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Jerin malaman falsafar musulmi

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Masana falsafar musulmi duka suna da'awar Musulunci kuma suna shiga cikin salon falsafar dake cikin tsarin harshen Larabci da Musulunci, ko da yake ba lallai ba ne ya damu da batutuwan addini. Maganganun sahabbai Muhammadu sun ƙunshi ɗan tattaunawa na falsafa. [lower-alpha 1][2] A cikin karni na takwas, cudanya mai yawa da Daular Byzantine ta haifar da yunƙurin fassara ayyukan falsafa na Falsafar Girka ta Tsohuwar (musamman matani na Aristotle) zuwa Larabci.[2]

Al-Kindi na ƙarni na tara ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wanda ya assasa falsafar Islama (800-1200). Masanin falsafa na karni na goma al-Farabi ya bada gudummawa sosai wajen shigar da ayyukan falsafar Girka da na Romawa cikin bahasin falsafar musulmi kuma ya kafa da yawa daga cikin jigogin da zasu mamaye falsafar Musulunci na tsawon karni masu zuwa; a cikin faffadan aikinsa, aikinsa kan dabaru ya fito fili musamman.[3] A karni na sha daya, Ibn Sina, daya daga cikin manyan malaman falsafar musulmi,[3] ya kirkiro nasa makarantar falsafa ta musamman da aka sani da Avicennism wacce ke da tushen Aristotelian da Neoplatonist. Al-Ghazali, sanannen malamin falsafa kuma masanin ilimin tauhidi, ya dauki hanyar magance sabani a fili tsakanin hankali da wahayi. Ya fahimci mahimmancin falsafa kuma ya samar da amsa mai rikitarwa wanda ya ƙi wasu daga cikin koyarwar ta kuma yayi Allah wadai da shi, yayin da kuma ya ba shi damar yarda da aiki da wasu.[4] Karɓar da al-Ghazali ya yi na zanga-zanga (apodeixis) ne ya haifar da ingantaccen magana mai tsafta akan ilimin ilmin halitta da furen dabaru na Aristotelian da metaphysics a cikin da'irar tauhidin musulmi.[4] Averroes, fitaccen masanin falsafa na ƙarshe na musulmi, ya kare amfani da falsafar Aristotel akan wannan zargi; Ayyukansa masu yawa sun haɗa da sharhi masu mahimmanci akan Aristotle.[2] A cikin karni na goma sha biyu, Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi ya kafa falsafar haskakawa. Ko da yake falsafar a cikin tsarinta na Aristotelian na al'ada ya ɓace a yawancin ƙasashen Larabawa bayan karni na goma sha biyu, nau'ikan falsafar sufanci sun zama mafi shahara.

Bayan Averroes, wata fitacciyar makarantar falsafa ta ci gaba da wanzuwa a gabashin duniyar musulmi a lokacin daular Safawiya wadda malamai suka kira Makarantar Isfahan. Masanin falsafar Shi'a Mir Damad ne ya assasa shi kuma Mulla Sadra da sauran su suka inganta shi.

Jerin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Duba kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wannan shafin yana ƙunshe da Kalmomin wani harshen da ba'a gama fassara su ba, ka taimaka wajen fassara su.!
.
Suna Hoto Asali Zamani Mazhaba Falsafa
Al-Kindi Iraqi 801–873 Shine musulmi peripatetic kuma masanin Falsafa na farko, kuma ana danganta shi da "uban falsafr larabawa".[5][6][7] Yayi suna sosai a bunƙasa Girkamci da Falsafar Hellenistic a Duniyar Musulunci.[8] Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke damunsa shine ya nuna dacewa da falsafar da Hasashen speculative. Duk da haka, zai fi son wahayin ya yi tunani, domin ya yi imani ya ba da tabbacin al'amuran bangaskiya waɗanda hankali ba zai iya buɗewa ba.[8]
Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi Persia (Iran) c. 865–925 Akwai ra'ayoyi masu karo da juna game da imaninsa. Wasu irin su ibn Abi Osayba sun san shi a matsayin mumini, amma wasu kamar Abu Hatam da Biruni sun san shi a matsayin kafiri. Wani masanin falsafa wanda ka'idar ruhi, ta bayyana a cikin The Metaphysics, ya samo asali ne daga Musulunci inda ya bayyana yadda ruhi ke samun hanyar tsira da 'yanci.[9] A cikin littafinsa Philosophical Biography, al-Razi ya kare salon rayuwarsa na falsafa, yana mai jaddada cewa, maimakon zama mai son kai, mutum ya kamata ya yi amfani da hankalinsa, kuma ya yi amfani da adalci a rayuwarsa. Kare shi da masu sukarsa kuma littafi ne mai suna Al Syrat al Falsafiah (The Philosophical Approach).[9][10] Kuma yana daga masana magunguna na Farko farko.[11]
Al-Farabi Fārāb 872–951 Peripatetic Al-Farabi tare da Ibn Sina da Averroes an san su da Peripatetics or rationalists a tsakanin Musulmai.[12][13][14] He tried to gather the ideas of Plato and Aristotle in his book "The gathering of the ideas of the two philosophers".[15] He was known as "the second master" of philosophy (Aristotle being the first), and his work was dedicated to both reviving and reinventing the Alexandrian philosophical thought, to which his teacher, Yuhanna bin Haylan belonged.[16]
Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani Persia ?–971 Inspired by neoplatonism, "his cosmology and metaphysics develop a concept of God as the one beyond both being and non-being."[17] Intellect which is the first being created by God, he believes, does not disintegrate, and the purpose of the religion is to "reorient the soul toward its true higher self and ultimately to return to its original state."[17][18][19][20]
Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri Persia ?–992 While opposing the kind of philosophy which is regarded as independent of revelation, he sought to find areas of agreement between different Islamic sects.[21][22] Chapter 1 and 7 of his book al-I'lam bi manaqib al-Islam (An Exposition on the Merits of Islam) has been translated into English under the titles The Quiddity of Knowledge and the Appurtenances of its Species[23] and The Excellences of Islam in Relation to Royal Authority.[24] His other book Kitab al-amad 'ala'l-abad (On the Afterlife)[25] also has an English translation.
Ebn Meskavayh Persia 932–1030 A Neoplatonist who wrote the first major Islamic work on philosophical ethics, entitled Tahdhib al-akhlaq (Refinement of Morals), he distinguished between personal ethics and the public realm, and contrasted the redemptive nature of reason with the luring trait of nature.[26]
Al-Maʿarri Syria 973–1058 Pessimist A pessimistic freethinker, he attacked dogmas of religion.[27] His Unnecessary Necessity (Luzūm mā lam yalzam) shows how he saw the business of living. His other work The Epistle of Forgiveness (Risālat al-ghufrān) depicts his visiting with the Arab poets of the pagan period, in paradise and because of the aspect of conversing with the deceased in paradise, the Resalat Al-Ghufran has been compared to the Divine Comedy of Dante[28] which came hundreds of years after.
Avicenna Khorāsān 980–1037 Peripatetic Regarded as one of the most significant thinkers and writers of the Islamic Golden Age,[29] his distinction between existence and essence his theory of the nature of the soul in particular, influenced the medieval Europe. His psychology and theory of knowledge influenced William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris and Albertus Magnus, while his metaphysics was influential on the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas.[30]
Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani Persia (Iran) 996–1021 His major work the Rahat al-aql (Peace of Mind) explains how to attain the eternal life of the mind and reason, in a changing world. Al-Aqwal al-dhahabiya, (refuting al-Razi's argument against the necessity of revelation) and Kitab al-riyad (about the early Isma'ili cosmology) are among his other works.[31]
Nasir Khusraw Persia (Iran) 1004–1088 His Knowledge and Liberation consist of a series of 30 questions and answers about main issues of his time, from the creation of the world to the human free will and culpability after death.[32] Rawshana-i-nama (Book of Enlightenment), and the Sa'datnama (Book of Felicity) are also among his works.
Ibn Zafar al-Siqilli Sicily (Italy) 1104–1170 Hujjat al-Din Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Abi Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Zafar al-Siqilli (Larabci: حجة الدين أبو عبد الله محمد بن أبي محمد بن محمد بن ظفر الصقلي‎, romanized: Ḥujjat al-Dīn Abū ‘Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Abī Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ẓafar al-Ṣiqillī), commonly known simply as Ibn Zafar al-Siqilli, was a philosopher, polymath and Arab-Sicilian politician of the Norman period (1104 - 1170), and has come to be known in the West as "Niccolò Machiavelli's Arab Precursor". Ibn Zafar was said to have authored 32 books.[33], especially the Sulwān al-Muṭā fī Udwān al-Atbā (Larabci: سلوان المطاع في عدوان الأتباع‎, lit. 'Consolation for the Ruler During the Hostility of his Subjects') is his magnum opus. [34] [35] [36] [37]
Al-Ghazali Persia (Iran) 1058–1111 Sufi/Ashari His main work The Incoherence of the Philosophers made a turn in Islamic epistemology. His encounter with skepticism made him believe that all causative events are not product of material conjunctions but are due to the Will of God. Later on, in the next century, Averroes's rebuttal of al-Ghazali's Incoherence became known as The Incoherence of the Incoherence.[38]
Avempace Andalusia (Spain) 1095–1138 His main philosophical idea is that the human soul could become one with the Divine through a hierarchy starting with sensing of the forms (containing less and less matter) to the impression of Active Intellect. His most important philosophical work is Tadbīr al-mutawaḥḥid (The Regime of the Solitary).[39]
Ibn Tufail Andalusia

(Spain)

1105–1185 His work Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, is known as The Improvement of Human Reason in English and is a philosophical and allegorical novel which tells the story of a feral child named Hayy who is raised by a gazelle and is living alone without contact with other human beings. This work is continuing Avicenna's version of the story and is considered as a response to al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, which had criticized Avicenna's philosophy.[40]
Averroes Spain

(Andalusia)

1126–1198 Peripatetic Being described as "founding father of secular thought in Western Europe",[41][42] He was known by the nickname the Commentator for his precious commentaries on Aristotle's works. His main work was The Incoherence of the Incoherence in which he defended philosophy against al-Ghazali's claims in The Incoherence of the Philosophers. His other works were the Fasl al-Maqal and the Kitab al-Kashf.[41][42]
Afdal al-Din Kashani Persia (Iran) ?–1213 He was involved in explaining the salvific power of self-awareness.[43]Samfuri:Failed verification[failed verification] That is: "To know oneself is to know the everlasting reality that is consciousness, and to know it is to be it."[43]Samfuri:Failed verification His ontology is interconnected with his epistemology, as he believes a full actualization of the potentialities of the world is only possible through self-knowledge.[43]Samfuri:Failed verification
Najmuddin Kubra Persia 1145–1220 Sufism As the founder of the Kubrawiyya Sufi order,[44] he is regarded as a pioneer of the Sufism. His books are discussing dreams and visionary experience, among which is a Sufi commentary on the Quran.[45]
Fakhr al-Din al-Razi Persia (Iran) 1149–1209 Ashari His major work Tafsir-e Kabir included many philosophical thoughts, among which was the self-sufficiency of the intellect. He believed that proofs based on tradition hadith could never lead to certainty but only to presumption. Al-Razi's rationalism "holds an important place in the debate in the Islamic tradition on the harmonization of reason and revelation."[46]
Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi Persia (Iran) 1155–1191 Sufi As the founder of Illuminationism, an important school in Islamic mysticism, The "light" in his "Philosophy of Illumination" is a divine source of knowledge which has significantly affected Islamic philosophy and esoteric knowledge.[47][48]
Ibn Arabi Spain

(Andalusia)

1165–1240 Sufi He was an Arab Andalusian Sufi mystic whose work Fusus al-Hikam (The Ringstones of Wisdom) can be described as a summary of his mystical beliefs concerning the role of different prophets in divine revelation.[49][50][51]
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi Persia (Iran) 1201–1274 As a supporter of Avicennian logic he was described by Ibn Khaldun as the greatest of the later Persian scholars.[52] Corresponding with Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi, the son-in-law of Ibn al-'Arabi, he thought mysticism, as disseminated by Sufi principles of his time, was not appealing to his mind so he wrote his own book of philosophical Sufism entitled Awsaf al-Ashraf (The Attributes of the Illustrious).
Rumi Persia 1207–1273 Sufi Described as the "most popular poet in America",[53] he was an evolutionary thinker, in that he believed that all matter after devolution from the divine Ego experience an evolutionary cycle by which it return to the same divine Ego,[54] which is due to an innate motive which he calls love. Rumi's major work is the Maṭnawīye Ma'nawī (Spiritual Couplets) regarded by some Sufis as the Persian-language Qur'an.[55] His other work, Fihi Ma Fihi (In It What's in It), includes seventy-one talks given on various occasions to his disciples.[56]
Ibn al-Nafis Damascus

(Syria)

1213–1288 His Al-Risalah al-Kamiliyyah fil Siera al-Nabawiyyah orTheologus Autodidactus is said to be the first theological novel in which he attempted to prove that the human mind is able to deduce the truths of the world through reasoning.[57] He described this book as a defense of "the system of Islam and the Muslims' doctrines on the missions of prophets, the religious laws, the resurrection of the body, and the transitoriness of the world".[58]
Qotb al-Din Shirazi Persia (Iran) 1217–1311 He was a Sufi from Shiraz who was famous for his commentary on Hikmat al-ishraq of Suhrawardi. His major work is the Durrat al-taj li-ghurratt al-Dubaj (Pearly Crown) which is an Encyclopedic work on philosophy including philosophical views on natural sciences, theology, logic, public affairs, ethnics, mysticism, astronomy, mathematics, arithmetic and music.[59]
Ibn Sabin Andalusia

(Spain)

1236–1269 He was a Sufi philosopher, the last philosopher of the Andalus, and was known for his replies to questions from Frederick II, the ruler of Sicily. His school is a mixture of philosophical and Gnostic thoughts.[60]
Sayyid Haydar Amuli Persia 1319–1385 As the main commentator of the Ibn Arabi's mystic philosophy and the representative of Persian Imamah theosophy, he believes that the Imams who were gifted with mystical knowledge were not just guides to the Shia Sufis. He was both a critic of Shia whose religion was confined to legalistic system and Sufis who denied certain regulations issued from the Imams.[61]
Taftazani Persia 1322–1390 Al-Taftazani's treatises, even the commentaries, are "standard books" for students of Islamic theology. His papers have been called a "compendium of the various views regarding the great doctrines of Islam".[62]
Ibn Khaldun Tunisia 1332–1406 Ashari He is known for his The Muqaddimah which Arnold J. Toynbee called it "a philosophy of history which is undoubtedly the greatest work of its kind."[63] Ernest Gellner considered Ibn Khaldun's definition of government, "an institution which prevents injustice other than such as it commits itself", the best in the history of political theory.[64] His theory of social conflict contrasts the sedentary life of city dwellers with the migratory life of nomadic people, which would result in conquering the cities by the desert warriors.[65]
Abdul Karim Jili Iraq 1366–1424 Sufi Jili was the primary systematizer and commentator of Ibn Arabi's works. His Universal Man explains Ibn Arabi's teachings on reality and human perfection, which is among the masterpieces of Sufi literature.[66][67] Jili thought of the Absolute Being as a Self, which later on influenced Muhammad Iqbal.[68]
Jami Persia (Iran) 1414–1492 Sufi His Haft Awrang (Seven Thrones) includes seven stories, among which Salaman and Absal tells the story of a sensual attraction of a prince for his wet-nurse,[69] through which Jami uses figurative symbols to depict the key stages of the Sufi path such as repentance.[70][71] The mystical and philosophical explanations of the nature of divine mercy, is also among his works.[72]
Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī Levant, Jabal Amel 1547–1621 Regarded as a leading scholar and mujaddid of the seventeenth century,[43] he worked on tafsir, hadith, grammar and fiqh (jurisprudence).[43] In his work Resāla fi’l-waḥda al-wojūdīya (Exposition of the concept of "Unity of Existences"), he states that the Sufis are the true believers, "calls for an unbiased assessment of their utterances, and refers to his own mystical experiences."[43][73]
Mir Damad Persia (Iran) ?–1631 Professing in the Neoplatonizing Islamic Peripatetic traditions of Avicenna and Suhrawardi, he was the main figure (together with his student Mulla Sadra), of the cultural revival of Iran. He was also the central founder of the School of Isfahan, and is regarded as the Third Teacher (mu'alim al-thalith) after Aristotle and al-Farabi.[74] Taqwim al-Iman (Calendars of Faith), Kitab Qabasat al-Ilahiyah (Book of the Divine Embers of Fiery Kindling), Kitab al-Jadhawat (Book of Spiritual Attractions) and Sirat al-Mustaqim (The Straight Path) are among his 134 works.[75]
Mir Fendereski Persia (Iran) 1562–1640 He was trained in the works of Avicenna, and Mulla Sadra studied under him.[76] His main workal-Resāla al-ṣenāʿiya, is an examination of the arts and professions in perfect society, and combines a number of genres and subject areas such as political and ethical thought and metaphysics.[77]
Mulla Sadra Persia (Iran) 1571–1641 Shia According to Oliver Leaman, Mulla Sadra is the most important influential philosopher in the Muslim world in the last four hundred years.[78][79] He is regarded as the master of Ishraqi school of Philosophy who combined the many areas of the Islamic Golden Age philosophies into what he called the Transcendent Theosophy. He brought "a new philosophical insight in dealing with the nature of reality" and created "a major transition from essentialism to existentialism" in Islamic philosophy.[80] He also created for the first time a "distinctly Muslim school of Hikmah based especially upon the inspired doctrines which form the very basis of Shiism," especially what contained in the Nahj al-Balagha.[81]
Qazi Sa’id Qumi Persia (Iran) 1633–1692 He was the pupil of Rajab Ali Tabrizi, Muhsen Feyz and Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji, and wrote comments on the Theology attributed to Aristotle, a work which Muslim philosophers have always continued to read. His commentaries on al-Tawhid by al-Shaykh al-Saduq is also famous.[82]
Shah Waliullah India 1703–1762 He attempted to reexamine Islamic theology in the view of modern changes. His main work The Conclusive Argument of God is about Muslim theology and is still frequently referred to by new Islamic circles. Al-Budur al-bazighah (The Full Moons Rising in Splendor) is another work of him in which he explains the basis of faith in view of rational and traditional arguments.[83][84]
Syed Ameer Ali Fayil:SyedAmeerAli.jpg India 1849–1928 Modernist Sir Syed Ameer Ali was a British-Indian scholar achieving order of the star of India. He was one of the leading Islamic scholars India who tried to bring modernity in Islam.[85] Instead of revolting against British Empire, he tried to popularize modern education such as learning English language. Two of his most famous books are – The Spirit of Islam and Short History Of The Saracens.[86]
Muhammad Iqbal
(British India)

Pakistan

1877–1938 Modernist/

Sufi

Other than being an eminent poet, he is recognized as the "Muslim philosophical thinker of modern times".[87] He wrote two books on the topic of The Development of Metaphysics in Persia and The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam[88] In which he revealed his thoughts regarding Islamic Sufism explaining that it trigger the searching soul to a superior understanding of life.[88] God, the meaning of prayer, human spirit and Muslim culture are among the other issues discussed in his works.[88]
Seyed Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei Persia (Iran) 1892–1981 Shia He is famous for Tafsir al-Mizan, the Quranic exegesis. His philosophy is centered on the sociological treatment of human problems.[89] In his later years he would often hold study meetings with Henry Corbin and Seyyed Hossein Nasr, in which the classical texts of divine knowledge and gnosis along with what Nasr calls comparative gnosis were discussed. Shi'a Islam, The Principles of Philosophy and the Method of Realism (Samfuri:Lang-fa) and Dialogues with Professor Corbin (Samfuri:Lang-fa) are among his works.[89]
Ghulam Ahmed Perwez Pakistan 1903–1985 Modernist/

Quranist

He was a famous theologian from Pakistan inspired by Muhammad Iqbal.[90] Being a protege of Allama Muhammad Iqbal his main focus was to separate between "Deen" and "Madhab". According to him Islam was revelated as Deen which's main purpose was to create a successful and happy society.[91] He rejected the idea of a state being ruled by Islamic scholars, although he also criticized western secularism.[92] He firmly believed that Islam isn't based on blind faith but rational thinking. His most famous book is "Islam: A Challenge to Religion".
Abul A'la Maududi Pakistan 1903–1979 His major work is The Meaning of the Qur'an in which he explains that The Quran is not a book of abstract ideas, but a Book which contains a message which causes a movement.[93] Islam, he believes, is not a 'religion' in the sense this word is usually comprehended, but a system encompassing all areas of living.[94] In his book Islamic Way of Life, he largely expanded on this view.
Henry Corbin France 1903–1978 He was a philosopher, theologian and professor of Islamic Studies at the Sorbonne in Paris where he encountered Louis Massignon, and it was he who introduced Corbin to the writings of Suhrawardi whose work affected the course of Corbin's life.[95] In his History of Islamic Philosophy, he refuted the view that philosophy among the Muslims came to an end after Averroes, showed rather that a vivid philosophical activity persisted in the eastern Muslim world – especially Iran.[95]
Abdel Rahman Badawi Egypt 1917–2002 He adopted existentialism since he wrote his Existentialist Time in 1943. His version of existentialism, according to his own description, differs from Heidegger's and other existentialists in that it gives preference to action rather than thought. in his later work,Humanism And Existentialism In Arab Thought, however, he tried to root his ideas in his own culture.[96][97]
Morteza Motahhari Persia (Iran) 1919–1979 Shia Considered among the important influences on the ideologies of the Islamic Republic,[98] he started from the Hawza of Qom. Then he taught philosophy in the University of Tehran for 22 years. Between 1965 and 1973, however, he gave regular lectures at the Hosseiniye Ershad in Northern Tehran, most of which have been turned into books on Islam, Iran, and historical topics.[99]
Mohammad-Taqi Ja'fari Persia (Iran) 1923–1998 Shia He wrote many books on variety of fields, the most prominent of which are his 15-volume Interpretation and Criticism of Rumi's Masnavi, and his unfinished, 27-volume Translation and Interpretation of the Nahj al-Balagha. These works shows his ideas in fields like anthropology, sociology, moral ethics, philosophy and mysticism.
Mohammed Arkoun Algeria 1928–2010 Modernist He wrote on Islam and modernity trying to rethink the role of Islam in the contemporary world.[100] In his book Rethinking Islam: Common Questions, Uncommon Answers he offers his responses to several questions for those who are concerned about the identity crisis which left many Muslims estranged from both modernity and tradition. The Unthought In Contemporary Islamic Thought is also among his works.[100][101]
Israr Ahmed Pakistan 1932–2010 He is the author of Islamic Renaissance: The Real Task Ahead in which he explains the theoretical idea of the Caliphate system, arguing that it would only be possible by reviving Iman and faith among the Muslims in general and intelligentsia in particular. This would, he argues, fill the existing gap between new sciences, and Islamic divine knowledge.[102]
Ali Shariati Persia (Iran) 1933–1977 Modernist/

Shia

Ali Shariati Mazinani (Persian: علی شریعتی مزینانی, 23 November 1933 – 18 June 1977) was an Iranian revolutionary and sociologist who focused on the sociology of religion. He is held as one of the most influential Iranian intellectuals of the 20th century[3] and has been called the "ideologue of the Iranian Revolution", although his ideas ended up not forming the basis of the Islamic Republic
Abdollah Javadi-Amoli Persia (Iran) 1933– Shia His works are dedicated to Islamic philosophy and especially Mulla Sadra's transcendent philosophy.[80] Tafsir Tasnim is his exegesis of the Quran in which he follows Tabatabaei's Tafsir al-Mizan, in that he tries to interpret a verse based on other verses.[103] His other work As-Saareh-e-Khelqat is a discussion about the philosophy of faith and evidence of the existence of God.
Seyyed Hossein Nasr Persia (Iran) 1933– Sufi/Shia He is a major perennialist thinker. His works defend Islamic and perennialist doctrines and principles while challenging the theoretical underpinnings of modern science. He argues that knowledge has been desacralized in the modern period, that is, separated from its divine source—God—and calls for its resacralization through sacred traditions and sacred science. His environmental philosophy is expressed in terms of Islamic environmentalism and the resacralization of nature.
Sadiq Jalal al-Azm Turkey 1934–2016 He was working on Immanuel Kant, though, later in his life, he put greater emphasis on the Islamic world and its relationship to the West. He was also a supporter of human rights, intellectual freedom and free speech.[104]
Mohammad-Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi Persia (Iran) 1934–2021 Shia He is an Islamic Faqih who has also studied works of Avicenna and Mulla Sadra. He supports Islamic philosophy and in particular Mulla Sadra's transcendent philosophy. His book Philosophical Instructions: An Introduction to Contemporary Islamic Philosophy is translated into English.[105]
Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr Iraq 1935–1980 Shia He was an Iraqi Shia philosopher and founder of the Islamic Dawa Party. His Falsafatuna (Our Philosophy) is a collection of basic ideas concerning the world, and his way of considering it. These concepts are divided into two researches: The theory of knowledge, and the philosophical notion of the world.[106]
Mohammed Abed al-Jabri Morocco 1935–2010 Modernist His work Democracy, Human Rights and Law in Islamic Thought while shows the distinctive nationality of the Arabs, reject the philosophical discussion which have tried to ignore its democratic deficits. Working in the tradition of Avincenna and Averroes, he emphasizes that concepts such as democracy and law cannot rely on old traditions, nor could be import, but should be created by today's Arabs themselves.[107] The Formation of Arab Reason: Text, Tradition and the Construction of Modernity in the Arab World is also among his works.
Abdolkarim Soroush Persia (Iran) 1945– Shia/

Neoplatonist

Being interested in the philosophy of religion and the philosophical system of Rumi, his book the evolution and devolution of religious knowledge argues that "a religion (such as Islam) may be divine and unchanging, but our understanding of religion remains in a continuous flux and a totally human endeavor."[108][109]
Javed Ahmed Ghamidi Pakistan 1951– Modernist Javed Ahmed Ghamidi is a Pakistani theologian. He is regarded as one of the contemporary modernists of Islamic world.[110] Like Parwez he also promotes rationalism and secular thought with deen.[111] Ghamidi is also popular for his moderate fatwas. Ghamidi also holds the view of democracy being compatible with Islam.[112]
Gary Legenhausen US 1953– Islam and Religious Pluralism is among his works in which he advocates "non-reductive religious pluralism".[113] In his paper "The Relationship between Philosophy and Theology in the Postmodern Age" he is trying to examine whether philosophy can agree with theology.[114]
Mostafa Malekian Persia (Iran) 1956– Shia He is working on Rationality and Spirituality in which he is trying to make Islam and reasoning compatible. His major work A Way to Freedom is about spirituality and wisdom.[115]
Insha-Allah Rahmati Persia (Iran) 1966– His fields of can be summarized as follows: Ethics and Philosophy of Religion and Islamic Philosophy. Most of his work in these three areas.
Shabbir Akhtar England 1960– Neo-orthodox Analytical philosophy This Cambridge-trained thinker is trying to revive the tradition of Sunni Islamic philosophy, defunct since Ibn Khaldun, against the background of western analytical philosophical method. His major treatise is The Quran and the Secular Mind (2007).
Tariq Ramadan Switzerland/

France

1962– Modernist Working mainly on Islamic theology and the place of Muslims in the West,[116] he believes that western Muslims must think up a "Western Islam" in accordance to their own social circumstances.[117]
Yusuf Morales Philippines Sunni-Sufi Counter-Terrorism Developmental Security Practitioner, Cultural and Religious Educator and Cultural worker. Lead Convenor of Consortium for Peacebuilders, Governance Development and Security Studies.[118][119]
  • Jerin masana falsafa
  • Falsafar Musulunci
  • Farkon Falsafar Musulunci
  • Falsafar Musulunci ta zamani
  • Malaman Musulunci
  • Jerin malaman falsafa na Iran

Bayanan kula

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Only Ali's Nahj al-Balagha, is traditionally considered to contain both religious and philosophical thought.[1][2]

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  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Empty citation (help)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Rout
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