Jump to content

Hasashen Annoba da Shirye-Shirye Kafin Cutar ta COVID-19

Ƙara hanyoyin mahaɗar
Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Harsashe na COVID-19

Shirye-shirye da shirye-shiryen annoba ya kasan ce ya faru a ƙasashe da ƙungiyoyin duniya. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya tana rubuta shawarwari da jagorori, kodayake babu wata hanyar da za a bi don bitar shirye-shiryen ƙasashe na annoba da saurin ba da amsa. Ayyukan kasa ya dogara da gwamnatocin kasa. A cikin 2005-2006, kafin cutar murar alade ta 2009 da kuma a cikin shekaru goma da suka biyo baya, gwamnatoci a Amurka, Faransa, UK, da sauransu sun gudanar da dabarun kayan aikin kiwon lafiya, amma sau da yawa sun rage hannun jari bayan annoba ta 2009 don rage farashi.

Wani bita na watan Yuni na 2018 ya ce shirye-shiryen annoba a ko'ina ba su isa ba, tunda ƙwayoyin cuta na yanayi na iya fitowa da sama da kashi 50% na adadin masu mutuwa, amma ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya da masu tsara manufofin sun tsara kamar dai cututtukan ba za su taɓa wuce kashi 2.5% na mace-macen cutar ta Sipaniya ba. 1918.[1] A cikin shekarun da suka kai ga barkewar cutar ta COVID-19, gwamnatoci da yawa sun gudanar da atisayen zanga-zanga (ciki har da Crimson Contagion ) wanda ya tabbatar da cewa yawancin ƙasashe ba za a shirya su ba.[2][3] Gwamnatoci ko manyan ‘yan kasuwa ba su dauki mataki ba. Rahotanni da dama sun jadada gazawar gwamnatocin kasashe wajen yin koyi da bullar cututtuka da suka gabata da annoba da kuma annoba. Richard Horton, babban editan The Lancet, ya bayyana "amsar duniya ga SARS-CoV-2 [a matsayin] babbar gazawar manufofin kimiyya a cikin tsararraki".

Barkewar da ta faru a farko a Hubei, Italiya da Spain sun nuna cewa tsarin kula da lafiya na kasashe masu arziki da yawa sun mamaye. A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa waɗanda ke da raunin kayan aikin likita, kayan aikin gadaje masu kulawa da sauran buƙatun likitanci, ana sa ran za a yi rashin lafiya tun da farko.

Ƙasashen Duniya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da Bankin Duniya sun yi gargadi game da hadarin barkewar annoba a cikin shekarun 2000 da 2010, musamman bayan barkewar SARS na 2002-2004 . Hukumar Kula da Shirye-shiryen Duniya ta fitar da rahotonta na farko a ƙarshen 2019. Shirye-shiryen masu zaman kansu kuma sun haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a game da barazanar annoba da buƙatun ingantaccen shiri. A cikin 2018, WHO ta ƙaddamar da kalmar, Cuta X, wanda "yana wakiltar ilimin cewa mummunar annoba ta kasa da kasa na iya haifar da kwayar cutar da ba a sani ba a halin yanzu don haifar da cutar ɗan adam" don mayar da hankali kan bincike da ci gaba a kan yiwuwar 'yan takara na gaba, a -lokacin da ba a sani ba, annoba.

Rarraba ƙasa da ƙasa da rashin ingantaccen haɗin gwiwa iyakance shirye-shirye. Shirin rigakafin mura na WHO ya US$  Kasafin kudin shekara biyu miliyan, daga cikin kasafin kudin WHO na 2020-2021 na US$  biliyan.

Ƙungiyoyi da dama sun shiga cikin shekaru suna shirya duniya don annoba da annoba. Daga cikin waɗancan akwai Ƙungiyoyin Ƙirƙirar Shirye-shiryen Cututtuka, wanda Gidauniyar Bill & Melinda Gates suka kafa, Wellcome Trust, da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai . Tun daga shekarar 2017 Haɗin gwiwar ya yi ƙoƙarin samar da hanyar da za a bi don magance cututtukan da suka kunno kai kamar COVID-19, wanda zai ba da damar haɓaka saurin rigakafin rigakafi da bincike na rigakafi don magance barkewar cutar. [4] [5]

Kasashe

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Faransa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bayan gargadi da karuwar shirye-shirye a cikin 2000s, cutar ta murar aladu ta 2009 ta haifar da saurin magance cutar a tsakanin kasashen Yamma. Halin ƙwayar cuta ta H1N1/09 tare da alamu masu sauƙi da ƙarancin kisa a ƙarshe ya haifar da koma baya game da wuce gona da iri na ɓangaren jama'a, kashe kuɗi da tsadar rigakafin mura na 2009 . A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ba a sabunta dabarun tara kayan aikin likita na ƙasa bisa tsari ba. a Faransa, €  Miliyoyin siyan abin rufe fuska, alluran rigakafi da sauran su na H1N1 a karkashin nauyin ministar lafiya Roselyne Bachelot sun sha suka sosai.  

Hukumomin lafiya na Faransa sun yanke shawarar a shekara ta 2011 cewa ba za su sake dawo da hannun jarin su ba domin rage saye da kashe kudaden ajiya da kuma dogaro da kayayyaki daga China da kuma kayan aiki na lokaci-lokaci da kuma rarraba alhakin ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu bisa ga zaɓi. Tarin dabarun Faransa ya ragu a cikin wannan lokacin daga abin rufe fuska biliyan ɗaya da abin rufe fuska FFP2 miliyan 600 a cikin 2010 zuwa miliyan 150 da sifili, bi da bi a farkon 2020.

Ƙasar Ingila

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Amintattun Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Ƙasar Burtaniya (NHS) ta aiwatar da kwatancen cututtukan mura kamar mura tun bayan barkewar cutar murar H5N1 ta 2007 ("murar tsuntsaye"). Russell King, manajan juriya a cikin NHS a lokacin, ya ce " Ofishin Majalisar ya gano samuwa da kuma rarraba PPE [ kayan kariya na sirri ] a matsayin wani yanki na annoba."[6]

Darasi Cygnus ya kwana uku kwaikwaiyo motsa jiki da za'ayi ta NHS Ingila a watan Oktoba shekara ta 2016 zuwa kimanta tasiri na a tamkar H2N2 mura cutar AIDS a UK.[7][8][9][10] Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a Ingila ne ya gudanar da shi wanda ke wakiltar Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Kula da Jama'a . [11] Sassan gwamnati goma sha biyu [11] a fadin Scotland, Wales da Ireland ta Arewa, da kuma tarukan juriya na gida (LRFs) sun halarci. Fiye da ma'aikata 950 daga waɗannan ƙungiyoyi, gidajen yari da ƙaramar hukuma ko gwamnatin tsakiya sun shiga cikin kwaikwayar ta kwanaki uku, kuma an gwada ikon su na jure yanayin matsanancin damuwa na likita. [12] An sanya mahalarta a cikin mako na bakwai na barkewar cutar - kololuwar rikicin, lokacin da ake samun babbar bukatar kiwon lafiya. A wannan mataki, an kiyasta kashi 50% na mutanen sun kamu da cutar, inda kusan mutane 400,000 suka mutu. [12] Halin da ake tsammani shine an yi maganin kuma an saya amma har yanzu ba a kai ga Burtaniya ba.[13] Jami'an asibiti da na jin dadin jama'a za su fito da tsare-tsare na gaggawa don kula da matsalolin albarkatu, yayin da jami'an gwamnati ke fuskantar yanayin da ke buƙatar yanke shawara cikin gaggawa. Don tabbatar da yanayin da ya dace, an gudanar da tarurrukan COBRA tsakanin ministoci da jami'ai. An yi amfani da kantunan labarai na kwaikwayi da kafofin watsa labarun don ba da sabuntawar tatsuniyoyi. [12] Wata sanarwa da gwamnati ta fitar a gidan yanar gizo na shirye-shiryen rigakafin cutar ta Burtaniya ya bayyana cewa ba a yi niyyar gudanar da atisayen ne don gudanar da cututtukan da ke faruwa a nan gaba ba, ko kuma nuna matakan da za a bi don guje wa yaduwar cutar. [11]

Sakamako daga motsa jiki ya nuna cewa annobar za ta sa tsarin kiwon lafiyar kasar ya durkushe daga karancin kayan aiki,[14][15] tare da Sally Davies, babban jami'in kula da lafiya a lokacin, yana mai bayyana cewa rashin isassun magunguna da dabaru. zubar da gawarwakin lamari ne mai tsanani.[16][17] An rarraba cikakken sakamakon atisayen tun asali[18] amma daga baya aka fitar da su sakamakon binciken jama'a da matsin lamba. A watan Nuwamba 2020, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta bayyana cewa an tattauna duk darussan da aka gano daidai da la'akari da shirye-shiryenta na shirye-shiryen rigakafin cutar. [19]

Jaridar Daily Telegraph ta ruwaito wata majiyar gwamnati tana cewa sakamakon simulation din ya yi matukar ban tsoro da ba za a iya bayyana shi ba.[20] A cewar The Telegraph, motsa jiki ya haifar da zato cewa tsarin " kariya ga garken " zai zama mafi kyawun amsa ga irin wannan annoba.[21][22] Jaridar The Guardian ta Burtaniya ta fitar da wani bangare na rahoton binciken daga baya, wanda ya haifar da rashin gamsuwar jama'a kan yadda aka sarrafa shi.[23] A watan Mayun 2020, lokacin da jaridar The Guardian ta yi hira da Martin Green, shugaban zartarwa na Care England, daya daga cikin manyan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Burtaniya, ya ce a baya gwamnati ba ta sanar da sassan kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu ba game da rashin iya aiki idan annoba ta tashi.[24]

Exercise Alice wani motsa jiki ne na MERS coronavirus na Burtaniya motsa jiki daga 2016 wanda ya ƙunshi jami'ai daga Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a Ingila da Sashen Lafiya da Kula da Jama'a.[25] Moosa Qureshi, mai ba da shawara a asibiti wanda ya sami bayanan da ba a bayyana a baya ba game da Alice a cikin 2021 ya ce motsa jiki "ya kamata ya shirya mu don kamuwa da kwayar cutar da ke da tsawon lokaci fiye da mura, wanda zai iya rayuwa a kan gurɓataccen wuri fiye da mura, wanda ke buƙatar girma. matakan kariya ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, kuma waɗanda ba za a iya yin rigakafin su ba kafin igiyar ruwa ta biyu. Wannan yakamata ya haifar da dabaru daban-daban akan PPE da keɓewa daga dabarun mura."[26]

Richard Horton, babban editan The Lancet, ya ba da shawarar cewa manufofin tattalin arziki sun taka rawa a cikin Burtaniya "rashin yin aiki kan darussan" fashewar SARS na 2002-2004 da kuma Burtaniya "ba a shirya sosai" don COVID -19 annoba. Wani bincike ga The Guardian ya lura cewa keɓancewa da yankewa, gami da dogaro da gwamnati kan ƴan kwangila masu zaman kansu yayin bala'in COVID-19, ya “ fallasa” Ingila ga kwayar cutar: “kayan aikin da aka taɓa kasancewa don magance rikice-rikicen lafiyar jama'a. an samu karaya, kuma a wasu wurare an ruguza su, ta hanyar manufofin da gwamnatocin Conservative suka bullo da su a baya-bayan nan, tare da wasu sauye-sauyen da suka faru tun a shekarun da jam’iyyar Labour ta yi tana mulki.[27]

Amurka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dangane da Indexididdigar Tsaro ta Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya, kima na Amurka-Britishka wanda ya ba da damar tsaron lafiyar lafiya a cikin kasashe 195, Amurka a cikin 2020 ita ce “mafi shiri” al'ummar waɗannan kimantawa sun dogara ne akan nau'i shida. Babban nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da cutar ta COVID-19 sune: Amsa da sauri, Tsarin Lafiya da Rigakafi. [28] [29] Duk da wannan kima, Amurka ta kasa shirya mahimman tarin kayan aikinta na shirye-shiryen da aka yi hasashen zai zama dole kuma ta kasa bin takaddun tsare-tsarenta yayin aiwatar da martani ga cutar ta COVID-19.[ana buƙatar hujja]

Rahotannin da ke hasashen barkewar annoba a duniya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sakataren Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam (HHS) Alex Azar ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar gaggawa ta lafiyar jama'a.

Amurka ta fuskanci annoba da annoba a tsawon tarihinta, ciki har da mura na 1918 na Mutanen Espanya wanda ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 550,000,[30] cutar ta Asiya ta 1957 wacce ta yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 70,000,[31] da kuma 1968 mura ta Hong Kong wacce ta yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 100,000.[32][33][34][35] A cikin annoba ta baya-bayan nan kafin COVID-19, cutar murar aladu ta 2009 ta kashe rayukan Amurkawa sama da 12,000 tare da kwantar da wasu 270,000 a asibiti cikin kusan shekara guda. [36]

Ƙungiyar Leken Asiri ta Amurka, a cikin rahotonta na shekara-shekara na Ƙididdigar Barazana ta Duniya na 2017 da 2018, ta ce idan wani coronavirus mai alaƙa ya kasance "ya sami ingantaccen watsawa tsakanin mutum-da-dan Adam", zai sami " yuwuwar kamuwa da cuta". Ƙididdigar Barazana ta Duniya ta 2018 ta kuma ce sabbin nau'ikan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke "sauƙin yaduwa tsakanin mutane" sun kasance "babban barazana".[37][38][39] Hakazalika, Kididdigar Barazana ta Duniya ta 2019 ta yi gargadin cewa "Amurka da duniya za su kasance masu saurin kamuwa da cutar mura ta gaba ko kuma barkewar wata cuta mai saurin yaduwa wacce za ta iya haifar da yawan mace-mace da nakasa, wanda ke matukar shafar tattalin arzikin duniya." takura albarkatun kasa da kasa, da kuma kara kira ga Amurka na neman tallafi." [40] [41]

Sabunta tsare-tsare da jagororin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gwamnatin Amurka ta sabunta shirinta na barkewar cutar[42] da jagororin jama'a[43] [44] a cikin Afrilu 2017. A cikin Janairu 2017 ta sabunta kiyasin gibin albarkatun[45] [46] da jerin batutuwan da gwamnatin Amurka za ta yi la'akari da su (wanda ake kira littafin wasan kwaikwayo).[47] Shirin da jagororin sun kasance jama'a. Kiyasin kayan aiki da jerin batutuwa ba jama'a ba ne, kodayake ba a rarraba su ba kuma 'yan jarida sun samo su kuma sun bayyana su. [48] [49]

Kididdigar sojoji na gibin albarkatu a cikin Janairu 2017 ya lura "Rashi da lahani ... rashin abubuwan more rayuwa, da PPE ... da ƙayyadaddun gwajin tabbatar da dakin gwaje-gwaje. . . Tsarin kiwon lafiya na iya mamayewa ta hanyar haɓakar lambobi masu ban mamaki. Hakanan ana iya iyakance wadatar ma'aikata yayin da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suka kamu da cutar."[50] A karshe shekara na gwamnatin George W. Bush, da ilimin halittu da aikin likita Advanced Research and Development Authority (a division na Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Human Services) "kiyasta cewa an ƙarin 70,000 inji [ventilators] za a bukata a matsakaiciya mura cutar AIDS ."[51]

Jerin batutuwa, ko littafin wasan kwaikwayo, ya ƙunshi yanayi na yau da kullun da kuma yanayin annoba. A lokacin yanayi na yau da kullun, ba a sami tattaunawa game da kimantawa da haɓaka tarin kayayyaki don amfani a cikin gaggawa ba. [52] A Amurka; Tsarin Hannun Hannun Hannun Hannun Hannun Hannu na Ƙasa da aka yi amfani da shi wajen yaƙi da cutar ta mura ta 2009 ba gwamnatin Obama ko gwamnatin Trump ta cika ba .

Jagororin 2017 sun lura cewa maganin rigakafin cutar murar alade na 2009 H1N1pdm09 ya ɗauki watanni takwas kafin a samu don rarrabawa a ƙarshen 2009.[53] Alurar riga kafi na kwayar cutar SARS ta 2003 ya ɗauki shekaru 13 yana haɓaka, kuma yana shirye don gwajin ɗan adam a cikin 2016, waɗanda har yanzu ba su faru ba.[54][55] Maganin rigakafin cutar MERS na 2009 ya ɗauki shekaru goma yana haɓaka, kuma ya fara gwajin ɗan adam a cikin 2019.[56] Koyaya, jagororin sun ce watanni shida kawai za a buƙaci don haɓakawa da rarraba rigakafin cutar ta gaba, suna gaya wa makarantu da kulawar rana cewa za su buƙaci rufe wannan dogon lokaci. [57] Koyaya ƙa'idodin sun gaya wa 'yan kasuwa da su yi tsammanin kusan makonni biyu na rufe makarantu, suna masu cewa ma'aikata na iya buƙatar zama a gida makonni biyu tare da 'ya'yansu.[58]

Sharuɗɗan ba su tsammanin rufe kasuwancin kasuwanci ba, kodayake binciken ya daɗe yana annabta raguwar 80% a cikin fasaha, nishaɗi, da nishaɗi,[59] da 5% zuwa 10% sun faɗi a cikin sauran ayyukan tattalin arziƙi sama da shekara guda, tare da faɗuwar faɗuwa a cikin manyan watanni.[60] Nazarin shirye-shiryen annoba bai magance ayyukan gwamnati don taimakawa kasuwanci ba, ko hanyar murmurewa. [61]

Sharuɗɗan da ake tsammani "a lokacin annoba, kamuwa da cuta a cikin wani yanki na iya ɗaukar kusan makonni shida zuwa takwas."[62]

Jagororin 2017 sun jera matakan da za su iya faruwa, har zuwa warewar marasa lafiya na gida na son rai, da keɓe gida na son rai na abokan hulɗar su har zuwa kwanaki uku. [63] Babu wata tattaunawa ko shirin rufe kasuwancin ko ba da umarnin mutane su zauna a gida, wanda zai iya yin bayanin jinkirin jami'ai game da yanke shawara kan umarnin zama a gida a cikin bala'in COVID-19 na 2020 da rashin shiri don bambanta marasa mahimmanci daga mahimman ma'aikata., da kuma kare muhimman ma'aikata. A cikin barkewar cutar mura ta 1918 da yawa biranen sun rufe aƙalla sanduna, har zuwa makonni shida, kuma galibin biranen suna da keɓewar wajibi da keɓe marasa lafiya da abokan hulɗa.[64] Biranen da suka fi tsananin rufewa sun sami mafi kyawun farfadowar tattalin arziki.[65] [66]

Sharuɗɗan sun gaya wa 'yan kasuwa da su kasance a shirye don kiyaye ma'aikata ƙafa 3, kodayake jagororin sun ce tari da atishawa na iya aika ƙwayoyin cuta ƙafa shida.[67] Bincike ya ce atishawa na iya aika ɗigon ruwa mai tsawon ƙafa 27, kuma za su iya kwana a cikin na'urorin samun iska. [68] [69] Jagororin ba su yi la'akari da nisa tsakanin abokan ciniki ko tsakanin su da ma'aikata ba.[ana buƙatar hujja]

Tun daga ƙarshen yakin cacar baka, Rasha ta jagoranci yaƙin neman zaɓe don tayar da rashin yarda ga hukumomin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, da kuma cewa cutar kanjamau, cutar murar aladu ta 2009, barkewar cutar Ebola da cutar ta COVID-19 makamai ne na Amurka . [70]

Sake tsarawa da tashi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A May 2018, shawara kan harkokin tsaro John Bolton sake tsarafa da zartarwa reshe ta Amurka National Security Council (NSC), sun fi mayar da tattara abubuwa masu kyau cikin kungiyar alhakin duniya kiwon lafiya tsaro da kuma biodefense -established da gwamnatin Obama bin 2014 cutar Ebola -into wani ya fi girma kungiyar alhakin don magance yaduwa da biodefense. Tare da sake tsarawa, shugaban kungiyar kare lafiyar lafiya ta duniya da kare lafiyar halittu, Rear Admiral Timothy Ziemer, ya bar zuwa wata hukumar tarayya, yayin da Tim Morrison ya zama shugaban kungiyar hadin gwiwa.[71][72] Masu sukar wannan sake fasalin sun kira shi da "warzawa" ƙungiyar masu shirye-shiryen annoba.[73] [74]

Bayan barkewar cutar Coronavirus, 'yan jaridu sun yi ta tambayar Trump game da wannan sake fasalin, kuma Trump ya ba da martani masu karo da juna. A ranar 6 ga Maris, 2020, lokacin da aka tambaye shi a wani taron manema labarai ko zai "sake tunani" zabin 2018 na rashin samun ofishin shirye-shiryen annoba, Trump ya nuna cewa sake fasalin ya kasance zabi mai ma'ana a lokacin saboda "ba za ku taba yin tunani da gaske ba [a] annoba] zai faru Wanene zai yi tunanin ko za mu kasance da batun?" [75] A ranar 13 ga Maris, lokacin da wakilin PBS NewsHour White House Yamiche Alcindor ya tambaya ko sake fasalin ya kawo cikas ga martanin gwamnati game da barkewar cutar sankara, Trump ya caccaki ta da yin wata "mummunan tambaya", kuma ya kara da cewa: "Ban yi ba. . . . Watsewa, a'a, ban san komai game da shi ba . . . Gwamnati ce, kila suna yin haka, su bar mutane su tafi ... abubuwa kamar haka suna faruwa."[76] A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, dan jaridar Fox News John Roberts ya fara tambaya da cewa "kun kawar da ofishin cutar kanjamau a Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa," kuma Trump ya amsa da cewa, "Ba mu yi hakan ba," yana kwatanta zargin sau hudu a matsayin "karya". "amma ban kara yin bayani ba.[77][78] Tun daga watan Yulin 2020, gwamnatin ta shirya ƙirƙirar sabon ofishin rigakafin cutar a cikin Ma'aikatar Jiha.[79]

Har ila yau, a cikin 2018, mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaron cikin gida Tom Bossert ya bar gwamnati, bisa rahoton Bolton. Bossert ya taimaka wajen haifar da tsare-tsaren kare lafiyar halittu na gwamnatin Trump, kuma alhakinsa ne ya daidaita martanin gwamnati a yayin da ake fuskantar rikicin halittu.[80] Magajin Bossert, Doug Fears, da Magajin Tsoro Peter J. Brown, ya ɗauki nauyin kare lafiyar halittu na DHS. Bloomberg News ya ruwaito a cikin Janairu 2020 cewa kare lafiyar halittu a lokacin ya kasance "mafi shahara" bangare na alhakin mai ba da shawara kan Tsaron Gida.[81][82] A wani tashin jirgin, Luciana Borio, darektan Majalisar Tsaro ta kasa don shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da kare lafiyar halittu, ta bar mukaminta a cikin Maris 2019. Jaridar Washington Post ta ruwaito a cikin Maris 2020 cewa Fadar White House ba za ta tabbatar da ainihin wanda ya maye gurbin Borio ba.[83]

Kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters ya ruwaito a cikin Maris 2020 cewa gwamnatin Trump ta yi a cikin shekarun da suka gabata kafin barkewar cutar Coronavirus ta rage yawan ma'aikatan da ke aiki a ofishin CDC na Beijing daga 47 zuwa 14. A cewar kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters, daya daga cikin ma’aikatan da aka kawar a watan Yulin shekarar 2019, yana horar da kwararrun likitocin kasar Sin don magance barkewar cututtuka a wuraren da suke da zafi. Trump ya yi ikirarin cewa rahoton yanke mai horar da ‘yan wasan ba daidai ba ne 100%, amma CDC ta Amurka ta yarda cewa rahoton gaskiya ne.[84][85] Gwamnatin Trump ta kuma tabbatar da cewa ta rufe ofisoshin gidauniyar Kimiyya ta kasa (NSF) da hukumar raya kasashe ta Amurka (USAID) da ke Beijing; Jami'an Amurka guda daya ne ke kula da wadannan ofisoshin kowannensu. [86] Bugu da kari, gwamnatin Trump ta amince cewa ta kawar da wani matsayi na gudanarwa daga ofishin ma'aikatar aikin gona ta Amurka ta Beijing; Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya bayar da rahoton cewa, matsayin ya sa ido kan shirin kula da cututtukan dabbobi. [86]

Gwamnatin Trump ta kuma kawo karshen bayar da kudade ga shirin gargadin farko na cutar ta PREDICT a kasar Sin, wanda ya horar da kuma tallafawa ma'aikata a dakunan gwaje-gwaje na kasashen waje 60, tare da dakatar da aikin filin a Satumba 2019. [87] Masana kimiyyar da ke da alhakin gano yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar sun riga sun miƙe da nisa da sirara.[88]

Ƙoƙarin inganta abin rufe fuska da wadatar iska

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tun daga 2015, gwamnatin tarayya ta kashe $9.8 miliyan akan ayyuka guda biyu don hana ƙarancin abin rufe fuska amma sun watsar da ayyukan biyu kafin kammalawa.[89] An sanya hannu kan kwangilar BARDA ta biyu tare da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Bincike na Albuquerque, don tsara abin rufe fuska mai darajar N95 wanda za a iya sake amfani da shi a cikin gaggawa ba tare da rage tasiri ba. Kodayake rahotannin tarayya sun yi kira ga irin wannan aikin tun daga 2006, ba a sanya hannu kan kwangilar ARA ba har sai 2017, kuma ta rasa lokacin cikar watanni 15, wanda ya haifar da cutar ta 2020 ta isa Amurka kafin ƙirar ta shirya. [90]

Annobar numfashi da ta gabata da tsare-tsare na gwamnati sun nuna bukatar tara na'urorin hura iska da ke da sauki ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da ba su da horo don amfani da su. BARDA Project Aura ya ba da buƙatun shawarwari a cikin 2008, tare da burin amincewar FDA a cikin 2010 ko 2011. An ba da kwangilar samar da injinan iska har 40,000 ga Newport Medical Instruments, ƙaramin masana'anta, tare da farashin da aka yi niyya na dala 3,000, wanda ya yi ƙasa da injunan da suka fi rikitarwa da ke tsada sama da $10,000, kuma ya samar da samfura tare da amincewar FDA a cikin 2013. . Covidien ya sayi NMI kuma bayan ya nemi ƙarin kuɗi don kammala aikin (ya kawo jimlar kuɗin zuwa kusan $8). miliyan) ya nemi gwamnati da ta soke kwangilar, ta ce ba ta da riba. [91] Gwamnati ta ba da sabon $13.8 kwangilar miliyan ga Philips, a cikin 2014. Zane don Trilogy Evo Universal ya sami amincewar FDA a cikin Yuli 2019. Gwamnati ta umarci masu ba da iska 10,000 a watan Satumba na 2019, tare da tsakiyar 2020 na ƙarshe don isar da farko da kuma ƙarshen 2022 don kammala duka 10,000. Duk da barkewar annobar a watan Disamba, karfin kamfanin ya samar da isassun kayan da za a iya cika cikakken tsari, da kuma ikon gwamnati na tilastawa samar da sauri cikin sauri, gwamnati ba ta cimma yarjejeniya da Philips don hanzarta isar da kayayyaki ba har sai ranar 10 ga Maris., 2020.[92][93] A tsakiyar Maris, buƙatar ƙarin masu ba da iska ya zama kai tsaye, kuma ko da babu wata kwangilar gwamnati, sauran masana'antun sun ba da sanarwar shirin yin dubun-dubatar.[94] A halin yanzu, Philips ya kasance yana siyar da sigar kasuwanci, Trilogy Evo, akan farashi mafi girma, [95] bar 12,700 kawai a cikin Babban Hannun Jari na Ƙasa tun daga Maris 15. [91]

Idan aka kwatanta da ƴan kuɗin da aka kashe kan abubuwan da aka ba da shawarar don kamuwa da cutar, biliyoyin daloli sun kashe hannun jarin dabaru na ƙasa don ƙirƙira da adana maganin cutar anthrax, da isassun allurar rigakafin cutar sankarau ga ƙasar baki ɗaya.[96]

Dabarun mayar da martani mai yiwuwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 2016, NSC ta fitar da dabarun cutar da shawarwari gami da motsi cikin sauri don gano cikakken yiwuwar barkewar cutar, samun ƙarin kudade, yin la'akari da kiran Dokar Samar da Tsaro, da tabbatar da isassun kayan kariya ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. An yi wa gwamnatin Trump bayani game da shi a cikin 2017, amma ta ki sanya shi a hukumance. [97]

Duba kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Kamradt-Scott, Adam (2020-03-19). McInnes, Colin; Lee, Kelley; Youde, Jeremy (eds.). "The Politics of Pandemic Influenza Preparedness". The Oxford Handbook of Global Health Politics (in Turanci). doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190456818.001.0001. ISBN 9780190456818. Retrieved 2020-06-04.
  2. ↑ "Coronavirus Outbreak: A Cascade of Warnings, Heard but Unheeded". The New York Times. 2020-03-19. Archived from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 2020-03-25.
  3. ↑ Stracqualursi, Veronica (2020-03-19). "New York Times: HHS' pandemic simulation showed how US was ill prepared for coronavirus". CNN. Archived from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 2020-03-25.
  4. ↑ "Preparing for the Next Pandemic", Wall Street Journal, April 3, 2020
  5. ↑ Gates, Bill.
  6. ↑ Lay, Kat; Fisher, Lucy (31 March 2020). "Coronavirus: Shortage of masks and gowns for NHS staff foreseen over a decade ago". The Times. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  7. ↑ Bale, Donna (25 January 2017). "POWYS PANDEMIC INFLUENZA PLANNING UPDATE 2016" (PDF). powysthb.wales.nhs.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  8. ↑ Nuki, Paul; Gardner, Bill (28 March 2020). "Exercise Cygnus uncovered: the pandemic warnings buried by the government". The Telegraph (in Turanci). ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  9. ↑ David Pegg (7 May 2020). "What was Exercise Cygnus and what did it find?". The Guardian.
  10. ↑ "Annex A: about Exercise Cygnus". Department of Health and Social Care. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Empty citation (help)
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Empty citation (help)
  13. ↑ Public Health England (2017). "Exercise Cygnus Report" (PDF). Public Health England: 57.
  14. ↑ Nuki, Paul; Gardner, Bill (28 March 2020). "Exercise Cygnus uncovered: the pandemic warnings buried by the government". The Telegraph (in Turanci). ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  15. ↑ Carrington, Damian (29 March 2020). "UK strategy to address pandemic threat 'not properly implemented'". The Guardian (in Turanci). ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  16. ↑ Lambert, Harry (16 March 2020). "Government documents show no planning for ventilators in the event of a pandemic". New Statesman (in Turanci). Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  17. ↑ Smyth, Chris (27 December 2016). "NHS fails to cope with bodies in flu pandemic test". The Times (in Turanci). ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  18. ↑ "Nick Ferrari's extraordinary exchange with Care Minister over pandemic test exercise". LBC (in Turanci). 30 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  19. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  20. ↑ Nuki, Paul; Gardner, Bill (28 March 2020). "Exercise Cygnus uncovered: the pandemic warnings buried by the government". The Telegraph (in Turanci). ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  21. ↑ Hope, Christopher (24 April 2020). "Jeremy Hunt says he has no problem with Government's 2016 pandemic report being published". The Telegraph (in Turanci). ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  22. ↑ Gardner, Bill; Nuki, Paul (18 April 2020). "Covid-19 strategies: Britain planned for herd immunity while Asia intended to contain virus". The Telegraph (in Turanci). ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  23. ↑ Pegg, David; Booth, Robert; Conn, David (7 May 2020). "Revealed: the secret report that gave ministers warning of care home coronavirus crisis". The Guardian (in Turanci). ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  24. ↑ Day, Michael (11 May 2020). "Covid-19: Concern about social care's ability to cope with pandemics was raised two years ago". BMJ (in Turanci). 369. doi:10.1136/bmj.m1879 (inactive 6 May 2021). ISSN 1756-1833.CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of Mayu 2021 (link)
  25. ↑ "SCHEDULE 2 – THE SERVICES" (PDF). NHS England. p. 6. Retrieved 2021-06-10.
  26. ↑ Booth, Robert (2021-06-10). "Secret planning exercise in 2016 modelled impact of Mers outbreak in UK". The Guardian. Retrieved 2021-06-10.
  27. ↑ Lawrence, Felicity; Garside, Juliette; Pegg, David; Conn, David; Carrell, Severin; Davies, Harry (31 May 2020). "How a decade of privatisation and cuts exposed England to coronavirus". The Guardian.
  28. ↑ "These are the countries best prepared for health emergencies", World Economic Forum, February 12, 2020.
  29. ↑ "What a Global Health Survey Found Months Before the Coronavirus Pandemic", Council on Foreign Relations, March 24, 2020.
  30. ↑ Patterson, David; Pyle, Gerald (13 April 2020). "The 1918 Influenza Pandemic". Photograph Works. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  31. ↑ "1957 Asian Flu Pandemic". Global Security. Global Security. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  32. ↑ Honigsbaum, Mark (2020). "Revisiting the 1957 and 1968 influenza pandemics". Lancet. 395 (10240): 1824–1826. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31201-0. PMC 7247790. PMID 32464113.
  33. ↑ Miguel, Ken (February 28, 2020). "Here's a look at some of history's worst pandemics that have killed millions". ABC 7 News. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
  34. ↑ Lileks, James (March 18, 2020). "How the news media played down the pandemics of yore, from Spanish flu to Swine flu". Star Tribune. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
  35. ↑ Brown, Jeremy (March 3, 2020). "The Coronavirus Is No 1918 Pandemic". The Atlantic. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
  36. ↑ Miguel, Ken (February 28, 2020). "Here's a look at some of history's worst pandemics that have killed millions". ABC 7 News. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
  37. ↑ "Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community", Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, May 11, 2017
  38. ↑ Reider, Rem (March 20, 2020). "Contrary to Trump's Claim, A Pandemic Was Widely Expected at Some Point". Factcheck.org. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  39. ↑ Dilanian, Ken (February 29, 2020). "U.S. intel agencies warned of a rising risk of an outbreak like coronavirus". NBC News. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  40. ↑ Dilanian, Ken (February 29, 2020). "U.S. intel agencies warned of a rising risk of an outbreak like coronavirus". NBC News. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  41. ↑ " "Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community" Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, January 29, 2019
  42. ↑ "Pandemic Influenza Plan, 2017 UPDATE" (PDF). CDC. April 2017. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
  43. ↑ "Community Mitigation Guidelines to Prevent Pandemic Influenza — United States, 2017". CDC. 2017-04-21. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
  44. ↑ "Educational Materials – Nonpharmaceutical Interventions". CDC (in Turanci). 2019-01-28. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
  45. ↑ Klippenstine, Ken (2020-04-01). "The Military Knew Years Ago That a Coronavirus Was Coming". The Nation. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
  46. ↑ Northern Command, US DOD (2017-01-06). "Pandemic Influenza and Infectious Disease Response". Scribd (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-04-13.
  47. ↑ "Playbook for early response to high-consequence emerging infectious disease threats and biological incidents" (PDF). 2017. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
  48. ↑ Klippenstine, Ken (2020-04-01). "The Military Knew Years Ago That a Coronavirus Was Coming". The Nation. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
  49. ↑ "Playbook for early response to high-consequence emerging infectious disease threats and biological incidents" (PDF). 2017. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
  50. ↑ Northern Command, US DOD (2017-01-06). "Pandemic Influenza and Infectious Disease Response". Scribd (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-04-13.
  51. ↑ Kulish, Nicholas; Kliff, Sarah; Silver-Greenberg, Jessica (2020-03-29). "The U.S. Tried to Build a New Fleet of Ventilators. The Mission Failed". The New York Times (in Turanci). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  52. ↑ "Playbook for early response to high-consequence emerging infectious disease threats and biological incidents" (PDF). 2017. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
  53. ↑ "Community Mitigation Guidelines to Prevent Pandemic Influenza — United States, 2017". CDC. 2017-04-21. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
  54. ↑ "Scientists were close to a coronavirus vaccine years ago. Then the money dried up". NBC (in Turanci). Retrieved April 13, 2020.
  55. ↑ "SARS vaccines: where are we?". Medscape. 2009. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
  56. ↑ Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (July 25, 2019). "MERS-CoV vaccine is safe and induces strong immunity in Army-led first-in-human trial". Medial Xpress (in Turanci). Retrieved April 13, 2020.
  57. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  58. ↑ "Get Your Workplace Ready for Pandemic Flu" (PDF). CDC. April 2017. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
  59. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  60. ↑ "Get Your Workplace Ready for Pandemic Flu" (PDF). CDC. April 2017. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
  61. ↑ McKibben, Warwick, and Alexandra Sidorenko (February 2006). "Global Macroeconomic Consequences of Pandemic Influenza" (PDF). Australia National University. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
  62. ↑ Klippenstine, Ken (2020-04-01). "The Military Knew Years Ago That a Coronavirus Was Coming". The Nation. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
  63. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  64. ↑ Markel, Howard; Lipman, Harvey B.; Navarro, J. Alexander; Sloan, Alexandra; Michalsen, Joseph R.; Stern, Alexandra Minna; Cetron, Martin S. (2007-08-08). "Nonpharmaceutical Interventions Implemented by US Cities During the 1918–1919 Influenza Pandemic". JAMA (in Turanci). 298 (6): 644–654. doi:10.1001/jama.298.6.644. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 17684187.
  65. ↑ Badger, Emily; Bui, Quoctrung (2020-04-03). "Cities That Went All In on Social Distancing in 1918 Emerged Stronger for It". The New York Times (in Turanci). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
  66. ↑ Correia, Sergio; Luck, Stephan; Verner, Emil (2020-03-30). "Pandemics Depress the Economy, Public Health Interventions Do Not: Evidence from the 1918 Flu". SSRN (in Turanci). Rochester, NY. SSRN 3561560.
  67. ↑ Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (July 25, 2019). "MERS-CoV vaccine is safe and induces strong immunity in Army-led first-in-human trial". Medial Xpress (in Turanci). Retrieved April 13, 2020.
  68. ↑ Bourouiba, Lydia (2020-03-26). "Turbulent Gas Clouds and Respiratory Pathogen Emissions: Potential Implications for Reducing Transmission of COVID-19". JAMA (in Turanci). 323 (18): 1837–1838. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4756. PMID 32215590.
  69. ↑ Culver, Jordan. "6 feet enough for social distancing? MIT researcher says droplets carrying coronavirus can travel up to 27 feet". USA Today (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-04-13.
  70. ↑ "Annex A: about Exercise Cygnus". Department of Health and Social Care. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  71. ↑ Kessler, Glenn; Kelly, Meg (March 20, 2020). "Was the White House office for global pandemics eliminated?". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  72. ↑ Riechmann, Deb (March 14, 2020). "Trump disbanded NSC pandemic unit that experts had praised". Associated Press. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  73. ↑ Riechmann, Deb (March 14, 2020). "Trump disbanded NSC pandemic unit that experts had praised". Associated Press. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  74. ↑ Bethania Palma, Did Experts and Officials Warn in 2018 US Couldn't Respond Effectively to a Pandemic?
  75. ↑ "Remarks by President Trump After Tour of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | Atlanta, GA". whitehouse.gov (in Turanci). March 6, 2020. Retrieved May 7, 2020 – via National Archives.
  76. ↑ Mathis-Lilley, Ben (March 13, 2020). ""I Don't Know Anything About It," Trump Says About White House's Elimination of Pandemic Response Team". Slate Magazine (in Turanci). Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  77. ↑ Harvey, Josephine (April 1, 2020). "Trump Attacks Fox News' John Roberts For Asking A Normal Question". HuffPost (in Turanci). Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  78. ↑ "Remarks by President Trump, Vice President Pence, and Members of the Coronavirus Task Force in Press Briefing". whitehouse.gov (in Turanci). April 1, 2020. Retrieved May 7, 2020 – via National Archives.
  79. ↑ Atwood, Kylie; Gaouette, Nicole (July 2, 2020). "Trump administration moves ahead with plan to open new pandemic office as coronavirus crisis intensifies". CNN. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
  80. ↑ Robertson, Lori; McDonald, Jessica; Farley, Robert (March 3, 2020). "Democrats' Misleading Coronavirus Claims". Factcheck.org. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  81. ↑ Jacobs, Jennifer; Dlouhy, Jennifer A. (April 30, 2019). "Trump Homeland Security Adviser to Leave Soon, Sources Say". Bloomberg News. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  82. ↑ Jacobs, Jennifer (January 20, 2020). "White House Homeland Security Aide Likely to Be Reassigned". Bloomberg News. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  83. ↑ Kessler, Glenn; Kelly, Meg (March 20, 2020). "Was the White House office for global pandemics eliminated?". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  84. ↑ Taylor, Marisa (March 23, 2020). "Exclusive: U.S. axed CDC expert job in China months before virus outbreak". Reuters. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
  85. ↑ Taylor, Marisa (March 26, 2020). "Exclusive: U.S. slashed CDC staff inside China prior to coronavirus outbreak". Reuters. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 Taylor, Marisa (March 26, 2020). "Exclusive: U.S. slashed CDC staff inside China prior to coronavirus outbreak". Reuters. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
  87. ↑ Trump administration ended coronavirus detection program March 2, 2020 LATimes.com
  88. ↑ Schmidt, Charles (April 3, 2020). "Why the Coronavirus Slipped Past Disease Detectives; Groups of scientists tasked with identifying pandemic-prone microbes were stretched too far and thin". Scientific American. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  89. ↑ Swaine, Jon. "Federal government spent millions to ramp up mask readiness, but that isn't helping now". Washington Post.
  90. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 Kulish, Nicholas; Kliff, Sarah; Silver-Greenberg, Jessica (March 29, 2020). "The U.S. Tried to Build a New Fleet of Ventilators. The Mission Failed" – via NYTimes.com.
  92. ↑ Kulish, Nicholas; Kliff, Sarah; Silver-Greenberg, Jessica (March 29, 2020). "The U.S. Tried to Build a New Fleet of Ventilators. The Mission Failed" – via NYTimes.com.
  93. ↑ Rotella, Sebastian; Callahan, Patricia; Golden, Tim (March 30, 2020). "Taxpayers Paid Millions to Design a Low-Cost Ventilator for a Pandemic. Instead, the Company Is Selling Versions of It Overseas". ProPublica.org.
  94. ↑ "FEMA Hadn't Ordered Ventilators. Manufacturers Forged Ahead Anyway". NPR.org.
  95. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  96. ↑ Lakoff, Andrew. "Coronavirus: Strategic National Stockpile was ready, but not for this". The Conversation.
  97. ↑ Dan Diamond and Nahal Toosi, Trump team failed to follow NSC's pandemic playbook; The 69-page document, finished in 2016, provided a step by step list of priorities—which were then ignored by the administration.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hasashen_Annoba_da_Shirye-Shirye_Kafin_Cutar_ta_COVID-19&oldid=505972"