyoyi uku. Kamar duk harsunan Nguni, Phuthi kuma yana nuna sautin tashi da faɗuwa, ko da yaushe suna da alaƙa da matsayi na syllabic tsakiya.

Consonants na damuwa

Dangane da yawancin harsunan kudancin Bantu (ciki har da duk Nguni, Venda, Tsonga da Shona ), da kuma duk harsunan Khoisan na kudu maso yammacin Afirka ), wani muhimmin juzu'i na baƙaƙe a cikin Phuthi sune ' masu damuwa ' (ko ' mai numfashi ') . Ana kiran waɗannan baƙaƙen suna saboda suna da daidaitaccen tasiri na baƙin ciki a kan yanayin sautin H (high). Bugu da kari, waɗannan baƙaƙen suna haifar da hadaddun tasirin sautin murya wanda ba na gida ba. Swati da Phuthi suna da kaddarorin iri ɗaya ta wannan fuskar, sai dai ma'aunin tasirin ɓacin rai na Phuthi sun fi rikitarwa fiye da waɗanda aka rubuta don Swati zuwa yanzu.

Sautin / murya hulɗa

An gano ma'anar ma'anar sautin / murya mai mahimmanci a cikin Phuthi. Wannan al'amari yana haifar da abin da aka bincika a matakin ɗaya a matsayin babba da ci gaba da cin zarafi na ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun sautin H wanda ya taso daga tushen sautin H guda ɗaya, misali daidaitawar saman nau'in HLH (a zahiri HL * H) yana yiwuwa inda duk H. syllables suna fitowa daga tushe guda ɗaya na H, wanda aka ba da aƙalla harafin L ɗaya yana raunana. Irin wannan saitin sautin/muryar yana haifar da matsala mai tsanani ga duk wani nau'in sauti na ka'idar da ke neman takura masa a cikin gine-gine da ayyukansa.

Abubuwan al'amura biyu na ƙarshe sune abubuwan da ba na tonal suprasegmental Properties waɗanda kowannensu ke ɗaukar ƙarin aikin ilimin halittar jiki a cikin Phuthi:

Amfani da ilimin dabi'a na murya mai numfashi / damuwa

Murya mai huci/ɓacin rai an raba shi da tsarin baƙaƙen da galibi ke haifar da ita, kuma ana amfani da shi ta nahawu a cikin ilimin halittar jiki. - kama da Swati copula – da kuma wani wuri a cikin nahawu kuma (misali a cikin prefixes na haɗin gwiwa da aka samo su daga prefixes ajin 'rauni' 1,3,4,6,9).

Jumloli [tare da alamar sauti]

1. Gi-ya-ku-thádza : Ina son / son ku.

2. Gi-visísá sí-Goní ká-nci téjhe : Na fahimci kadan Xhosa.

3. Gi-ya-w(u)-tshádza m(ú)-ti wh-ákho lóm(u)-tjhá : Ina son sabon gidan ku [Class 3].

4. Gi-ya-yi-tshádza mú-ti yh-ákho lémi-tjhá : Ina son sabbin gidajen ku [Aji na 4].

5. Gi-ya-si-visísa sí-Goní : Na fahimci Xhosa [Class 7].

6. Gi-ya-yi-tshádza í-dlhu yh-ákho lé-tjhá : Ina son sabon gidan ku [Class 9].

7. Gi-ya-ti-tshádza tí-dlhu t-ákho lé-tjhá : Ina son sabbin gidajenku [Class 10].

8. Si-ya-yí-mabha í-bhîtá yh-ákho lé-kgúlú : Muna ɗaukar babban tukunyar ku [a kai a kai].

9. Si-yi-mábh-iye í-bhîtá yh-ákho lé-kgúlú : Muna dauke da babban tukunyar ku [yanzu].

10. Si-ya-tí-mabha tí-bhîtá t-ákho léti-kgúlú : Muna ɗaukar manyan tukwanenku [a kai a kai].

11. Si-ti-mábhiye tí-bhîtá t-ákho léti-kgúlú : Muna dauke da manyan tukwanenku [yanzu haka].

12. Ito lakha: Zo nan

13. Ku-ya-nqadza lakha kha(ha)dle: A waje yayi sanyi

A sauƙaƙe, misalan 3 zuwa 11 sun ƙunshi yerjejeniyar abu-abu/abu-karin magana na Bantu.

Kalmomi

• -ciga : tunani (cf. Xhosa -cinga ); kuma -nakana (cf. Sesotho -nahana )
• yi-dlu : gida (pl: ti-dlu )
• ina-jha : kare (pl: tí-jhá )
• taje : kawai (cf. Xhosa nje )
• ka-nci : kadan (cf. Xhosa ka-ncinci )
• - maba : dauke
• mu-ti : gida (pl: mí-ti )
• zuwa-Goni Xhosa (harshe/al'ada) (cf. "Nguni")
• sí-Kgúwá : Turanci (harshe/al'ada)
• sí-Phuthî : Phuthi (harshe/al'ada)
• -tafi : ci gaba da kai
• -tjha : sabuwa
• - tsatsa : soyayya (cf. Xhosa -thanda )
• -visa : fahimta (cf. Swati -visisa )
• -ciga : tunani (cf. Xhosa -cinga ); kuma -nakana (cf. Sesotho -nahana )
• ina dlu : gida (pl: ti-dlu )
• ina ji : kare (pl: ti-jha )
• taje : kawai (cf. Xhosa nje )
• ka-nci : kadan (cf. Xhosa ka-ncinci )
• - maba : dauke
• mu-ti : gida (pl: mi-ti )
• sa Goni Xhosa (harshe/al'ada) (cf. "Nguni")
• si-Kguwa : Turanci (harshe/al'ada)
• sa-Phuthî : Phuthi (harshe/al'ada)
• -tfwatsha : ci gaba da kai
• -tjha : sabo
• -tsadda : soyayya (cf. Xhosa -thanda )
• -visa : fahimta (cf. Swati -visisa )

Alphabet

Har yanzu ba a daidaita tsarin rubutun Phuthi ba. Donnelly (1999, 2007) yana amfani da harufan da aka tsara wanda ya danganta da na sauran harsunan Nguni da Sesotho:

wasali

• a e i o u

Akwai wasula masu kusanci guda biyu, kuma ana samun su a cikin yarukan Sesotho. A cikin rubutun Phuthi an nuna su tare da yare mai kaifi, kamar haka:

• I û

bak'i

• b bh d dl (dv) dz fg gr h hh hl jj k kg kgh kh l lh m mh n ng nh ny nyh p ph r rh st (tf) th tj tjh tl tlh ts tsh vw wh y yh z

Baƙaƙen Phuthi masu zuwa da zanen wasali suna da ƙima iri ɗaya da suke karɓa a cikin Xhosa ⟨ gr hl ⟩, a cikin Swati ⟨ dv tf ⟩, kuma a cikin Sesotho ⟨ j kg ng r ⟩ . Alamomi a cikin baka sune allophones na ⟨ tf dv ⟩ . Yawancin baƙaƙe (wanda ba na labial ba) kuma na iya faruwa tare da furucin labial glide na biyu ⟨ w ⟩, misali kamar ⟨ z ⟩, haka kuma ⟨ zw ⟩ .

dannawa kuma danna haɗuwa

⟨c⟩ is dental; ⟨q⟩ is palatal; ⟨x⟩ is lateral.

• zuw: cqx
• mai son: ch qh xh
• murya: gc gx
• nasalised: nc nq nx

Nahawu

Sunaye

Sunan Phuthi (kamar a ko'ina cikin Bantu) ya ƙunshi sassa biyu masu mahimmanci: prefix da tushe. Ana iya haɗa sunayen sunaye zuwa nau'ikan suna bisa ga prefix, waɗanda aka ƙidaya su a jere bisa tsarin pan-Bantu da Meinhof ya kafa kuma Doke ya gyara shi. Tebu mai zuwa yana ba da bayyani na azuzuwan suna Phuthi, wanda aka tsara bisa ga nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i ɗaya.

Class	Lambar Doke
1/2	mu-	eba-
1 a/2b	Ø-	bo-
3/4	mu-	mi-
5/6	li-	ema-
7/8	si-	ti-
9/10	i-	ti-
14	bu-
15	ku-

• Gargaɗi don tebur: kamar yadda a cikin duk yaren Nguni da Sotho-Tswana, "Class 8" baya nuna Proto-Bantu Class 8 * bi- ; a maimakon haka, kusan kwafin Class 10 ne, wanda ke hana maƙasudin maƙasudin ƙaho na aji na 10. Sai dai a cikin sunaye na monosyllabic da aka aro daga Sesotho, Phuthi gaba ɗaya ba ta da wannan Class 9/10 N- – duba jimloli 6, 7 a sama. Don haka, Phuthi azuzuwan 8 da 10 sun haɗu gaba ɗaya.

Kalmomi

Verbs suna amfani da rafi masu zuwa don batun da abin:

Mutum/ </br> Class	Prefix	Infix
Waka ta farko.	gi-	-gi-
Waka ta 2.	ku -	-wu-
1st plur.	si-	-si-
Na biyu plur.	li-	-li-
1	ku -	-mu-
2	ba-	-ba-
3	ku -	-mu-
4	i-	- yi-
5	li-	-li-
6	a-	-wa-
7	si-	-si-
8	ti-	-ti-
9	i-	- yi-
10	ti-	-ti-
14	ba-	- ba-
15	ku-	-ku-
17	ku-	-ku-
reflexive		-ti-

Littafi Mai Tsarki

• Bourquin, Walther (1927) 'Die Sprache der Phuthi'. Festschrift Meinhof: Sprachwissenschaftliche und andere Studien, 279–287. Hamburg: Kommissionsverlag von L. Friederichsen & Co.
• Donnelly, Simon (1999) 'Kudancin Tekela yana da rai: maido da yaren Phuthi'. A cikin K. McKormick & R. Mesthrie (eds.), Jarida ta Duniya na Sociology na Harshe 136: 97-120.
• Donnelly, Simon (2007) Abubuwan Sauti da Murya a cikin Phuthi . Dissertation (bita), Jami'ar Illinois a Urbana-Champaign.
• Donnelly, Simon (2009) 'Sautin da damuwa a cikin Phuthi'. A cikin M. Kenstowicz (ed.), Bayanai da Ka'idar: Takardu a cikin Ilimin Watsa Labarai a Bikin Charles W. Kisseberth. Kimiyyar Harshe 31 (2/3): 161-178.
• Ellenberger, David-Frédéric. (1912) Tarihin Basuto, Tsohon da Na zamani . Fassarar JC Macgregor zuwa Turanci. (sake buga 1992 na 1912 ed.). Morija, Lesotho: Gidan Tarihi da Tarihi na Morija.
• Ellenberger, Victor. (1933) Un Siècle de Mission au Lessouto (1833–1933) . Paris: Société des Missions Evangéliques.
• Guthrie, Malcolm. (1967–1971) Kwatanta Bantu: Gabatarwa ga Kwatancen Harsuna da Tarihin Harsuna Bantu. (Juzu'i na 1-4). Farnborough: Gregg International.
• Msimang, Christian T. (1989) 'Wasu Fassarar Fassarar Harsunan Tekela Nguni'. Dissertation na Doctoral, Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu, Pretoria.
• Mzamane, Godfrey IM (1949) 'Takaitaccen magani akan Phuthi tare da magana ta musamman akan dangantakarta da Nguni da Sesotho'. Takardun Kuraye 1.4: 120-249. Fort Hare: Jami'ar Fort Hare Press.