Harsunan Kung
ǃKung / ˈkʊ ŋ / KUUNG ( ǃXun ), kuma da aka sani da Ju ( /ˈdʒ uː / JOO ), yare nl ne Na (hadaddun harshe) wanda ake magana da shi a Namibia, Botswana, da Angola ta Kung mutane, wanda ya ƙunshi harsuna biyu ko uku. Tare da yaren ǂʼAmkoe, ǃKung sun kafa dangin harshen Kxʼa . ǃKung ya zama ɗaya daga cikin rassan dangin harshen Khoisan, kuma ana kiransa da Arewacin Khoisan a wannan yanayin, amma rashin haɗin kan Khoisan ba a taɓa samu ba kuma yanzu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin abin sha'awa. Duk da haka, kalmar 'Khoisan' an kiyaye shi azaman laima don danne harsuna gabaɗaya. [2]
ǃKung ya shahara da dannawa da yawa, kamar ǃ a cikin sunansa, kuma yana da wasu ƙayyadaddun ƙirƙira na baƙaƙe da wasula a duniya. Har ila yau yana da sautin murya da nasalization . Don bayanin, duba Juƀʼhoan . Don furta ǃXuun (lafazi: [ ǃ͡χũː˦˥ ]</link> in Western ǃKung/ǃXuun) mutum yana yin sautin dannawa kafin sautin x (wanda yake kama da Scotland ko Jamusanci ch ), sannan kuma dogon hanci <i id="mwNQ">u</i> wasali mai tsayi mai tsayi. [lower-alpha 1]
Sunaye[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kalmar ǃKung, ko bambance-bambancen ta, yawanci ana amfani da ita lokacin la'akari da yarukan don zama harshe ɗaya; Ju yana son a yi amfani dashi lokacin la'akari da su azaman ƙaramin dangin harshe. ǃKung kuma a wani lokaci ana amfani da shi don yarukan arewa/ arewa maso yamma, sabanin yarukan Juǀʼhoan da aka rubuta sosai a kudu(gabas); duk da haka masu magana da kusan dukkan yarukan suna kiran kansu ǃKung .
Rubuce-rubucen ǃXun da ǃXuun da aka gani a cikin adabi na baya-bayan nan suna da alaƙa da sifar Juǀʼhoan da aka rubuta ǃXʼu(u)n a cikin rubutun waƙa ta 1975, ko ǃKu(u)n a cikin rubutun waƙa na yanzu. Ƙarin rubutun su ne ǃHu, ǃKhung, ǃKu, Kung, Qxü, ǃung, ǃXo, Xû, ǃXû, Xun, ǃXung, ǃXũũ, ǃXun, ʗhũ:, [3] da ƙarin rubutun Ju sune Dzu, Juu, Zhu .
Masu magana[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Idan an kirga yarukan ǃKung tare, za su yi yaren danna mafi yawan jama'a na uku bayan Khoekhoe da Sandawe . Mafi yawan jama'a ǃKung iri-iri, Juǀʼhoan, ƙila an haɗa shi zuwa matsayi na uku tare da Naro .
Ƙididdiga sun bambanta, amma akwai yiwuwar masu magana kusan 15,000. Ƙididdiga yana da wahala saboda masu magana sun warwatse a gonaki, suna tare da masu magana da wasu harsuna, amma Brenzinger (2011) ya ƙidaya 9,000 a Namibia, 2,000 a Botswana, 3,700 a Afirka ta Kudu da 1,000 a Angola (sau da ƙila 8,000 a 1975).
Har zuwa tsakiyar-karshen karni na ashirin, yarukan arewa sun yadu a kudanci da tsakiyar Angola. Duk da haka, yawancin ǃKung sun gudu daga yakin basasa na Angola zuwa Namibiya (musamman zuwa Caprivi Strip ), inda aka dauke su aiki a cikin rundunar sojojin Afirka ta Kudu na musamman da sojojin Angolan da SWAPO . A karshen yakin kan iyaka, an mayar da mayaka fiye da dubu daya da iyalansu zuwa Schmidtsdrift a Afirka ta Kudu cikin rashin tabbas kan makomarsu a Namibiya. [4] Bayan fiye da shekaru goma suna rayuwa cikin mawuyacin hali, gwamnatin bayan wariyar launin fata ta saya da ba da gudummawar filaye don zama na dindindin a Platfontein, kusa da Schmidtsdrift. [5]
Juǀʼhoan kaɗai aka rubuta, kuma bai isa ya fahimce shi da yarukan Arewa maso Yamma ba don amfani da adabi iri ɗaya don duka biyun.
Iri[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yaren ǃKung da aka fi sani shine Tsumkwe Juǀʼhoan, Ekoka ǃKung, ǃʼOǃKung, da ǂKxʼauǁʼein . Malamai sun bambanta tsakanin yaruka goma sha ɗaya da goma sha biyar, amma ba a fayyace iyakokin ba. Akwai bayyanannen bambanci tsakanin Arewa/Arewa maso Yamma vs Kudu/Kudu maso Gabas, amma har ila yau, ƙungiyar ta tsakiya dabam-dabam wacce ba ta da wata shaida.
Heine & Honken (2010)[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Heine & Honken (2010) classify the 11 traditionally numbered dialects into three branches of what they consider a single language: Heine & König (2015, p. 324) state that speakers of all Northwestern dialects "understand one another to quite some extent" but that they do not understand any of the Southeastern dialects.
Sands (2010)[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sands (2010) classifies ǃKung dialects into four clusters, with the first two being quite close: ǂKxʼauǁʼein ba shi da kyau a ba da shaida don rarrabawa a lokacin.
Snyman (1997)[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Rabewar farko na ! Yaren Xũũ da Žuǀ'hõasi na Snyman (1997): [6]
Proto-harshen[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Harshen kakanni, Proto-Juu ko Proto-ǃXuun, yana da wuraren dannawa guda biyar: Dental, alveolar, palatal, alveolar lateral, da retroflex ( *‼</link> ). Maɓallin retroflex ya fita daga yarukan Kudu maso Gabas kamar Juǀʼhoan, amma ya kasance a Tsakiyar ǃKung. A cikin ǀʼAkhwe (Ekoka), ɓangarorin palatal ya zama alveolar mai sassaƙa . [7] [8]
| Proto-Ju | *ǃ 'ciki' | *‼ 'ruwa' | *ǂ |
|---|---|---|---|
| SE (Tsumkwe) | ᶢǃű | ᶢǃű | ǂ |
| N (Okongo/ǀʼAkhwe) | ᶢǃű | ᶢǁű | ⨎ |
| NW (Mangetti Dune) | ᶢǃű | ᶢǁű | ǂ |
| C (Neitsas/Nurugas) | ᶢǃú | ᶢ‼ú | ǂ |
Duba kuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Lissafin kalmomin Kung (Wiktionary)
Bayanan kula[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ For phonology and tones, see list of ǃXun dialect names in Template:Harvtxt.
Bayanan kafa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Ju-Kung". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Haacke 2009
- ↑ Doke 1926
- ↑ Suzman 2001
- ↑ Robins, Madzudzo & Brenzinger 2001
- ↑ Snyman, Jan Winston. 1997. A preliminary classification of the !Xũũ and Žuǀ'hõasi dialects. In Haacke, Wilfrid and Elderkin, Edward Derek (eds.), Namibian languages: reports and papers, 21-106. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag; University of Namibia (UNAM).
- ↑ Scott et al. 2010
- ↑ Miller et al. 2011