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Masu Hijirar Muhalli

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Masu Hijirar Muhalli
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare namigrant (en) Fassara
Has cause (en) Fassaracanjin yanayi
Andrew Mitchell ya tattauna da ƴan gudun hijira daga ƙasar Somaliya, a sansanin Dadaab dake arewacin Kenya, 16 ga Yuli, 2011
Matsuguni a Kenya ga wadanda fari na Kahon Afirka na shekara ta 2011 ya raba da muhallansu.
Yan gudun hijira a yankin afrika
Wasu mutane a yankin afrika

Masu Hijirar muhalli mutane ne wadanda aka tilasta wa barin yankunansu saboda sauye-sauye na kwatsam ko na dogon lokaci ga muhallinsu ko yanki. Wadannan canje-canjen suna yin illa ga jindadinsu ko rayuwarsu, kuma sun hada da habakar fari, kwararowar hamada, hawan teku, da rushewar yanayin (kamar damina).[1] Ko da yake babu wani iri daya bayyana ma'anar kaura na muhalli, ra'ayin yana samun kulawa yayin da masu tsara manufofi da masana kimiyyar muhalli da zamantakewa ke kokarin fahimtar yiwuwar tasirin zamantakewa na sauyin yanayi da sauran lalacewar muhalli, irin wannan saran gandun daji ko wuce gona da iri.

Ana kiran "Mai hijira na muhalli" da " mai hijirar yanayi " (ko ‘yan gudun hijirar yanayi") da dan musanya tare da kewayon kalmomi iri daya, kamar

Ma'anar da ra'ayi

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Wani ahali a halin gudun hijira

Akasarin mutanen da ke tserewa matsalolin muhalli suna kaura ta dan gajeren lokaci, galibi na dan lokaci. Bugu da Kari, Yan gudun hijirar ba sa barin gidajensu saboda tsoron za'a tsananta musu, ko kuma saboda "tashin hankali ko abubuwan da ke damun jama'a sosai." [2] Ko da yake an fadada ma'anar wane dan gudun hijira ne tun farkon ma'anarsa ta kasa da kasa da doka a cikin 1951 mutanen da aka tilastawa yin hijira saboda sauyin muhalli har yanzu ba a ba su kariya irin ta yan gudun hijirar ba. [3]

Kalmar "Yan gudun hijirar muhalli" Lester Brown ne ya fara gabatar da ita a cikin 1976. [4] Hukumar Kula da Hijira ta Duniya (IOM) ta ba da shawarar ma'anar mai zuwa ga masu kaura:[5]

“Masu hijira na muhalli mutane ne ko kungiyoyin mutane wadanda, saboda dalilai masu karfi na canje-canje kwatsam ko ci gaba a muhallin da ke yin illa ga rayuwarsu ko yanayin rayuwa, dole ne su bar gidajensu na yau da kullun, ko zabi yin hakan na dan lokaci ko na dindindin. kuma wadanda suke tafiya ko dai a cikin kasar su ko kuma kasashen waje."

Yan ci- rani na yanayi wani yanki ne na babin haure na muhalli wadanda aka tilasta musu yin gudun hijira "saboda sauye-sauye kwatsam ko sannu a hankali a yanayin yanayin da ke da alaka da akalla daya daga cikin tasirin sauyin yanayi guda uku: hawan teku, matsanancin yanayi, da fari da karancin ruwa. ." [6]

Nau'uka

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Hukumar kula da kaura ta kasa da kasa ta ba da shawarar nau'ikan kaura muhalli iri uku:

  • Baki na gaggawa na muhalli : mutanen da ke gudun hijira na dan lokaci saboda bala'in muhalli ko yanayin muhalli kwatsam. (Misali: wani da aka tilasta masa barin saboda guguwa, tsunami, girgizar kasa, da sauransu. )
  • Muhalli na tilastawa kaura : mutanen da dole ne su tashi saboda tabarbarewar yanayin muhalli. (Misali: wani da aka tilasta masa barin saboda sannu a hankali tabarbarewar muhallinsu kamar sare itatuwa, lalacewar gabar teku, da sauransu. Kauyen Satabhaya a gundumar Kendrapara na Odisha a Indiya shine "daya daga cikin wadanda suka fi fama da zaizayar gabar teku da ruwa saboda hauhawar matakan teku". Mutanen kauyen sun yi asarar gidajensu saboda tekun da ke mamayewa da kuma filayen noma da suke da shi ta hanyar shigar gishiri, kuma an tilasta musu yin hijira zuwa wani wuri. A Nepal, an ba da rahoton kauyuka da yawa na kaura daga yankunan Sivalik Hills / Chure saboda ƙarancin ruwa. Hakazalika, a gabashin tsaunukan Nepal gidaje 10 a Chainpur, Sankhuwasabha, gidaje 25 a Dharmadevi da kuma gidaje 10 a Panchkhapan an tilasta musu yin kaura saboda rikicin ruwa a yankunansu.
  • Baki masu radadin mahalli kuma aka sani da ƙaurawar tattalin arzikin muhalli : mutanen da suka zabi ficewa don guje wa yiwuwar matsalolin nan gaba. (Misali: wanda ya fita saboda raguwar amfanin amfanin gona da hamada ke haifarwa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar tsakanin shekarar 2014 zuwa 2018 ya nuna cewa wani kaso mai yawa na al'ummar yankin Volta na Afirka, Ganges Brahmaputra Meghna delta a Bangladesh da Indiya, da Mahanadi delta a Indiya sun bayyana dalilan tattalin arziki a matsayin sanadin hijirarsu kuma kashi 2.8 ne kawai. kawo dalilan muhalli. Amma kashi daya bisa uku na gidaje masu kaura sun fahimci kakkarfan fuskantar hadurran muhalli da bangarorin bangarorin da ke da alaka da abubuwan muhalli da Karin rashin tsaro. Wannan yana nuna yadda muhalli ke yin tasiri na kusanci ga kaura. )

Sauran malamai sun ba da shawarar wasu nau'ikan kaura da suka hada da:

  • Masu kauran muhalli masu matsi - jinkirin farawa Irin wannan nau'in kaura yana gudun hijira daga muhallinsu lokacin da aka annabta wani abin da ya faru kafin lokacin da zai zama wajibi ga mazauna su tashi. Irin wadannan abubuwan na iya zama kwararowar hamada ko kuma tsawan lokaci na fari, inda al’ummar yankin ba sa iya kula da noma ko farauta don samar da yanayi mai kyau.
  • Mahimman kaura na muhalli – farawa a hankali Waɗannan bakin haure ne da aka “kaura” ko kuma za a “kaura” daga gidajensu saboda abubuwan muhalli da suka wuce ikonsu.
  • Baki na dan lokaci na muhalli - dan gajeren lokaci, farawa kwatsam - Wannan ya hada da bakin haure masu fama da wani lamari guda daya (watau Hurricane Katrina ). Wannan ba ya zuwa a ce matsayinsu na wucin gadi bai kai na wani ba, a’a yana nufin za su iya komawa inda suka gudu (ko da yake ba a so a yi hakan) idan aka yi la’akari da haka. suna iya sake gina abin da ya karye, kuma su ci gaba da kula da irin rayuwar da ta kasance kafin bala'in yanayi. Irin wannan bakin hauren yana gudun hijira daga jiharsu ta asali lokacin da yanayinsu ya canza cikin sauri. Suna gudun hijira lokacin da bala'i suka faru, kamar tsunami, guguwa, guguwa, da sauran bala'o'i.

Ƙididdigar duniya

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Taswirar da ke nuna inda bala'o'in yanayi ke haifarwa/masu tsanani ta ɗumamar yanayi na iya faruwa, don haka inda za a kirkiri ƴan gudun hijirar muhalli

An yi yunƙuri da dama a cikin shekarun da suka gabata don ƙididdige ƙaura da ƴan gudun hijirar muhalli. An ambaci Jodi Jacobson (1988) a matsayin mai bincike na farko da ya ƙididdige batun, inda ya bayyana cewa an riga an sami 'Yan gudun hijirar muhalli har miliyan 10. Da take zana 'yanayi mafi muni' game da hawan teku, ta yi jayayya cewa kowane nau'i na 'Yan gudun hijirar muhalli' zai ninka sau shida kamar 'yan gudun hijirar siyasa. [5] A shekara ta 1989, Mustafa Tolba, Babban Darakta na UNEP, yana ikirarin cewa 'mutane miliyan 50 za su iya zama 'yan gudun hijirar muhalli' idan duniya ba ta yi aiki don tallafawa ci gaba mai dorewa ba . [7]

A cikin tsakiyar shekaru 1990, masanin muhalli na Birtaniya, Norman Myers, ya zama babban mashawarcin wannan makaranta na 'maximalist' (Suhrke 1993), yana mai lura da cewa "'yan gudun hijirar muhalli za su zama mafi girma na 'yan gudun hijirar ba da gangan ba". Bugu da kari, ya bayyana cewa akwai 'yan gudun hijirar muhalli miliyan 25 a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, yana mai kara da'awar cewa wannan adadi zai iya ninka nan da shekarar 2010, tare da babban iyaka na miliyan 200 nan da 2050 (Myers 1997). [8] Myers ya bayar da hujjar cewa, abubuwan da ke haifar da kaura daga muhallin za su hada da kwararowar hamada, rashin ruwa, gishirin filayen da ake noma ruwa da kuma naƙasar halittu. Ya kuma yi hasashen cewa gudun hijira zai kai 30m a China, 30m a Indiya, 15m a Bangladesh, 14m a Masar, 10m a wasu yankunan delta da yankunan bakin teku, 1m a jahohin tsibirai, kuma tare da mutanen da suka rasa matsugunan noma zai kai miliyan 50 nan da 2050 Kwanan nan, Myers ya ba da shawarar cewa adadin nan da 2050 zai iya kaiwa miliyan 250. [9]

Norman Myers shi ne mai binciken da aka fi ambata a wannan fanni, wanda ya gano cewa 25 masu hijirar muhalli sun wanzu a cikin 1995 a cikin aikinsa (Myers & Kent 1995), wanda ya zana sama da 1000 kafofin. [10] Duk da haka, Vikram Kolmannskog ya bayyana cewa aikin Myers za a iya 'suka don rashin daidaituwa, ba zai yiwu a duba ba kuma ya kasa yin la'akari da dama don daidaitawa' (2008: 9). [11] Bugu da Kari kuma, Myers da kansa ya yarda cewa alkalummansa sun dogara ne akan 'habakar jaruntaka' (Brown 2008: 12). [12] Gabadaya, Black ya yi jayayya cewa akwai 'ƙananan shaidun kimiyya masu ban mamaki' da ke nuna cewa duniya tana 'cika da yan gudun hijirar muhalli' (1998: 23). [13]

Al'umma da al'adu

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Shahararrun al'adu

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Tunanin 'baki na muhalli' ya kasance wani bangare na shahararrun al'adu aqalla tun inabi na fushi wani labari na 1939 na John Steinbeck .

Tattara fina-finan

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  • Eco Migrants: Case of Bhola Island (2013), fim din shirin da Susan Stein ya jagoranta. Starring Katherine Jacobsen, Nancy Schneider, Bogumil Terminski
  • 'Yan gudun hijira na Blue Planet (2006), fim din gaskiya wanda Hélène Choquette & Jean-Philippe Duval suka jagoranta.
  • Fim din gaskiya na kasa tsakanin (2014) wanda David Fedele ya jagoranta.

Definition and concept

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Kalmar nan "mai gudun hijira na muhalli" ta fara fitowa ne daga Lester Brown a shekarar 1976. [14] Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Shige da Fice (IOM) ta ba da ma'anar da ke biyowa ga baƙi na muhalli:muhalli

"Mutanen da ke kula da muhalli mutane ne ko kungiyoyin mutane waɗanda, saboda dalilai masu tilasta wa canje-canje na kwatsam ko ci gaba a cikin muhalli wanda ke shafar rayuwarsu ko yanayin rayuwa, dole ne su bar gidajensu na al'ada, ko kuma su zaɓi yin hakan, ko dai na ɗan lokaci ko na dindindin, kuma waɗanda ke ƙaura ko dai a cikin ƙasarsu ko a ƙasashen waje. "[15]

IN 1985, mai bincike na UNEP (UN Environment Programme) Essam El-Hinnawi ya bayyana 'yan gudun hijirar muhalli kamar haka:

"waɗannan mutanen da aka tilasta su bar mazauninsu na gargajiya, na ɗan lokaci ko na dindindin, saboda lalacewar muhalli (na halitta da / ko wanda mutane suka haifar) wanda ya jefa rayuwarsu cikin haɗari kuma / ko ya shafi ingancin rayuwarsu sosai. Ta hanyar 'rugujewar muhalliya' a cikin wannan ma'anar ana nufin duk wani canji na zahiri, sinadarai, da / ko tushen halittu a cikin yanayin halittu wanda ya sa shi, na ɗan adam ko na d ̄ a. "[sic][16]

Masu ƙaura na yanayi wani ɓangare ne na masu ƙaura na muhalli waɗanda aka tilasta su gudu "saboda sauye-sauye na kwatsam ko sannu a hankali a cikin yanayin halitta da ke da alaƙa da akalla ɗaya daga cikin tasirin sauyin yanayi guda uku: hauhawar matakin teku, abubuwan da suka faru na matsanancin yanayi, da fari da ƙarancin ruwa".

Masu sukar waɗannan ma'anar suna jayayya cewa suna watsi da tsarin da siyasa na ƙaura, kamar gado na mulkin mallaka, manufofin amfani da ƙasa na launin fata, da kuma cire albarkatun da ba daidai ba. Masana a cikin nazarin adalci na muhalli sun jaddada cewa waɗannan abubuwan suna tsara wanda ya zama mai ƙaura, yana mai da ƙaurawar muhalli batun zamantakewa da siyasa kamar yadda yake a cikin muhalli.[17][18]

Iri

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Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Shige da Fice ta ba da shawarar nau'ikan masu ƙaura na muhalli guda uku:

  • Masu ƙaura na gaggawa na muhalli: mutanen da suka gudu na ɗan lokaci saboda bala'in muhalli ko abin da ya faru na muhallar kwatsam. (Misali: wani ya tilasta barin saboda bala'i na halitta)
  • Masu ƙaura da aka tilasta wa muhalli: mutanen da dole ne su bar saboda lalacewar yanayin muhalli. (Misali: wani da aka tilasta masa barin saboda sannu a hankali lalacewar mahallinsu kamar sare daji, lalacewar bakin teku, da dai sauransu. Garin Odisha" id="mwWQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Satabhaya, Odisha">Satabhaya a cikin Gundumar Kendrapara ta Odisha a Indiya shine "ɗaya daga cikin manyan wadanda ke fama da lalacewar tekun da nutsewa saboda hauhawar matakan teku". Mazauna ƙauyen suna rasa gidajensu ga teku mai mamayewa da filayen noma zuwa shigar saline, kuma an tilasta musu ƙaura zuwa wasu wurare.[19] A Nepal, an bayar da rahoton ƙauyuka da yawa a cikin ƙaura mai yawa daga yankunan Sivalik Hills / Chure saboda karancin ruwa.[20] Hakazalika, a gabashin tsaunuka na Nepal an tilasta gidaje 10 a Chainpur, Sankhuwasabha, gidaje 25 a Dharmadevi da gidaje 10 da ke Panchkhapan su yi ƙaura saboda rikicin ruwa a yankunansu.[21]
  • Masu ƙaura masu motsa muhalli waɗanda aka fi sani da masu ƙaura na tattalin arziki: mutanen da suka zaɓi barin don kauce wa matsalolin da za su iya faruwa a nan gaba. (Misali: wani wanda ya bar saboda raguwar amfanin gona wanda ya haifar da hamada. Wani binciken da aka gudanar tsakanin 2014 da 2018 ya nuna cewa yawancin mutanen da ke cikin Delta Delta Delta a Afirka, Ganges Brahmaputra Meghna delta a Bangladesh da Indiya, da Mahanadi delta a Indiya sun nuna dalilai na tattalin arziki a matsayin dalilin ƙaurawarsu kuma kawai 2.8% sun nuna dalilai masu kula da muhalli. Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na iyalai sun fahimci karuwar haɗarin muhalli da yawan mutanen da ke da ke da alaƙa da abubuwan da ba su da ba su dace ba su da rayuwa ba.[22]

Sauran malamai sun ba da shawarar wasu nau'ikan baƙi ciki har da:

  • Matsi na bakin haure na muhalli [23] - jinkirin farawa Wannan nau'in bakin haure yana ƙaura daga mahallinsu lokacin da aka annabta wani abin da ya faru kafin lokacin da zai zama dole ga mazauna su bar. [24] Irin waɗannan abubuwan na iya zama hamada ko fari mai tsawo, inda mutanen yankin ba sa iya kula da noma ko farauta don samar da yanayin rayuwa mai kyau.[25]
  • Masu ƙaura masu mahimmanci na muhalli - farawa a hankali Waɗannan su ne baƙi waɗanda aka kasance ko za a "dakatar da su" daga gidajensu saboda abubuwan muhalli da suka wuce ikon su.[26]
  • Masu ƙaura na muhalli na ɗan lokaci - ɗan gajeren lokaci, farawa kwatsam - Wannan ya haɗa da ƙaura da ke fama da wani abu ɗaya (watau Guguwar Katrina).[4] Irin wannan ƙaura yana ƙaura daga jiharsu ta gida lokacin da mahallinsu ke canzawa cikin sauri kuma abubuwan bala'i suna faruwa, kamar tsunami, guguwa, guguwa ruwa, da sauran bala'o'i. Wadannan bakin haure suna iya komawa wurin da suka tsere daga abin da suka ba su damar sake gina abin da ya rushe, kuma su ci gaba da kula da irin wannan ingancin rayuwa ga wanda ya gabata.

Global statistics

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An yi ƙoƙari da yawa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata don lissafin baƙi da 'yan gudun hijira. A shekara ta 1988, Jodi Jacobson ta zama mai bincike na farko da ya lissafa jimlar adadin baƙi na muhalli, yana mai cewa tuni akwai 'yan gudun hijirar muhalli miliyan 10. Da yake zanawa a kan 'mafi munin yanayi' game da hauhawar matakin teku, ta yi jayayya cewa duk nau'ikan 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Muhalli' za su kasance sau shida kamar 'yan gudun hijira na siyasa. A shekara ta 1989, Mustafa Tolba, Babban Darakta na Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ya ba da shawarar cewa yawan 'yan gudun hijirar muhalli na iya wucewa mutane miliyan 50 idan duniya ba ta fara aiki don Ci gaba mai ɗorewa ba. A tsakiyar shekarun 1990s, masanin muhalli na Burtaniya, Norman Myers, ya zama sanannen mai goyon bayan wannan makarantar 'maxima', yana mai lura da cewa "yan gudun hijirar muhalli nan ba da daɗewa ba za su zama babbar ƙungiyar 'yan gudun hijira ba tare da son rai ba".[27] Ya bayyana cewa akwai 'yan gudun hijirar muhalli miliyan 25 a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, yana ci gaba da da da'awar cewa wannan adadi na iya ninka sau biyu a shekara ta 2010, tare da iyakar sama na miliyan 200 a shekara ta 2050. Myers ya yi jayayya cewa abubuwan da ke haifar da canjin muhalli za su hada da hamada, rashin ruwa, salination na ƙasashe masu ban ruwa da kuma raguwar bambancin halittu. Ya kuma yi la'akari da cewa motsi zai kai 30m a China, 30m a Indiya, 15m a Bangladesh, 14m a Misira, 10m a wasu yankunan delta da yankunan bakin teku, 1m a jihohin tsibirin, kuma tare da in ba haka ba mutanen da suka rasa aikin gona sun kai 50m a shekara ta 2050. Kwanan nan, Myers ya ba da shawarar cewa adadi nan da shekara ta 2050 na iya zama sama da miliyan 250.

Vikram Kolmannskog ya bayyana cewa za a iya 'karyata aikin Myers saboda rashin daidaituwa, ba zai yiwu a bincika ba kuma ya kasa yin la'akari da damar da za a iya daidaitawa'. Myers da kansa ya yarda cewa adadi nasa ya dogara ne akan 'ƙaddamar da jarumi'.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Boano, C., Zetter, R., and Morris, T., (2008). Environmentally Displaced People: Understanding the linkages between environmental change, livelihoods and forced migration Archived 2020-11-12 at the Wayback Machine, Refugee Studies Centre Policy Brief No.1 (RSC: Oxford), pg.4
  2. ↑ unhcr.org page 19
  3. ↑ Hartley, Lindsey. ( 16 February 2012). Treading Water: Climate Change, the Maldives, and De-territorialization Error in Webarchive template: Empty url.. Stimson Centre. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
  4. ↑ Brown, L., Mcgrath, P., and Stokes, B., (1976). twenty two dimensions of the population problem, Worldwatch Paper 5, Washington DC: Worldwatch Institute
  5. 1 2 Jacobson, J.L. (1988). Environmental Refugees: a Yardstick of Habitability Archived 2019-06-09 at the Wayback Machine, Worldwatch paper 86, Worldwatch Institute, Washington DC, page 38
  6. ↑ Global Governance Project. (2012). Forum on Climate Refugees. Retrieved on 5 May 2012.
  7. ↑ Tolba, M. K. (1989). Our biological heritage under siege. Bioscience 39, 725–728, page 25
  8. ↑ Myers, N. (1997). 'Environmental Refugees', Population and Environment 19(2): 167–82
  9. ↑ Christian Aid (2007). ‘Human Tide: The Real Migration Crisis Archived 2019-06-09 at the Wayback Machine’ (CA: London), page 6
  10. ↑ Friends of the Earth, A Citizen's Guide to Climate Refugees, Fact Sheet Four: Predictions of Climate Refugees to 2050
  11. ↑ Kolmannskog, V (2008). Future Floods of Refugees, (Norwegian Refugee Council: Oslo)
  12. ↑ Brown, O (2008). 'Migration and Climate Change', IOM Migration Research Series, paper no.31, www.iom.int
  13. ↑ Black, R. (1998). Refugees, Environment and Development, Harlow: Longman
  14. ↑ Morrissey, James (January 2009). "Environmental Change and Forced Migration" (PDF). Refugee Studies Centre. Retrieved December 10, 2024.
  15. ↑ "Discussion Note: Migration and the Environment" (PDF).
  16. ↑ Bates, Diane C. (2002). "Environmental Refugees? Classifying Human Migrations Caused by Environmental Change". Population and Environment. 23 (5): 465–477. Bibcode:2002PopEn..23..465B. doi:10.1023/A:1015186001919. ISSN 0199-0039. JSTOR 27503806.
  17. ↑ Kaijser, Anna; Kronsell, Annica (2014-05-04). "Climate change through the lens of intersectionality". Environmental Politics. 23 (3): 417–433. Bibcode:2014EnvPo..23..417K. doi:10.1080/09644016.2013.835203. ISSN 0964-4016.
  18. ↑ Mohai, Paul; Pellow, David; Roberts, J. Timmons (2009-11-21). "Environmental Justice". Annual Review of Environment and Resources (in Turanci). 34: 405–430. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-082508-094348. ISSN 1543-5938.
  19. ↑ Dulluri, Anvita (2020-09-14). "Shifting Sands: The Story of Adapting to Rising Sea levels in Odisha". The Bastion (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 2020-11-29.
  20. ↑ "Mass migration as water sources dry up in Chure". kathmandupost.com (in English). Retrieved 2020-12-01.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  21. ↑ "Water scarcity forces 45 households to migrate". kathmandupost.com (in English). Retrieved 2020-12-01.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  22. ↑ W. Neil Invalid |url-status=Hutton (help); Check date values in: |access-date= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  23. ↑ Marshall, Nicole (2015). "Politicizing Environmental Displacement: A Four Category Approach". Refugee Review. 2: 96–112.
  24. ↑ Koubi, Vally; Stoll, Sebastian; Spilker, Gabriele (8 August 2016). "Perceptions of environmental change and migration decisions". Climatic Change (in Turanci). 138 (3–4): 439–451. Bibcode:2016ClCh..138..439K. doi:10.1007/s10584-016-1767-1. ISSN 0165-0009. S2CID 157835999. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  25. ↑ Marshall, Nicole. "Toward Special Mobility Rights for Climate Migrants".
  26. ↑ Marshall, Nicole (2016). "Forced Environmental Migration: Ethical Considerations for Emerging Migration Policy". Ethics, Policy and Environment. 19 (1): 1–18. Bibcode:2016EPolE..19....1M. doi:10.1080/21550085.2016.1173284. S2CID 156253235.
  27. ↑ Myers, Norman (2002). "Environmental refugees: A growing phenomenon of the 21st century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 357 (1420): 609–613. doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.0953. PMC 1692964. PMID 12028796.

Ci gaba da karatu

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  • Bogumil Terminski, Matsugunan da Muhalli ya jawo. Tsarin Ka'idoji da Kalubale na Yanzu, CEDEM, Jami'ar Liège, 2012.
  • 9781849770088

Hanyoyin hadi na waje

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