Harsunan Kordofanian
| Harsunan Kordofanian | |
|---|---|
| Linguistic classification |
|
| ISO 639-5 | kdo |
Harsunan Kordofanian rukuni ne na yanki na rukunin harsuna biyar da ake magana a cikin tsaunukan Nuba na yankin Kudancin Kordofan na Sudan : harsunan Talodi–Heiban, harsunan Lafofa, harsunan Rashad, harsunan Katla da harsunan Kadu . Ƙungiyoyi huɗu na farko wani lokaci ana ɗaukar su a matsayin rassan dangin Nijar – Kongo, yayin da a yanzu ana kallon Kadu a matsayin reshe na dangin Nilo-Saharan da aka tsara.
Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A cikin 1963, Joseph Greenberg ya ƙara su cikin dangin Nijar – Kongo, ya ƙirƙira shawararsa ta Nijar-Kordofanian. Harsunan Kordofanian ba a nuna suna da alaƙa da juna fiye da sauran rassan Nijar-Congo, amma ba a nuna su sun zama ƙungiya mai inganci ba. A yau, an cire harsunan Kadu, kuma sauran yawanci ana haɗa su cikin Nijar-Congo daidai.[ana buƙatar hujja]</link>[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]
Roger Blench ya lura cewa iyalai Talodi da Heiban suna da tsarin ajin suna na yankin Atlantic-Congo na Nijar-Congo amma harsunan Katla guda biyu ba su da wata alama ta samun irin wannan tsarin. Duk da haka, harsunan Kadu da wasu daga cikin yarukan Rashad sun bayyana sun sami azuzuwan suna a matsayin wani ɓangare na Sprachbund maimakon gada su. Blench ya kammala da cewa Talodi da Heiban su ne ginshiƙan Nijar – Kongo yayin da Katla da Rashad suka kafa reshe na gefe tare da layin Mande .[ana buƙatar hujja]</link>[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]
Heiban, Katloid, da Talodi kuma an haɗa su tare a cikin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ta atomatik ( ASJP 4) ta Müller et al. (2013). [1] Koyaya, tunda an samar da bincike ta atomatik, haɗawar zata iya kasancewa ko dai saboda lamunin ƙamus na juna ko gadon gado.
Harsuna Talodi-Heiban[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Harsunan Heiban, wanda kuma ake kira Koalib ko Koalib–Moro, da harsunan Talodi, wanda kuma ake kira Talodi–Masakin, suna cikin ƙungiyar Talodi–Heiban . [2]
Lafofa harsuna[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Lafofa (Tegem) an ware shi na ɗan lokaci tare da Talodi, amma da alama wani reshe ne na Nijar – Kongo.
Rashad harsuna[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Adadin harsunan Rashad, wanda kuma ake kira Tegali–Tagoi, ya bambanta tsakanin kwatance, daga biyu (Williamson & Blench 2000), uku (Ethnologue), zuwa takwas (Blench ms ). Tagoi tana da tsarin ajin suna kamar harsunan Atlantika-Congo, wanda da alama an aro, amma Tegali ba ya da shi.
Harsunan Katla[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Harsunan Katla guda biyu ba su da wata alama ta kasancewa da tsarin ajin suna irin na Nijar-Congo.
Harsunan Kaduna[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tun da aikin Thilo C. Schadeberg a cikin 1981, "Tumtum" ko reshe na Kadu yanzu ana gani a matsayin Nilo-Saharan . Duk da haka, shaidun kaɗan ne, kuma rabe-raben ra'ayin mazan jiya zai ɗauke ta a matsayin iyali mai zaman kanta.
Sake ginawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Quint (2020) yana ba da shawarar cewa za a iya sake gina Proto-Kordofanian daga harsunan Heibanian, Talodian, Rashadian, Katloid, da Lafofa . Sake gina Proto-Kordofanian nasa sune kamar haka: [3]
| Gloss | Proto-Kordofanian | Talodian | Heibanian | Lafofa | Katloid (Tima) | Rashadian |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bark 1 (n.) | *-mVk- | *t-ə-mək | Koalib kìmùukùl [kìmùugùl] | Orig kìmbàkɔ́l | ||
| bark 2 (n.) | *k(V)VrE ~ *c(V)VrE | c-iíri | kúúr | *g-ware | ||
| beat / hit | *-bV- | *-gob- / *kə-bɔ | *-bid̪- | ...biŋ | Orig bí(r) / pù(ró) | |
| belly | *-VrVk ~ *-VɽVk | *j-+-arag / *ca-rək | *g-+-aare | t̪-úur-i | kúɽúún | |
| bite / eat | *-CVk | *-gVjog / *kə-ɟɔ | *-iy- | ...jiɛ | *yɛk | |
| blood | *(C)iCPV | *ŋ-+-ittsug / *ŋ-ɪccʊk | Katla ija ~ iya | Rashad wiya | ||
| breast | *CVmiC | *j-+-intsig / *c-ə-mmik | Tima kɨ̀míndì | *d-miɲ | ||
| clothes | *kErEC | *k-ɛrɛt̪ | *g-+-ered̪ | Tagoi kɛr(ɛ́)w | ||
| dry | *-OndV | *-an d̪o | *-unDo | *-uddi | ||
| ear | *kVnV | *g-+-eenu / *k-ɛnu | *g- / n-+-aani | kɔ́.nɔ̀ | Tagoi finin, Tegali (a)nuu | |
| elephant | *-VŋV(C) | *d-+-oŋor | yuːŋi | *(fV)ŋVn | ||
| eye | *?+-git | *j-+-igg / *c-it | Katla gɨgöt | *y-ngid | ||
| foot / leg | *-AkA(C) | *ts-+-agag | Koalib káakà [káagà] | l-ia-ga | *d-ɛgɛn | |
| goat | *Em(b)iT | *w-+-emig / *u-mit | ɛɛmi | Tima címìd̪ | *mbɨt | |
| green / wet | *-iklV ~ *ijlV | *-iigla | b-ʊ́ɒji-lli | Tagoi -ijilú, Tegali -rígɛ̂l | ||
| hair | *kaam ~ *gaam | *d-+-ʊgaŋ / *NC-ŋən̪ | Tima káàm | *g-aam | ||
| head | *gaCDP ~ *CPaCDP | *j-+-ats, *c-ac | Katla gas | *g-aj | ||
| left (side) | *-CVul- ~ *-CVur- | *-gule / *-gulɛ | *-awur | kúlɪ | *-awwir | |
| mud | *-ElO | Koalib kèlòo | Tima k-ʌ́ʌ́lu | Orig ŋí̧lɔ́ | ||
| near | *-Et̪t̪OC | *-iddu / *-t̪t̪o-t | Koalib kɛ́ttɔ̀k [kɛ́t̪t̪ɔ̀k] | Tima mɛ̀t̪ɛ́n | Tagoi gattɔŋ / tɔgɔt | |
| one | *attV ~ *addV | *-aDDe | Tima àtíín | Orig wàttá | ||
| rain | *kaw ~ *kal | *k-abɪk | *g-+-aw | k-állɔ́-y | *(y)au | |
| red | *-OrdE | *-oode[4] / *-d̪ɛ | *-UUre | Tima -rdí | *-araw | |
| sheep | *kACVAC | *t̪ʊ-ŋgat̪ | Koalib káaŋàl | βaːŋi | (k)áŋàl | Orig kàgóy |
| smoke (n.) | *-uCLVBbV | *g-+-ulu | c-oor-í | kʊ̀ʊ̀ɽʊ́n | Tagoi k(ə)rək, Tegali tulɛ́ | |
| sun | *-VCNV | *j-+-iŋgi, *c-ə-ŋgi | Ø-+*-aŋin | kínèè | *-aane | |
| tongue | *-d̪Vŋl(V) ~ *-d̪VlVŋ(V) | *d̪-+-(V)lVŋe / *tʊ-ləŋɛ | d̪-+*-ŋela | l-íáŋ-i | kìlíŋíì | *d-aŋil(-ag) |
| vomit | *-UdA ~ *-UwA | -VddV / *uk-dɛ | *-wey- | lwâ-d̪aŋ... lwa | -húwʌ̀ | *VdVk |
Lexical isoglosses[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Starostin (2018) ya lissafa waɗannan isoglosses na gama gari na gama gari a cikin yarukan Kordofanian. Ana nuna alamun ƙira masu yuwuwa a cikin m . [5]
Kwatankwacin ƙamus[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Misalin ainihin ƙamus na rassan Heiban, Talodi, Rashad, da Lafofa:
Lura : A cikin sel na tebur tare da slash, ana ba da nau'i guda ɗaya kafin slash, yayin da nau'i na jam'i ya bi slash.
| Harshe | ido | kunne | hanci | hakori | harshe | baki | jini | kashi | itace | ruwa | ci | suna |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proto- Heiban [6] | *ay/ g-, j- | *-ani | *-ad̪alo / g-,j-; g-,n- | *-ŋad̪ / li-,j- | *-ɗaya; *-iŋla ? /D-,d- | *-uuɲu | *-win / ŋ- | *-uya / li-,ŋu- (WC); *-uɲ / ʔ-, j- (E) | *-aaɽe/gu-,j- (WC) | *-awa / ŋ- | * -id̪d̪ | *-iriɲ / j- |
| Proto- Talodi [7] | *c-da/k- | *k-ɛnu / 0- | *k-ə-ɲɟɛ / 0-,n- | *c-ə-ɲit / k- | *tʊ̪ -ləŋɛ / ḷə- | *t-̪ ɔn̪ / ḷ- | *ŋ-ɪccʊk | *c-ə-mma-ɲan̪ / m- | *p-ɪda / k- | *ŋ-ɪḷ,-ɪḷɪ | *ḷə-ɡɔ | *k-ə-ḷəŋan / 0- (ko *...n̪) |
| Proto- Katloid [8] | * g-ɗaɗɗe | *-ɔnɔ | *gɪ-led̪ | *-laŋɛd̪ | *i-ju (u) | *-ʌ-lV- | ||||||
| Tagoi [9] | yigət / ŋə́gət | fənín / fənédit | yídir / ŋə́dər | tíɲən / ŋə́ɲən | táŋə́lak / yáŋə́lágɒt | kajər / hajərət | ŋɔ́y | ku / ku | kafɔ́ / hafɔ́ | yayi | yik | pəŋən / fəŋən |
| Turjok [9] | íŋgət / ŋgət | fəniín / fəníínət | indər / ŋəndər | M. tiɲin / ŋiɲin | taŋəlk / yaŋəlak ~ yaŋəlɒgɔt | kiɲjɛr / siɲjɛr(g)ɔt | ŋɔ́y | ku / su | kafɔ / safɔ́ | yaya | pɛŋɛn / sɛŋɛn | |
| Tagoma [9] | ŋgə́t̚ / ŋgə́de | nu ~ nũũ / núun ~ anuun | ndr / ndr | ɲin / ɲin | aŋa / aŋún | ̩ɲjár / (a)ɲjáre | óyá / óyo̍n | uru/urun | las / kasa | ega | yik | ɛŋɛn / ɛŋɛnɛ́ɛn |
| Gaba [10] | ṭ-ì, ʤ-ì / m- | kә́-ràŋ(ì) / a- | ṭ-ɛ̀ɲ(ì) / k- | l-iәŋ(ì) | k-ɛɲi / ɛɲi | ɲɪ̀ | ṭ-uɔ̀m(ì) / m- | kuwö(ì) / bɔɔ(ì) | ɲì | kɗaɗ | ku-ruwә̀ŋ / a- | |
| El Amira [10] | lilaŋ / ɲimaŋ | wimu | t-aɲ / k- | liŋ | kiɲ | ɲi | tuwa | kwa | ɲi | palith |
Lambobi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kwatanta lambobi a cikin yaruka ɗaya:
| Classification | Language | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Katla | Katla | ʈíʈʌ́k | cík | ʌ̀t̪ʌ́t̪ | ʌ̀ɡʌ́lʌ̀m | ɟɔ́ɡ͡bə́lɪ́n | ɟɔ́lʈɪ́n | ɟɔ́lɪ́k | t̪ʌ́ŋɡɪ̀l | ɟʌ́lbʌ̀ʈɪ́n | ràk͡pác |
| Katla | Tima | ʌt̪een / at̪ɪɪn | iheek | ihwʌy | ihʌlʌm | iduliin | ɪntədakwalɔŋ | ɪnt̪at̪ɪŋɛɛl | ɪnt̪ɪŋɛrɛy | int̪ʌhʌdʌkun | ihedʌkún |
| Rashad | Tagoi (Orig) | -wàttá / ùttá | wùkkók | wìttá | wàrʊ̀m | wʊ̧ràm | ɲérér | ʊ̀mʊ̀rɡʊ́ | tùppá | kʊ́mnàsá(n) | kʊ́mán |
| Rashad | Tegali | m̪t̪a | rəkkʊ / rʊkkʊ | d̪akt̪a / d̪at̪t̪a | aːrəm | ʊmmə | ɲeˑɽe | ʊmmərkʊ | duˑpˑa | fəŋɪsan | fəŋən |
| Heiban | Warnang (Werni/Wernang) | ŋɔ̀ʈʈɔ́r | ŋèrccáccény | ŋèrráttén | ŋèlàmlàŋ | ŋera ŋoʈʈor | ŋera ŋoʈʈor ŋemabolo ŋoʈʈor (5+1?) | ŋera ŋoʈʈor ŋemabolo ŋèrccáccény (5+2?) | ŋelamlaaŋɔ (4 x 2 ?) | ŋera ŋoʈʈor wanoe (1- ?) | kiccukurrɐ |
| Heiban | Moro | ɡónto | lə́ɡə́tʃan | lə́ɡɪ́tʃɪn | márlon | ðénə́ŋ | ðénə́ŋ nəɡónto (5+ 1) | ðénə́ŋ lə́ɡə́tʃan (5+ 2) | ðénə́ŋ lə́ɡɪ́tʃan (5+ 3) | ðénə́ŋ nəmárlon (5+ 4) | rɛ́θ |
| Heiban | Tira | kɛ̀nːɛ | kɪ̀ɽɪcàn | kɪ̀ɽɪcɪ́n | maɬɽʊ̀ | ðɛ́nɛ̀ | ɽɪ̀cín ɽɪ̀cɪ̀n (3+3) | maɬɽʊ kɪ̀ɽɪcɪ̀n (4+3) | ɔ́bːɔ̀ | ðɛ́nɛ̀ n̪maɬɽʊ̀ (5+4) | ʊ́rːɪ̀ |
| Heiban | Laro | kʷɛ̀tɛ̀ | rɔ́m | tə̀ɽìl | kʷɔ̀ɾɔ̀ŋɔ́ | tʊ̀dìní | ɲə̀rlə̀l | kʷɔ̀ɾátə̀ɾìl (4+3) | ɗúbə̀ | tʊ̀dìní kʷɔ̀ɾɔ̀ŋɔ́ (5+ 4) | dí |
| Heiban | Otoro | wɛ̀dɔ́ŋ | kútèn | t̪èɽel | kɔ̀ɽɔŋ | t̪ɔ̀ðːnɛ | ɲɛ̄ɽɛl | kɔ̀ɽɔ t̪eɽel (4+3) | dúbə | t̪ɔ́ðːnɛ́ kɔ̀ɽɔŋ (5+ 4) | dìː |
| Heiban | Koalib (1) | kwɛ́t:ɛ | kwiɽín | tɛjɪɾ | kɔɽŋɔn | tuðní | ɲiɾlíl | kunəðɗuβə | ɗuβaβuŋa | kunəðɗi | ɗí |
| Heiban | Koalib (2) | -ɛ̀t̪t̪ɛ̀ | -iɽɐn | tɔɔɽɔl | twaɽŋan | toðne | ɲerlel | ɗòvɔ̀kkwóɽɔ̀n | ɗòvɔ̀kkwóppà | kwúnɐ̀ttùrrí | rúi |
| Talodi | Dagik | j-ɜlːʊ | j-ɛːɽa | j-ɜt̪ːɜk̚ | bɽandɔ | si-s-ɜlːʊ (litː one hand) | na-j-ɜlːʊ (5 + 1) | na j-ɛːɽa (5 + 2) | na j-ɜt̪ːɜk̚ (5 + 3) | na bɽandɔ (5 + 4) | n̪ipɽa |
| Talodi | Acheron | bulluk | weɽʌk | wʌt̪t̪ʌk | bɽando | zəɡuŋ zulluk (lit: 'one hand') | zəɡuŋ zulluk na bulluk (5 + 1) | zəɡuŋ zulluk na weɽʌk (5 + 2) | zəɡuŋ zulluk na wʌt̪t̪ʌk (5 + 3) | zəɡuŋ zulluk na bɽando (5 + 4) | ɡurruŋ |
| Talodi | Lumun | cʊ́lʊ́kʊ̂ | mɛ̀ɽá | mɽaβʊ́ɾʊ̀k | mɔ́ʲɔ̀ɽɪ̀n | mʊ́ɣʊ́lʊ̀k | mɽakʊ́ɾʊ̀k | mɛ́ɽɛ̀ɽàβʊ́ɾʊ̂k ( 3) ? | mámɔ̀ɾmɔ̀ɾ (2 x 4) ? | mʊ́ɣʊ́lláʲɔ̀ɽɪ̀n (5 + 4) | mɑ̀tul |
Duba kuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Harsunan Dutsen Nuba
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela.
- ↑ Gerrit Dimmendaal, 2008.
- ↑ Quint, Nicolas (2020).
- ↑ Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1981.
- ↑ Starostin, George.
- ↑ Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1981.
- ↑ Norton, Russell, and Thomas Kuku Alaki.
- ↑ Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. 2019 (in press).
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Schadeberg, Thilo.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Blench, Roger.
Littafi Mai Tsarki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Herman Bell. 1995. Duwatsun Nuba: Wanene Yayi Magana A 1976? ( hanyar adana kayan tarihi ). Kasancewa binciken sakamakon da aka buga daga babban aikin Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka da Asiya : Binciken Harshe na tsaunukan Nuba .
- Roger Blench. Ba a buga ba. Shin Kordofanian ya zama ƙungiya kuma idan ba haka ba, ina harsunansa suka dace da Nijar-Congo?
- Roger Blench. Ba a buga ba. Kordofanian da Nijar–Congo: sabbin kuma sabbin shedar kamus .
- Roger Blench, 2011, Ya kamata a raba Kordofanian? , Taron Nuba Hills, Leiden
- PA da DN MacDiarmid. 1931. " Harsunan Dutsen Nuba." Bayanan Sudan da Rubuce-rubucen 14: 149-162.
- Carl Meinhof . 1915-1919. "Sprachstudien im egyptischen Sudan". Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen 9-9. "1. Tagoya." 6: 164-161. "2. Tumale". 6:182-205. "11. Tegele." 7:110-131. "12. Rashad." 7:132.
- Thilo C. Schadeberg . 1981 a. Binciken Kordofanian. SUGIA Beiheft 1-2. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
- Thilo C. Schadeberg . 1981 b. "Das Kordofanische". Ga Sprachen Afrikas. Makada 1: Niger–Kordofanisch, ed. by Bernd Heine, TC Schadeberg, Ekkehard Wolff, shafi. 117–28 SUGIA Beiheft 1-2. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
- Thilo C. Schadeberg . 1981c. "Rarraba rukunin yaren Kadugli" . Nilo-Sahara, ed. ta TC Schadeberg da M. Lionel Bender, shafi. 291-305. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.
- Brenda Z. Seligmann. 1910-11. "Lura akan harshen Nubas na Kudancin Kordofan ." Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen 1:167-188.
- Roland C. Stevenson. 1956-57. "Bincike na tsarin sauti da tsarin nahawu na harsunan Dutsen Nuba, tare da yin la'akari da Otoro, Katcha, da Nyimang." Afrika und Übersee 40:73-84, 93-115; 41:27-65, 117-152, 171-196.
- Tucker, AN, MA Bryan. 1956. Harsunan Bantu na Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka. (Handbook of African Languages, Part III.) Oxford University Press : London .
- AN Tucker, MA Bryan. 1966. Nazarin Harshe/ Harsunan da ba Bantu ba na Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka. (Handbook of African Languages.) Oxford University Press : London .
- Tutschek, Lorenz. 1848. "Ka mutu Tumale-Sprache." Gelehrte Anzeigen, herausgegeben von Mitgliedrn der k. bayyar. Akademie der Wissenschaften . Nrs. 91-93; Farashin 729-52. (= Bulletin der königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften . Nrs. 29-31.)
- Tutschek, Lorenz.. 1848-50. "A kan harshen Tumali". Abubuwan da aka gabatar na Philological Society na 1846-47 da 1847-48. Vol 3:239-54. Ayyukan Philological Society na 1848-49 da 1849-50. Vol. 4: 138-9.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Media related to Kordofanian languages at Wikimedia Commons