Ibrananci

Ibrananci
	עברית — עברית חדשה‎
'Yan asalin magana	9,303,950 (2019); harshen asali: 5,353,950 (2014); second language (en) : 3,950,000 (2016); 9,000,000 (2014)
Dangin harshen	Afroasiatic (en) ; Semitic (en) ; West Semitic (en) ; Central Semitic (en) ; Northwest Semitic (en) ; Canaanite (en) ; Ibrananci; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Baƙaƙen rubutu	Hebrew alphabet (en)
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-1	he da iw
ISO 639-2	heb
ISO 639-3	heb
Glottolog	hebr1246

Ibrananci Ya kasan ce wani yare ne na Semitic. An fara magana da shi a Isra'ila . Yawancin yahudawa da yawa suna magana da Ibrananci, saboda Ibrananci ɓangare ne na addinin Yahudanci . Cibiyar Nazarin Harshen Ibrananci ita ce babbar cibiyar Ibrananci.

Isra'ilawa ne sukae yin shi tun da daɗewa, a lokacin da aka rubuta Littafi Mai-Tsarki . Bayan da Babiloniya ta ci Yahuza da yaƙi, aka kame Yahudawa zuwa Babila suka fara magana da Aramaic . Ba a amfani da Ibrananci sosai a rayuwar yau da kullun, amma har yanzu yahudawa waɗanda ke nazarin littattafan addini sun san shi.

A cikin ƙarni na 20, yahudawa da yawa sun yanke shawarar mayar da Ibrananci zuwa yaren da ake magana da su. Ya zama yaren sabuwar ƙasar Isra’ila a shekarar 1948. Mutanen Isra'ila sun zo daga wurare da yawa kuma sun yanke shawarar koyan Ibrananci, yaren kakanninsu, don su duka su iya yare ɗaya. Koyaya, Ibraniyancin Zamani ya bambanta da Ibraniyanci na Baibul, tare da sauƙaƙan lafazi da kalmomin aro da yawa daga wasu harsuna, musamman Ingilishi .

Kamar yadda yake a yau,^[yaushe?] ^] Ibrananci shine kawai harshen ɗaya mutu kuma aka sake farfaɗo da shi.

A Littafi Mai Tsarki asali an rubuta a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki Hebrew, Littafi Mai-Tsarki Aramaic da kuma Koine Greek .

Nahawu

Ibrananci yare ne na Semitic kuma saboda haka yana da yawa kamar Larabci . Ana yin kalmomin Ibrananci ta hanyar haɗa tushe da tsari. A yaren Ibrananci na Isra'ila, ana fassara wasu kalmomi daga yarukan Turai kamar Ingilishi, Faransanci, Jamusanci, da Rasha . Yawancin kalmomi daga Tsohon Alkawari an ba su sababbin ma'anoni a Ibrananci na Isra'ila. Mutanen da ke koyan Ibrananci suna bukatar yin nazarin nahawu da farko don su iya karatu daidai ba tare da wasula ba.

A yaren Ibraniyanci na Isra’ila, babu wata fi’ili “da za a kasance” a halin yanzu, amma kawai a nan gaba da lokutan da suka gabata . A cikin Ibrananci na Baibul, babu wasu kalmomi amma abubuwa biyu ne kawai: ajizai da kamala. A ajizanci wani abu ne kamar na gaba da na yanzu. Kammalallen wani abu ne kamar lokacin da ya gabata. An yi magana da Ibrananci na Mishnaic da kuma Yahuza-Aramaic a zamanin Yesu da kuma a lokacin Bar-Kokhba tawaye ( ƙarni na 2 AD) har zuwa Byzantine Empire of Justinian ( ƙarni na 6 AD).

An tsara haruffan Ibrananci don rubuta Yiddish, wani yaren yahudawa . Koyaya, Yiddish yana da banbanci da Ibrananci tunda yaren Jamusanci ne .

Haruffa

Haruffan Ibrananci suna da haruffa 22. Biyar daga cikinsu suna canzawa lokacin da suke ƙarshen kalma. Ibrananci ana karanta shi kuma ana rubuta shi daga dama zuwa hagu. Haruffa ukun farko, aleph, beth da gimel, ana amfani dasu a cikin ilimin lissafi a cikin mahallin lambobi marasa iyaka .

Haruffan Ibrananci abjad ne don haka baƙaƙe ne kawai ake rubutu, kuma masu karatu dole ne su samar da wasula. Tunda hakan na iya zama da wahala, ana iya sanya wasula a matsayin ɗigo da ake kira alamun "nikkud" ko "tnuah" (jam'i "nikkud" da "tnuot" bi da bi. ) A cikin Ibraniyancin Zamani, wasu haruffa na iya nuna wasula, waɗanda ake kira matres lectionis (iyayen karatu) tunda suna taimakawa karatun sosai. Vav (ko Waw) na iya yin sautin 'oo' (/ u / a cikin IPA) kamar a cikin f oo d. Yodh (ko Yud) na iya yin sautin 'ee' (/ i / a cikin IPA) kamar a cikin f ee d.

Aleph	Fare	Gimel	Dalet	Kai	Vav	Zayin	Heth	Teth	Yodh	Kaf
א	ב	ג	ד	ה	ו	ז	ח	ט	י	כ
א	ב	ג	ד	ה	ו	ז	ח	ט	י	ך
Mai suna	Mem	Nun	Samekh	Ayin	Pe	Tsadi	Kuf	Resh	Shin	Tav
ל	מ	נ	ס	ע	פ	צ	ק	ר	ש	ת
ל	ם	ן	ס	ע	ף	ץ	ק	ר	ש	ת

Farfadowan Harshen

An sake farfado da Ibrananci sau da yawa a matsayin yaren adabi, mafi mahimmanci ta ƙungiyar Haskalah (haske) na farkon da tsakiyar karni na 19 na Jamus. A farkon ƙarni na 19, wani nau'i na Ibrananci da ake magana ya bayyana a kasuwannin Urushalima tsakanin Yahudawa masu yare dabam dabam don yin sadarwa don kasuwanci. Wannan yaren Ibrananci ya kasance pidgin^[2] Babban sakamakon aikin adabi na masana Ibrananci a ƙarni na 19 shine sabunta ƙamus na Ibrananci. Sabbin kalmomi da kalamai an daidaita su azaman neologisms daga manyan abubuwan rubuce-rubucen Ibrananci tun daga Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci, ko aro daga Larabci (yafi Ben-Yehuda) da tsofaffin Aramaic da Latin. Sabbin kalmomi da yawa ko dai an aro su ne daga ko kuma aka yi su bayan harsunan Turai, musamman Ingilishi, Rashanci, Jamusanci, da Faransanci. Yaren Ibrananci na zamani ya zama yaren hukuma a cikin 1921 da Burtaniya ke mulkin Falasdinu (tare da Ingilishi da Larabci), sannan a cikin 1948 ya zama yaren hukuma na sabuwar gwamnatin Isra'ila. Yaren Ibrananci shine yaren da aka fi amfani da shi a Isra'ila a yau.

A cikin Zamani na Zamani, tun daga karni na 19 zuwa gaba, al'adar Ibrananci na adabi ta farfado a matsayin harshen da ake magana da shi na Isra'ila ta zamani, wanda ake kira Ibrananci iri-iri na Isra'ila, Ibrananci na zamani, Ibrananci na zamani, Sabon Ibrananci, Ibrananci na Ibrananci, daidaitaccen Ibrananci da sauransu. Ibrananci na Isra'ila yana nuna wasu fasalulluka na Sephardic Hebrew daga al'adar Urushalima ta gida amma ya daidaita shi da yawancin neologisms, aro sharuɗɗan (sau da yawa fasaha) daga harsunan Turai da sharuɗɗan (sau da yawa na magana) daga Larabci.

An sake farfado da amfani da adabi da labari na Ibrananci tun daga motsin Haskalah. Maskilim na farko na zamani a cikin Ibrananci, Ha-Me'assef (The Gatherer), maskilim ne ya buga a Königsberg (Kaliningrad na yau) daga 1783 zuwa gaba.^[3]

Manazarta

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Ibrananci". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language#cite_note-76
↑ http://www.jewishmag.com/43mag/ben-yehuda/ben-yehuda.htm

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Ibrananci". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[2] ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language#cite_note-76

[3] ttp://www.jewishmag.com/43mag/ben-yehuda/ben-yehuda.htm

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