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Kisan kwayar halitta

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Kisan kwayar halitta
contraceptive agents (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Antispermatogenic Agents (en) Fassara, female contraceptive agent (en) Fassara da male contraceptive (en) Fassara

Kisan kwayar halitta Ya kasance wani abu ne na hana haihuwa wanda ke lalata maniyyi, ana saka shi a cikin farji kafin saduwa don hana ciki . A matsayin maganin hana haihuwa, ana iya amfani da maniyyi shi kaɗai. Duk da haka, yawan ciki da ma'aurata ke fuskanta ta yin amfani da maganin maniyyi kawai ya fi na ma'auratan da ke amfani da wasu hanyoyin. Yawanci, ana haɗe ƙwayoyin maniyyi tare da hanyoyin hana haifuwa kamar diaphragms, kwaroron roba, hular mahaifa, da soso . Hanyoyin da aka haɗa an yi imanin suna haifar da ƙananan ƙimar ciki fiye da kowace hanya kadai. [1]

Maniyyi yawanci marasa ƙamshi ne, bayyananne, marasa daɗi, marasa tabo, da mai mai.

Nau'i da tasiri

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Mafi yawan kayan aiki na spermicides shine nonoxynol-9 . Maniyyi masu dauke da nonoxynol-9 suna samuwa ta nau'i-nau'i da yawa, kamar jelly (gel), fina-finai, da kumfa. Amfani da shi kadai, maniyyi suna da cikakkiyar gazawar amfani da kashi 6% a kowace shekara idan aka yi amfani da su daidai kuma akai-akai, da kashi 16% na gazawar kowace shekara a cikin amfani na yau da kullun. [2]

Alamar maniyyi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mayo Clinic ne ya bayar da wannan jerin misalan: [3]

  1. VCF Fim ɗin Maganin Ciwon Farji
  2. VCF Maganin hana daukar ciki na Farji
  3. VCF Kumfa Maganin Haihuwa
  4. Conceptrol
  5. Crinone
  6. Kulawa
  7. Endometrin
  8. Farko-Progesterone VGS
  9. Gynol II
  10. Yi nasara
  11. Yau Sponge
  12. Vagi-Gard Douche Rashin Tabo

Nonoxynol-9 shine sinadari na farko a cikin maniyyi don hana motsin maniyyi. Abubuwan da ke aiki na spermicidal na biyu na iya haɗawa da octoxynol-9, benzalkonium chloride da menfegol . [4] Wadannan sinadarai na biyu ba na al'ada ba ne a Amurka, inda nonoxynol-9 kadai ke da hali. Hana motsin maniyyi zai hana maniyyi tafiya zuwa ga kwai yana motsa gangaren tubes zuwa mahaifa. Zurfin da ya dace na shigar da maniyyi ya kamata ya toshe mahaifar mahaifa yadda ya kamata ta yadda maniyyi ba zai iya sa ta wuce mahaifar mahaifa zuwa mahaifa ko tubes na fallopian ba. Wani binciken da ke lura da rarraba maniyyi mai dauke da nonoxynol-9 a cikin farji ya nuna "Bayan minti 10 gel ya bazu a cikin magudanar farji yana samar da suturar epithelium mai kauri." [5] Babban burin maniyyi shine hana hadi.

Menfegol maganin maniyyi ne da aka ƙera azaman kwamfutar hannu mai kumfa. [6] Yana samuwa ne kawai a Turai.

Octoxynol-9 ya kasance a baya maniyyi na yau da kullun, amma an cire shi daga kasuwar Amurka a cikin 2002 bayan masana'antun sun kasa yin sabon binciken da FDA ke buƙata. [7]

Ana amfani da spermicides benzalkonium chloride da sodium cholate a wasu soso na hana haihuwa . [8] Benzalkonium chloride kuma yana iya kasancewa a Kanada azaman abin sha. [9]

2008 Ig Nobel Prize (a parody of the Nobel Prizes ) a Chemistry aka bayar ga Sheree Umpierre, Joseph Hill, da Deborah Anderson, don gano cewa Coca-Cola ne mai tasiri maniyyi, [10] da kuma CY Hong, CC Shieh, P. Wu, da BN Chiang don tabbatar da hakan ba haka bane.[11] [12]

An nuna maganin ruwan 'ya'yan lemun tsami don hana maniyyi a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje,[13] kamar yadda Krest Bitter Lemon ya sha. [14] Yayin da marubutan binciken na Krest Bitter Lemon suka ba da shawarar yin amfani da shi azaman doche na bayan gida, wannan ba shi yiwuwa ya yi tasiri, yayin da maniyyi ya fara barin maniyyi (ba za a iya isa ga kowane douche ba) a cikin mintuna 1.5 na ajiyewa. Ga dukkan alamu ba a yi wani bincike da aka buga kan ingancin shirye-shiryen ruwan lemun tsami wajen hana daukar ciki ba, duk da cewa wasu na ganin cewa maganin ‘na halitta’ ne. [15]

Shirye-shiryen lactic acid kuma an nuna yana da wasu tasirin maniyyi, kuma ana samun magungunan lactic acid na tushen kasuwanci. [16] [17] An yarda da maganin hana haihuwa wanda ya ƙunshi lactic acid, citric acid, da potassium bitartrate (Phexxi) don amfani a Amurka a watan Mayu 2020.[18]

Hakanan an gabatar da abubuwan da ake cirewa na shukar neem kamar man neem a matsayin maganin maniyyi dangane da binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje. [19] Nazarin dabbobi na creams da pessaries da aka samu daga neem sun nuna cewa suna da tasirin hana haihuwa; [20] duk da haka, gwaji a cikin mutane don sanin tasirinsa wajen hana ciki ba a riga an gudanar da shi ba.

Yi amfani da kwaroron roba

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An yi imanin magungunan kashe kwayoyin cuta na kara tasirin hana daukar ciki na kwaroron roba. [1]

Duk da haka, kwaroron roba da masana'anta ke shafa maniyyi suna da ɗan gajeren rayuwa [21] kuma suna iya haifar da cututtukan urinary fili a cikin mata. [22] Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta ce bai kamata a ci gaba da inganta kwaroron roba mai man maniyi ba. Duk da haka, suna ba da shawarar yin amfani da robar roba mai laushi na nonoxynol-9 akan babu kwaroron roba kwata-kwata. [23]

Maganin da ake amfani da shi kadai yana da tasiri kusan kashi 91 cikin ɗari kawai. [24] Lokacin da ake amfani da maniyyi tare da kwaroron roba da sauran hanyoyin shinge akwai kashi 97 cikin 100 masu tasiri don rigakafin ciki.

Illolin da yake dashi

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Haushin fata na wucin gadi wanda ya shafi farji, farji, ko azzakari shine mafi yawan matsalar da ke tattare da amfani da maniyyi. [25]

Yin amfani da shi akai-akai (sau biyu ko fiye a rana) na nonoxynol-9 mai ɗauke da maniyyi bai kamata ba idan akwai yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar ta STI/HIV, saboda a cikin wannan yanayin akwai ƙara rushewar epithelial na vulvovaginal da ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cutar HIV. [25]

A cikin 2007, Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ta ba da umarnin cewa alamun samfuran rigakafin hana haihuwa na nonoxynol-9 kan-da-counter (OTC) suna ɗauke da sabon gargaɗin da ke cewa ba sa kariya daga STDs da HIV/AIDS. [26] [27]

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rubutun farko da aka rubuta na amfani da maniyyi yana samuwa a cikin Kahun Papyrus, takardan Masarawa tun daga 1850 KZ. Ya kwatanta takin kada da kullu mai ganyaye. [28] An yi imani da cewa ƙananan pH na dung na iya samun tasiri na spermicidal. [29]

Ana samun ƙarin tsari a cikin Ebers Papyrus daga kusan 1500 KZ. Ya ba da shawarar a hada ulun iri, da acacia, dabino da zuma, sannan a zuba ruwan a cikin farji. Wataƙila yana da ɗan tasiri, a wani ɓangare a matsayin shinge na jiki saboda kauri, daidaiton tsayi, da kuma saboda lactic acid (wanda aka sani da maniyyi) da aka samo daga acacia. [29]

Rubuce-rubucen da Soranus, wani likitan Girka na ƙarni na 2, ya ƙunshi ƙididdiga don adadin adadin acidic concoctions da'awar zama spermicidal. Umarnin nasa shine ya jiƙa ulu a ɗaya daga cikin gaurayawan, sannan a sanya shi kusa da cervix. [28]

Gwajin gwaje-gwaje na abubuwa don ganin ko sun hana motsin maniyyi ya fara a cikin 1800s. Maniyyi na zamani nonoxynol-9 da menfegol an haɓaka su daga wannan layin bincike. [28] Koyaya, an inganta wasu abubuwa da yawa masu darajar maganin hana haihuwa. Musamman bayan haramcin hana haifuwa a Amurka ta hanyar Dokar Comstock ta 1873, spermicides-mafi shaharar su shine Lysol - an sayar da su ne kawai a matsayin samfuran "tsaftar mata" kuma ba a kiyaye su ga kowane ma'auni na tasiri. Mafi muni, masana'antun da yawa sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da samfuran azaman douche bayan jima'i, latti don shafar duk maniyyi. Kididdigar likitanci a cikin shekarun 1930s sun sanya adadin masu juna biyu na mata masu amfani da maniyyi masu yawa a kan kashi saba'in a kowace shekara. [30]

Rashin fahimta game da maniyyi ya wanzu a cikin 1980s da 1990s. Wani labarin bita na wallafe-wallafen na 1988 ya lura cewa binciken a cikin vitro na nonoxynol-9 da sauran ƙwayoyin cuta sun nuna rashin kunna ƙwayoyin cuta na STI, gami da HIV. [31] Amma nazarin tsarin 2002 da meta-bincike na gwaje-gwajen da bazuwar bazuwar gwaji na nonoxynol-9 na farji don rigakafin HIV da STI da suka shafi mata sama da 5,000 (mafi yawan ma'aikatan jima'i) ba su sami raguwar ƙididdiga ba cikin haɗarin HIV da STIs, amma an sami ɗan ƙaramin karuwa mai mahimmanci a cikin raunin al'aura tsakanin masu amfani da nonoxynol-9 masu amfani da maniyyi. [32] Kuma a cikin yawan haɗari masu haɗari ta amfani da gel na nonoxynol-9 na farji fiye da aikace-aikace uku a kowace rana a matsakaici, haɗarin kamuwa da kwayar cutar HIV ya karu. [25]

Duba kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Man shafawa na sirri
  • Soso na hana daukar ciki

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kestelman P, Trussell J (1991). "Efficacy of the simultaneous use of condoms and spermicides". Fam Plann Perspect. 23 (5): 226–7, 232. doi:10.2307/2135759. JSTOR 2135759. PMID 1743276.
  2. ↑ Grimes, David A; Lopez, Laureen M; Raymond, Elizabeth G.; Halpern, Vera; Nanda, Kavita; Schulz, Kenneth F (30 September 2013). Halpern, Vera (ed.). "Spermicide used alone for contraception". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (12): CD005218.pub3. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005218.pub4. PMID 24307556.
  3. ↑ Clinic, Mayo. "Spermicide (Vaginal Route)". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  4. ↑ World Health Organization. "WHO/Conrad Technical Consultation" (PDF). Geneva. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  5. ↑ Barnhart, K.T. (1 June 2001). "Distribution of a spermicide containing Nonoxynol-9 in the vaginal canal and the upper female reproductive tract". Human Reproduction. 16 (6): 1151–1154. doi:10.1093/humrep/16.6.1151. PMID 11387285.
  6. ↑ "Spermicides: Neo-Sampoon (Menfegol)". RemedyFind. Archived from the original on 2016-06-10. Retrieved 2006-10-01.
  7. ↑ "Status of Certain Additional Over-the-Counter Drug Category II and III Active Ingredients". Federal Register. Food and Drug Administration. May 9, 2002. Retrieved 2006-08-18.
  8. ↑ "Sponges". Cervical Barrier Advancement Society. 2004. Archived from the original on 2009-01-14. Retrieved 2006-09-17.
  9. ↑ "Spermicides (Vaginal)". MayoClinic.com. August 1997. Archived from the original on July 8, 2006. Retrieved 2006-10-16.
  10. ↑ Umpierre, Sharee A.; Hill, Joseph A.; Anderson, Deborah J. (21 November 1985). "Effect of 'Coke' on sperm motility". The New England Journal of Medicine. 313 (21): 1351. doi:10.1056/NEJM198511213132111. PMID 4058526.
  11. ↑ Hong, C.Y.; Shieh, C.C.; Wu, P.; Chiang, B.N. (September 1987). "The spermicidal potency of Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola". Human Toxicology. Macmillan Publishers, Scientific and Medical Division. pp. 395–6. doi:10.1177/096032718700600508. PMID 3679247. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  12. ↑ Mikkelson, Barbara (March 16, 2007). "Killer Sperm: Coca-Cola Spermicide". Snopes. Retrieved 2008-10-03.
  13. ↑ Roger Short; Scott G. McCoombe; Clare Maslin; Eman Naim; Suzanne Crowe (2002), Lemon and Lime juice as potent natural microbicides (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-08-21, retrieved 2006-08-13
  14. ↑ Nwoha P (1992). "The immobilization of all spermatozoa in vitro by bitter lemon drink and the effect of alkaline pH". Contraception. 46 (6): 537–42. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(92)90118-D. PMID 1493713.
  15. ↑ "MoonDragon's Contraception Information: Spermicides". MoonDragon Birthing Services. c. 1997. Archived from the original on 2006-08-13. Retrieved 2006-08-13.
  16. ↑ "Femprotect - Lactic Acid Contraceptive Gel". Woman's Natural Health Practice. Archived from the original on June 1, 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-17.
  17. ↑ Stone H (1936). "Contraceptive jellies: a clinical study". J Contracept. 1 (12): 209–13. PMID 12259192.
  18. ↑ "U.S. FDA Approves Evofem Biosciences' Phexxi (lactic acid, citric acid and potassium bitartrate), the First and Only Non-Hormonal Prescription Gel for the Prevention of Pregnancy". Evofem Biosciences (Press release). 22 May 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020 – via PR Newswire.
  19. ↑ Sharma S, SaiRam M, Ilavazhagan G, Devendra K, Shivaji S, Selvamurthy W (1996). "Mechanism of action of NIM-76: a novel vaginal contraceptive from neem oil". Contraception. 54 (6): 373–8. doi:10.1016/S0010-7824(96)00204-1. PMID 8968666.
  20. ↑ Talwar G, Raghuvanshi P, Misra R, Mukherjee S, Shah S (1997). "Plant immunomodulators for termination of unwanted pregnancy and for contraception and reproductive health". Immunol Cell Biol. 75 (2): 190–2. doi:10.1038/icb.1997.27. PMID 9107574. S2CID 7402936.
  21. ↑ "Spermicide (Nonoxynol-9)". Other disadvantages. Archived from the original on 2009-02-20. Retrieved 2008-04-23.
  22. ↑ "Condoms: Extra protection". ConsumerReports.org. February 2005. Archived from the original on June 26, 2006. Retrieved 2006-08-06.
  23. ↑ WHO (2002). "HIV/AIDS Topics: Microbicides". World Health Organization. Retrieved August 6, 2006.
  24. ↑ WebMD. "Spermicide for Birth Control - Topic Overview". WebMD. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 (James ed.). OCLC Kowal Check |oclc= value (help). Invalid |url-access=Cates (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  26. ↑ FDA (December 18, 2007). "FDA mandates new warning for nonoxynol 9 OTC contraceptive products. Label must warn consumers products do not protect against STDs and HIV/AIDS (news release)". Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
  27. ↑ FDA (December 19, 2007). "Final rule. Over-the-counter vaginal contraceptive and spermicide drug products containing nonoxynol 9; required labeling". Federal Register. 72 (243): 71769–71785.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 "Evolution and Revolution: The Past, Present, and Future of Contraception". Contraception Online (Baylor College of Medicine). 10 (6). February 2000. Archived from the original on September 26, 2006.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Towie, Brian (January 19, 2004). "4,000 years of contraception on display in Toronto museum". torontObserver. Centennial College journalism students. Archived from the original on February 25, 2004.
  30. ↑ Tone, Andrea (1996). "Contraceptive Consumers: Gender and the Political Economy of Birth Control in the 1930s". Journal of Social History. 29 (3): 485–506. doi:10.1353/jsh/29.3.485. JSTOR 3788942. Samfuri:Gale.
  31. ↑ Feldblum, P J; Fortney, J A (January 1988). "Condoms, spermicides, and the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: a review of the literature". American Journal of Public Health. 78 (1): 52–54. doi:10.2105/ajph.78.1.52. PMC 1349207. PMID 3276230.
  32. ↑ Wilkinson, David; Tholandi, Maya; Ramjee, Gita; Rutherford, George W. (October 2002). "Nonoxynol-9 spermicide for prevention of vaginally acquired HIV and other sexually transmitted infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials including more than 5000 women". Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2 (10): 613–617. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00396-1. PMID 12383611.
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