Kamfanonin mallakar gwamnati na Afirka ta Kudu

Kamfanonin mallakar gwamnati na Afirka ta Kudu
type of business entity in South Africa (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	state-owned enterprise (en)
Ƙasa	Afirka ta kudu
Applies to jurisdiction (en)	Afirka ta kudu

A Afirka ta Kudu Ma'aikatar Kasuwancin Jama'a ita ce wakilin masu hannun jari na Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu tare da alhakin sa ido kan kamfanoni mallakar gwamnati a muhimman sassa. Wasu kamfanoni ba Sashen Kamfanonin Gwamnati ne ke sarrafa su kai tsaye ba, sai dai wasu sassa daban-daban. Bugu da ari, ba duk mallakar jihar ba ne ake yiwa rijista a matsayin kamfanoni.

Kamfanonin mallakar gwamnati suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu . A muhimman sassa kamar wutar lantarki, sufuri (iska, jirgin kasa, sufurin jiragen sama, da bututun mai), da kuma sadarwa, SOEs na taka rawar gani, wanda a lokuta da yawa doka ta bayyana, duk da cewa an ba da damar yin gasa mai iyaka a wasu sassa (watau sadarwa da iska). Sha'awar gwamnati a cikin wadannan sassa sau da yawa yana yin takara da kuma hana saka hannun jari na kasashen waje.

Ma'aikatar Harkokin Kasuwancin Jama'a ta fito fili ta bayyana cewa ya kamata kamfanonin Afirka ta Kudu su inganta sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki, masana'antu da kuma maye gurbin shigo da kayayyaki. DPE yana da alhakin kulawa gaba ɗaya ko a wani ɓangare na shida daga cikin kusan 700 SOEs waɗanda ke wanzu a matakan ƙasa, larduna, da ƙananan hukumomi: Alexkor (lu'u-lu'u), Denel (kayan aikin soja), Eskom (ƙararr wutar lantarki), Transnet (shirar jirgin ƙasa da pipelines) South African Express, Afirka ta Kudu Kamfanin Gandun daji (SAFCOL) ( gandun daji), Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Afirka ta Kudu . Waɗannan SOE ɗin guda bakwai suna ɗaukar aiki kusan mutane 105,000. Kashi 21% na jarin da aka zuba jarin jahohin ya kai kashi 63% (kashe kashi 16 cikin dari na kudaden da gwamnati ta kashe). IMF ta yi kiyasin cewa bashin na SOEs zai kara kashi 13.5% ga bashin kasa baki daya.

Tarihi

An kafa kamfanoni da dama mallakin gwamnati a zamanin mulkin wariyar launin fata domin dakile tasirin takunkumin kasa da kasa kan kasar. Da farko dai gwamnatin ANC ta sayar da hannayen jari a kamfanonin, kuma ta rage harajin shigo da kayayyaki daga kasashen waje. An sauya matakan ne bayan adawar COSATU da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Afirka ta Kudu . A shekara ta 2007, kawancen kungiyoyi da masu ra'ayin gurguzu a cikin jam'iyyar ANC sun tsige shugaba Thabo Mbeki, inda suka maye gurbinsa da Jacob Zuma . Sabuwar manufar ta ANC na da nufin fadada rawar da kungiyar SOE ke takawa a fannin tattalin arziki, bisa koyi da kasar Sin.

Duk da cewa a shekarar 2015 da 2016, manyan shugabannin gwamnati sun tattauna batun ba wa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu damar saka hannun jari a wasu kamfanoni sama da 700 na gwamnati, kuma a kwanan baya sun fitar da rahoton kwamitin da shugaban kasa ya kafa kan SOE, wanda ya yi kira da a mayar da kungiyar ta SOE zuwa kasa, amma babu wani takamaimi da aka dauka. an dauki kan batun tukuna.

Matsalolin kudi da rashawa

Ya zuwa karshen gwamnatin Zuma a shekarar 2018 cin hanci da rashawa a tsakanin wasu kamfanoni mallakin gwamnatin kasar Afirka ta Kudu da wasu mutane masu alaka da gwamnati irinsu iyalan Gupta da ke da cece-kuce ya janyo wa kamfanoni da dama fuskantar matsalar kudi. Zurfafa al'amurran kudi, rashin gudanar da mulki, rashin gudanar da mulki da kuma bailouts na gwamnati na kamfanoni irin su Kamfanin Watsa Labarun Afirka ta Kudu, South African Airways, Eskom, Denel, PRASA, da kuma Transnet sun haifar da karuwar yawan jama'a. A karshen shekarar 2015-2016 hade da lamunin gwamnati kan basussukan da kamfanoni mallakar gwamnati ke bi ya kai R467 biliyan (kwatankwacin dalar Amurka biliyan 33.1) kuma ana sa ran ya kai R500 biliyan nan da shekarar 2020 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 10 na GDP na Afirka ta Kudu. An yi la'akari da halin da ake ciki a Eskom a matsayin mai tsanani har ya jagoranci jaridar kasuwanci ta Afirka ta Kudu don yin hasashen cewa zai iya haifar da rikicin banki na kasa . A cikin 2021 Baitul-mali na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da rahoton cewa Jirgin saman Afirka ta Kudu ya tara jimillar asara tsakanin 2008 da 2020 na R32 biliyan (dalar Amurka biliyan 2.1) kuma ya sami jimillar R60 biliyan (dalar Amurka biliyan 4) a cikin garantin gwamnati .

Lissafin tebur

Dokar Gudanar da Kudi ta Jama'a ta bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan ƙungiyoyin jama'a guda uku. Jadawalin kungiyoyi 1 sun yi sulhu da Cibiyoyin Tsarin Mulki da suka hada da Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta da Mai Kare Jama'a da sauransu. Jadawalin ɓangarorin 2 an jera su a matsayin Manyan Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a kuma suna da ikon yancin kai fiye da Jigila 3. Jadawalin ɓangarorin 2 an jera su a ƙasa. Jadawalin ɓangarorin 3 an raba su zuwa:

• Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a na Ƙasa - waɗanda gabaɗaya suna aiki a matsayin hukumomi na musamman ko ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu irin su Kamfanoni da Hukumar Kula da Kayayyakin Hankali, Majalisar Binciken Kimiyyar Dan Adam da Asusun Hatsarin Hanya ;
• Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Gwamnati na Ƙasa - waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin kasuwancin neman riba ciki har da Majalisar Nazarin Kimiyya da Masana'antu, Hukumar Railway Fasinja ta Afirka ta Kudu da Rand Water ;
• Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a na Lardi - waɗanda ke da mai da hankali kan lardi da aiki a matsayin hukumomin lardi kamar Hukumar Gudanar da Gautrain da sauran lardunan caca da allunan giya;
• Kamfanonin Kasuwancin Gwamnatin Lardi - waɗanda kasuwancin ne na neman riba wanda gwamnatin lardi ke sarrafawa kuma sun haɗa da Yankin Raya Masana'antu na Richards Bay da Yankin Gabashin Masana'antu na London .

List of South African Schedule 2 Major Public Entities. FY2019/2020 Data.

Name	Industry	Notes	Employees	Revenue	Profit/(Loss)	Ownership type	Established
Air Traffic and Navigation Services Company	Air Traffic Control	Manages air traffic and navigation within South Africa and part of the Southern Indian and Atlantic Oceans		R1.673bn	R0.067bn	Fully state owned	1993
Airports Company South Africa (ACSA)	Airport management	Owner and operator of major airports.	3,110	R2.86bn	R0.23bn	74.6% state owned	1993
Alexkor	Mining	Diamond mining.	859	R0.2bn	R0.03bn	Fully state owned	1992
Armscor (South Africa)	Arms procurement	Arms procurement agency for the SANDF.	1,467	R1.75bn	R0.23bn	Fully state owned	1968
Broadband Infraco	Telecommunications	Long distance & international internet connectivity.	166	R0.41bn	(R0.01bn)	Fully state owned	2007
Central Energy Fund	Research & Development	Energy development. Parent company of PetroSA.	2,107	R13.2bn	(R0.45bn)	Fully state owned	1954
Denel	Arms procurement	Armaments manufacturer.	3,968	R3.76bn	(R1.75bn)	Fully state owned	1992
Development Bank of Southern Africa	Banking	Funding for social and economic infrastructure.	492	R5.6bn	R3.1bn	Fully state owned	1983
Eskom	Public utility	Electrical production, transmission and distribution monopoly.	46,665	R179.8bn	(R20.7bn)	Fully state owned	1923
Independent Development Trust	Social Development	Supports education, housing, health services and business development projects (not profit-seeking)	279	R0.162bn	(R0.107bn)	Fully state owned	1990 (reconfigured 1999)
Industrial Development Corporation of South Africa	Industrial Development	Shareholder in numerous companies and subsidiaries		R12.240bn	(R3.bn)	Fully state owned	1940
Land and Agricultural Development Bank of South Africa	Agricultural Finance	Development finance for farmers		R5.032bn	(R2.124bn)	Fully state owned	1912
South African Broadcasting Corporation	Broadcasting	South African public service broadcaster	3,167	R6.4bn	(R0.6bn)	Fully state owned	1936
South African Express	Transport	Regional airline	980			Fully state owned	1994
South African Forestry Company	Forestry	Manages forestry on state owned land	2,363	R0.93bn	(R0.08bn)	Fully state owned	1992
South African Nuclear Energy Corporation	Energy	Manages the Pelindaba research reactor	1,400	R2.702bn	(0.131bn)	Fully state owned	1999 (in current form)
South African Post Office	Postal services	National postal services	18,119	R4.5bn	(R0.9bn)	Fully state owned	1991
South African Airways	Transport	International airline	10,071	R30.7bn	(R5.4bn)	Fully state owned	1934
Telkom SA	Telecommunications	National telephone monopoly	18,286	R41bn	R4.9bn	55.3% state owned	1991
Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority	Public utility	Water transport authority	141	R2.3bn	R2.1bn	Fully state owned	1986
Transnet	Transport	Railways, harbours, oil/fuel pipelines and terminals	55,946	R74bn	R6.04bn	Fully state owned	1990

Jerin sauran manyan hukumomin jama'a na Afirka ta Kudu (Jadawalin 3) da kamfanonin da jihar ke da hannun jari. Bayanan FY2019/2020.

Suna	Masana'antu	Bayanan kula	Ma'aikata	Haraji	Riba/(Asara)	Nau'in mallaka	An kafa
Majalisar Binciken Kimiyya da Masana'antu	Bincike & Ci gaba	Ƙungiyar bincike ta ƙasa	3,000	R2.5bn	R0.007bn	Mallakar jihar cikakke	1945
Hukumar Fasinja ta Afirka ta Kudu	Layukan dogo	Ayyukan layin dogo na fasinja	16,350	R13.65bn	(R1.69bn)	Mallakar jihar cikakke	1990
PetroSA	Makamashi	Kamfanin mai da iskar gas na kasa	1,594	R10.3bn	(R1.6bn)	Mallakar jihar cikakke	1965
Farashin PBMR	Bincike & Ci gaba	Haɓaka fasahar makamashin nukiliyar Pebble Bed Modular Reactor	900				1994
Rand Ruwa	Amfanin jama'a	Mai amfani da ruwa don lardin Gauteng .	3,411	R13.4bn	R3.15bn	Mallakar jihar cikakke	1903
Sasol	Makamashi	Ƙwaƙwalwar kwal-liquefaction na duniya, tace man fetur da rarrabawa.	30,100	dalar Amurka biliyan 21.7	US $3.11bn	27.3% mallakar jihar (mafi yawa a kaikaice ta hanyar asusun fansho na ma'aikatan gwamnati)	1950
Sentech	Sadarwa	Kayan aikin sadarwa	531	R1.4bn	R0.18bn	Mallakar jihar cikakke	1996
National Parks na Afirka ta Kudu	Kiyaye yanayi	Mai shi kuma ma'aikacin wuraren shakatawa na kasa.	4,181	R2.6bn	R0.2bn	Mallakar jihar cikakke	1926
Hukumar kula da hanyoyi ta Afirka ta Kudu	Kayan aiki	Kulawa da haɓaka hanyoyin sadarwa na ƙasa	397	R3,6bn	R1.01bn	Mallakar jihar cikakke	1998
Vodacom	Sadarwa	Sabis na salula	7,554	R86.4bn	R24.5bn	13.9% na jihar	1994

Cikakken jeri

A halin yanzu akwai Kamfanoni na Jihohi 108 a Afirka ta Kudu

• Accounting Standards Board
• Agricultural Research Council (ARC)
• Air Traffic and Navigation Services Company
• Airports Company South Africa (ACSA)
• Alexkor Limited
• Armaments Corporation of South Africa (ARMSCOR)
• Blind SA
• Brand South Africa
• Breede-Gouritz CMA
• Broadband Infraco
• Broadcasting Complaints Commission of South Africa (BCCSA)
• Cape Town International Airport
• Central Energy Fund (CEF)
• Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration
• Commission for Employment Equity
• Companies and Intellectual Property Commission (CIPC)
• Compensation Fund
• Competition Commission (The)
• Competition Tribunal
• Council for Geoscience
• Council for Medical Schemes
• Council on Higher Education
• Denel (Pty) Ltd
• Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA)
• Eskom
• Estate Agency Affairs Board (The)
• Export Credit Insurance Corporation of South Africa (Ltd.)
• Film and Publication Board (FPB)
• Financial Sector Conduct Authority (FSCA)
• Free State Development Corporation 
• Freedom Park
• Government Employees Medical Scheme (GEMS)
• Government Employees Pension Fund (GEPF)
• Health and Welfare Sector Education and Training Authority (HWSETA)
• Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA)
• Housing Development Agency (HDA)
• Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC)
• Independent Development Trust
• Industrial Development Corporation [Ltd] (IDC)
• Ingonyama Trust Board
• Institute of People Management (IPM)
• Ithala Development Finance Corporation (Ltd)
• Khula Enterprise Finance (Ltd)
• King Shaka International Airport
• Land Bank and Agriculture Bank of South Africa [ Land Bank ]
• Legal Aid South Africa
• Limpopo Economic Development Enterprise
• Media Development and Diversity Agency (MDDA)
• Mhlathuze Water
• Mining Qualification Authority
• Mintek (Council for Mineral Technology)
• National Advisory Council on Innovation (NACI)
• National Agricultural Marketing Council
• National Archives of South Africa (NASA)
• National Arts Council of South Africa (NACSA)
• National Consumer Commission (The) (NCC)
• National Credit Regulator (NCR)
• National Development Agency (NDA)
• National Economic Development and Labour Council (NEDLAC)
• National Electronic Media of South Africa (NEMISA)
• National Empowerment Fund
• National Energy Regulator (NERSA)
• National Film and Video Foundation
• National Gambling Board of South Africa
• National Home Builders Registration Council (NHBRC)
• National House of Traditional Leaders 
• National Housing Finance Corporation (NHFC)
• National Lotteries Commission
• National Nuclear Regulator (NNR)
• National Peace Accord Trust (NPAT)
• National Ports Authority (NPA)
• National Student Financial Aid Scheme (NSFAS)
• National Youth Development Agency (NYDA)
• Nelson Mandela Museum
• North West Development Corporation
• OR Tambo International Airport
• Passenger Rail Agency of South African (PRASA)
• Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (Pty) Limited (PBMR)
• Perishable Products Export Control Board
• PetroSA (Pty) Ltd
• Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority (PSIRA)
• Public Investment Corporation (PIC)
• Rand Water
• Refugee Appeal Board
• Road Accident Fund (RAF)
• Road Traffic Infringement Agency (RTIA)
• Road Traffic Management Corporation (RTMC)
• Robben Island Museum
• Safety and Security, Sector Education & Training Authority (SASSETA)
• Small Enterprise Development Agency (SEDA)
• Small Enterprise Finance Agency (SEFA)
• South African Agency For Science and Technology Advancement (SAASTA)
• South African Airways (SAA)
• South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC)
• South African Bureau of Standards (SABS)
• South African Civil Aviation Authority
• South African Council for Educators (SACE)
• South African Council for Social Service Professions (SACSSP)
• South African Diamond and Precious Metals Regulator
• South African Express
• South African Forestry Company (Ltd) (SAFCOL)
• South African Heritage Resources Agency
• South African Institute for Drug-Free Sport
• South African Library for the Blind
• South African Local Government Association (SALGA) 
• South African National Accreditation System
• South African National Council for the Blind
• South African National Parks (SANParks)
• South African National Road Agency
• South African Nuclear Energy Corporation SOC Ltd (NECSA)
• South African Post Office (SAPO)
• South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA)
• South African Reserve Bank (SARB)
• South African Social Security Agency (SASSA)
• South African Special Risk Insurance Association (SASRIA)
• South African State Theatre - Pretoria
• South African Tourism
• South African Veterinary Council
• South African Weather Service (SAWS)
• Special Investigating Unit (SIU)
• State Information Technology Agency (SITA)
• Tax Ombud: South Africa
• Technology Innovation Agency
• Telkom SA (Ltd)
• Transnet (Ltd) 
• Universal Service Agency and Access of South Africa
• Water Research Commission (WRC)