Masarautar Sine
 Masarautar Sine | |||||
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| Bayanan tarihi | |||||
| Ƙirƙira | 1350 | ||||
| Rushewa | 3 ga Augusta, 1969 | ||||
Masarautar Sine (kuma: Sin, Siine ko kuma Siin a cikin yaren Serer-Sine) wata masarauta ce ta Serer bayan zamanin da tana gefen arewacin gabar da kogin Saloum a cikin Senegal ta zamani. [1] Mazaunan ana kiran su Siin-Sin ko Sine-Sine (wani nau'i na Serer jam'i ko Serer-demonym, misali. Bawol-Bawol da Saloum-Saloum/Saluum-Saluum, mazaunan Baol da Saloum bi da bi).
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Medieval to 19th century
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
._19th_Century._Jung-Jung_From_The_Kingdom_of_Sine_(in_modern_day_Senegal).jpg)
A cewar tarihi David Galvan, a “Rubutun tarihi na baka, rubuce-rubucen na farkon Larabawa da masu bincike na Turai, da kuma bayanan ɗan adam na zahiri sun nuna cewa al’ummomin Serer daban-daban sun yi ƙaura zuwa kudu daga yankin Futa Tooro (kwarin Senegal) tun a kusan ƙarni na sha ɗaya. lokacin da addinin Musulunci ya fara ratsa sahara”. [2] :p.51Tsawon tsararraki waɗannan mutane, watakila Pulaar masu magana da makiyaya na asali, sun yi ƙaura ta yankunan Wolof suka shiga kwarin Siin da Saluum. Wannan dogon lokaci na hulɗar Wolof-Serer ya bar mu rashin tabbas game da asalin "kalmomi, cibiyoyi, tsarin siyasa, da ayyuka." [2] :p.52
Farfesa Étienne Van de Walle ya ba da wani lokaci kaɗan daga baya, inda ya rubuta cewa, "Samun ƙabilar Sereer ya koma a karni na sha uku, lokacin da wata kungiya ta fito daga kwarin kogin Senegal da ke arewa da suka guje wa Musulunci, kuma a kusa da Niakhar sun hadu da wani rukunin Mandinka. Asalin, wanda ake kira Gelwar, waɗanda suka fito daga kudu maso gabas (Gravrand 1983). Ainihin ƙabilar Sereer a cakuɗe take da rukunoni biyu, kuma hakan na iya bayyana haɗaɗɗen tsarin danginsu na bilinear.”
Masanin tarihi Farfesa Eunice A. Charles na Jami'ar Boston ya bayyana cewa:
"Kimanin 1520 jihohin Sereer guda biyu da ke kudu, Siin da Saalum, sun iya kawar da ikon Jolof, kuma tawayen Kajoor na tsakiyar karni na goma sha shida ya nuna ƙarshen daular. Yakin Danki [ca. 1549 ], da griots na Jolof da Kajoor suka tuna da su sosai, sun kammala motsi daga haɗin kai na siyasa zuwa ma'aunin iko na Senegambian. Bawol da Waalo sun bi misalin Kajoor, kuma, ko da yake Jolof ya yi ƙoƙari sau da yawa a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha shida da farkon ƙarni na sha bakwai don sake cin Kajoor, da yaki amma babu wani ƙoƙarinsa da ya yi nasara.” [3]
Ba a dai san ainihin tushen daular Sine ba, amma a karshen ƙarni na 14 'yan ci-ranin Madinka sun shiga yankin. Kabilar matrilinial da aka sani da Gelwaar ne suka jagorance su. A nan sun ci karo da Serer, wanda ya riga ya kafa tsarin hukumomin lamuni, kuma ya kafa jihar Gelwaar mai jagorancin babban birninta a ciki ko kusa da wani yanki na Serer lamanic da ke tsakiya a Mbissel. [2] :p.54
Father Henry Gravrand ya ba da rahoton wata al'ada ta baka cewa wani Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh (bambanci daban-daban: Maysa Wali Jon; Maissa Wali Jon; da dai sauransu), ya gudu da iyalinsa daga Kaabu bayan wani yaki a shekarar 1335 wanda ya kira Yakin Troubang., mai martaba Serer na Sine ya ba shi mafaka[ana buƙatar hujja]
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Charles Becker ya lura da cewa Gravrand bai gane cewa wannan shine ainihin bayanin yakin Kansala na 1867 (ko 1865) ba ko da yake ya yarda cewa ƙaura na Guelowar na iya yiwuwa a bayyana shi ta hanyar yaki ko rikici na gado. [4] Tarihin baka na Serer ya ce bayan Maysa Wali ya shiga cikin al'adun Serer kuma ya zama mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a ga majalisar zaɓaɓɓu, [5] lamans da jama'a suka zaɓe shi ya yi mulki. [6] Kusan shekaru goma bayan haka ya zaɓe ɗan almara Ndiadiane Ndiaye (Bambance-banbance da yawa: Njaajaan Njie ko N'Diadian N'Diaye) kuma wanda ya kafa Daular Jolof don ya mallaki Masarautar Jolof. Shi ne sarkin Senegambian na farko da ya ba da goyon bayansa ga Ndiadiane Ndiaye kuma ya nemi wasu da su yi haka, ta haka ne ya mai da Sine ta zama vassal na Daular Jolof. [7] Don haka ne malamai suka ce Daular Jolof ba daula ce aka kafa ta hanyar mamaya ba, amma ta hanyar haɗin kai na jihohi daban-daban. [8] Kusan farkon shekarar 1550, Sine da 'yar uwarta Serer Kingdom (Mulkin Saloum) sun kifar da Jolof kuma suka zama Masarautu masu zaman kansu. [9] Al'adar baka ta Serer ta ce Masarautar Sine ba ta taba ba da kyauta ga Ndiadiane Ndiaye ko wani zuriyarsa ba kuma daular Jolof ba ta taba yin mulkin Sine ba kuma Ndiadiane Ndiaye da kansa ya karbi sunansa daga bakin Maysa Waly. [10] Masanin tarihi Sylviane Diouf ya bayyana cewa "Kowace masarauta - Walo, Takrur, Kayor, Baol, Sine, Salum, Wuli, da Niani-sun fahimci sarautar Jolof kuma sun biya haraji." [11]
Sarakunan Sine da Jolof sun ci gaba da bin addinin gargajiya na Afirka. A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin 1867, Sarkin Sine Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof ya kashe malamin addinin Musulunci Maba Diakhou Bâ a yakin Fandane-Thiuthioune (wanda aka fi sani da The Battle of Somb) a lokacin da yake kokarin kwace ikon Sine. kuma ya mayar da ita kasar musulmi. [12] Mahukuntan Sine sun rike mukamansu (Maad a Sinig) a duk lokacin mulkin mallaka kuma ba su rasa duk wata sanarwa ba har sai 1969 bayan mutuwar Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof (Sarkin Sine na ƙarshe, ya yi sarauta: 1924-1969). [13]
Masu bincike na Portuguese a cikin karni na 15 sun kira Sine a matsayin mulkin Barbaçim, cin hanci da rashawa na 'Bur-ba-Sine' (Wolof da 'Sarkin Sine'), da mutanensa a matsayin Barbacins (wani lokaci da marubuta na farko suka yi wa Serer. mutane gabaɗaya, yayin da wasu suka nace cewa Serreos da Barbacins sun kasance mutane daban-daban.) Tsofaffin taswirorin Turai akai-akai suna nuna kogin Saloum a matsayin "River of Barbacins/Barbecins". [14] Yanzu an yarda da cewa kalmomin "Serreos" (Sereri) da "Barbacini" (lalacewar Wolof "Bur-ba-Sine" ) sun kasance ainihin cin hanci da rashawa ta Alvise Cadamosto-mawallafin navigator na karni na 15. Alvise ya yi kuskure ya bambanta tsakanin "Sereri" (Mutanen Serer) da "Barbacini", wanda ke nuna cewa yana nufin mutane biyu daban-daban yayin da a gaskiya, Mulkin Sine ya kasance Mulkin Serer inda "Sarkin Sine" (Sarkin Sine). "Barbacini") ya zauna. Tun da yake bai taɓa taka ƙafa a ƙasar Serer ba, labarinsa game da mutanen Serer ya dogara ne akan abin da masu fassara na Wolof suke gaya masa. "Barbacini" shine cin hanci da rashawa na kalmar Wolof "Buur ba Sine" (kuma an rubuta: "Bor-ba-Sine" ko "Bur-ba-Sine" ) ma'ana Sarkin Sine, kalmar da Serers ba za su yi amfani da ita ba. [15] [16]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Martin A. Klein, Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914, Edinburgh University Press (1968). p 7
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Galvan, Dennis Charles, The State Must Be Our Master of Fire: How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal Berkeley, University of California Press, 2004 p.51
- ↑ Charles, Eunice A., "Precolonial Senegal: The Jolof Kingdom, 1800–1890", Boston University, "African Studies Program, African Research Studies, Issues 12-14", (1977), p. 3
- ↑ Sarr, Alioune, Histoire du Sine-Saloum (Sénégal) Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker. 1986–87, p 235
- ↑ For more on Serer Laman see: Dennis Charles Galvan, The State Must Be Our Master of Fire: How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal. Berkeley, University of California Press, 2004
- ↑ Ngom, Biram : "La question Gelwaar et l’histoire du Siin", Université de Dakar, Dakar, 1987, p 69
- ↑ Cheikh Anta Diop & Egbuna P. Modum. "Towards the African renaissance: essays in African culture & development", 1946–1960, p28
- ↑ Charles, Eunice A. Precolonial Senegal: the Jolof Kingdom, 1800–1890. African Studies Center, Boston University, 1977. p 3
- ↑ West Africa, Issues 3600–3616. West Africa Pub. Co. Ltd., 1986. p 2359
- ↑ Diouf, Niokhobaye. Chronique du royaume du Sine par suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, 1972. p706
- ↑ Diouf, Sylviane, Servants of Allah: African Muslims enslaved in the Americas (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 19
- ↑ Diouf, Niokhobaye. "Chronique du royaume du Sine." Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972). pp 727–729
- ↑ Klein, Martin A. Islam and Imperialism in Senegal, Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914, Edinburgh University Press (1968). p X
- ↑ Teixeira da Mota (1946: Pt. 1, p.58). For a detailed 16th-century Portuguese description of the Kingdom of Sine, see Almada (1594: Ch.2)
- ↑ Boulègue, Jean. Le Grand Jolof, (XVIIIe – XVIe Siècle). (Paris, Edition Façades), Karthala (1987), p 16
- ↑ Alvise Cadamosto, the 15th-century explorer in modern day Senegambia had never set foot in Serer country. His ship proceeded to the Gambia after one of his Wolof interpreters sent to negotiate slave terms with the local Serer community living in the Cayor border was killed on the spot by this Serer community. Neither Alvise nor any of his party left the ship. The ship proceeded to the Gambia. Since Alvise had never entered Serer country, most of his opinions about the Serers were coming from his Wolof interpreters. The Wolofs of Cayor were in constant war with Serer community living on their border and were fearful of these Serers as narrated by Alvise himself. In Kerr, Alvise refer to the Serers as without kings. However, these Serers were those living on the Wolof Cayor border and refused to submit to the kings of Cayor. Alvise did not know that the Kingdom of Sine was actually a Serer kingdom, where the Barbacini – (a corruption of the Wolof "Bur Ba Sine" which means "king of Sine") took residence. See: Boulègue, Jean. Le Grand Jolof, (XVIIIe – XVIe Siècle). (Paris, Edition Façades), Karthala (1987), p 16. Also: