Masu Hijirar Muhalli

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Masu Hijirar Muhalli
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Masu Hijirar muhalli mutane ne waɗanda aka tilasta wa barin yankunansu saboda sauye-sauye na kwatsam ko na dogon lokaci ga muhallinsu ko yanki. Waɗannan canje-canjen suna yin illa ga jin daɗinsu ko rayuwarsu, kuma sun haɗa da haɓakar fari, kwararowar hamada, hawan teku, da rushewar yanayin yanayi na yanayi (kamar damina).[1] Ko da yake babu wani iri daya bayyana ma'anar ƙaura na muhalli, ra'ayin yana samun kulawa yayin da masu tsara manufofi da masana kimiyyar muhalli da zamantakewa ke ƙoƙarin fahimtar yiwuwar tasirin zamantakewa na sauyin yanayi da sauran lalacewar muhalli, irin wannan saran gandun daji ko wuce gona da iri.

Ana kiran "Mai hijira na muhalli" da " mai hijirar yanayi " (ko "'yan gudun hijirar yanayi") da ɗan musanya tare da kewayon kalmomi iri ɗaya, kamar

Ma'anar da ra'ayi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

akasarin mutanen da ke tserewa matsalolin muhalli suna ƙaura ta ɗan gajeren lokaci, galibi na ɗan lokaci. Bugu da ƙari, ƴan gudun hijirar ba sa barin gidajensu saboda tsoron za a tsananta musu, ko kuma saboda "tashin hankali ko abubuwan da ke damun jama'a sosai." [2] Ko da yake an faɗaɗa ma'anar wane ɗan gudun hijira ne tun farkon ma'anarsa ta ƙasa da ƙasa da doka a cikin 1951 mutanen da aka tilastawa yin hijira saboda sauyin muhalli har yanzu ba a ba su kariya irin ta ƴan gudun hijirar ba. [3]

Kalmar "ƴan gudun hijirar muhalli" Lester Brown ne ya fara gabatar da ita a cikin 1976. [4] Hukumar Kula da Hijira ta Duniya (IOM) ta ba da shawarar ma'anar mai zuwa ga masu ƙaura:

“Masu hijira na muhalli mutane ne ko ƙungiyoyin mutane waɗanda, saboda dalilai masu ƙarfi na canje-canje kwatsam ko ci gaba a muhallin da ke yin illa ga rayuwarsu ko yanayin rayuwa, dole ne su bar gidajensu na yau da kullun, ko zaɓi yin hakan na ɗan lokaci ko na dindindin. kuma waɗanda suke tafiya ko dai a cikin ƙasar su ko kuma ƙasashen waje."

Ƴan ci- rani na yanayi wani yanki ne na baƙin haure na muhalli waɗanda aka tilasta musu yin gudun hijira "saboda sauye-sauye kwatsam ko sannu a hankali a yanayin yanayin da ke da alaka da akalla daya daga cikin tasirin sauyin yanayi guda uku: hawan teku, matsanancin yanayi, da fari da karancin ruwa. ." [5]

Nau'uka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Hukumar kula da ƙaura ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta ba da shawarar nau'ikan ƙauran muhalli iri uku:

  • Baƙi na gaggawa na muhalli : mutanen da ke gudun hijira na ɗan lokaci saboda bala'in muhalli ko yanayin muhalli kwatsam. (Misali: wani da aka tilasta masa barin saboda guguwa, tsunami, girgizar kasa, da sauransu. )
  • Muhalli na tilastawa ƙaura : mutanen da dole ne su tashi saboda taɓarɓarewar yanayin muhalli. (Misali: wani da aka tilasta masa barin saboda sannu a hankali tabarbarewar muhallinsu kamar sare itatuwa, lalacewar gabar teku, da sauransu. Ƙauyen Satabhaya a gundumar Kendrapara na Odisha a Indiya shine "daya daga cikin wadanda suka fi fama da zaizayar gabar teku da ruwa saboda hauhawar matakan teku". Mutanen ƙauyen sun yi asarar gidajensu saboda tekun da ke mamayewa da kuma filayen noma da suke da shi ta hanyar shigar gishiri, kuma an tilasta musu yin hijira zuwa wani wuri. A Nepal, an ba da rahoton ƙauyuka da yawa na ƙaura daga yankunan Sivalik Hills / Chure saboda ƙarancin ruwa. Hakazalika, a gabashin tsaunukan Nepal gidaje 10 a Chainpur, Sankhuwasabha, gidaje 25 a Dharmadevi da kuma gidaje 10 a Panchkhapan an tilasta musu yin ƙaura saboda rikicin ruwa a yankunansu.
  • Baƙi masu raɗaɗin mahalli kuma aka sani da ƙaurawar tattalin arziƙin muhalli : mutanen da suka zaɓi ficewa don guje wa yiwuwar matsalolin nan gaba. (Misali: wanda ya fita saboda raguwar amfanin amfanin gona da hamada ke haifarwa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar tsakanin shekarar 2014 zuwa 2018 ya nuna cewa wani kaso mai yawa na al'ummar yankin Volta na Afirka, Ganges Brahmaputra Meghna delta a Bangladesh da Indiya, da Mahanadi delta a Indiya sun bayyana dalilan tattalin arziki a matsayin sanadin hijirarsu kuma kashi 2.8 ne kawai. kawo dalilan muhalli. Amma kashi ɗaya bisa uku na gidaje masu ƙaura sun fahimci ƙaƙƙarfan fuskantar haɗurran muhalli da ɓangarorin ɓangarorin da ke da alaƙa da abubuwan muhalli da ƙarin rashin tsaro. Wannan yana nuna yadda muhalli ke yin tasiri na kusanci ga ƙaura. )

Sauran malamai sun ba da shawarar wasu nau'ikan ƙaura da suka haɗa da:

  • Masu ƙauran muhalli masu matsi - jinkirin farawa Irin wannan nau'in ƙaura yana gudun hijira daga muhallinsu lokacin da aka annabta wani abin da ya faru kafin lokacin da zai zama wajibi ga mazauna su tashi. Irin waɗannan abubuwan na iya zama kwararowar hamada ko kuma tsawan lokaci na fari, inda al’ummar yankin ba sa iya kula da noma ko farauta don samar da yanayi mai kyau.
  • Mahimman ƙaura na muhalli – farawa a hankali Waɗannan baƙin haure ne da aka “ƙaura” ko kuma za a “ƙaura” daga gidajensu saboda abubuwan muhalli da suka wuce ikonsu.
  • Baƙi na ɗan lokaci na muhalli - ɗan gajeren lokaci, farawa kwatsam - Wannan ya haɗa da baƙin haure masu fama da wani lamari guda ɗaya (watau Hurricane Katrina ). Wannan ba ya zuwa a ce matsayinsu na wucin gadi bai kai na wani ba, a’a yana nufin za su iya komawa inda suka gudu (ko da yake ba a so a yi hakan) idan aka yi la’akari da haka. suna iya sake gina abin da ya karye, kuma su ci gaba da kula da irin rayuwar da ta kasance kafin bala'in yanayi. Irin wannan baƙin hauren yana gudun hijira daga jiharsu ta asali lokacin da yanayinsu ya canza cikin sauri. Suna gudun hijira lokacin da bala'i suka faru, kamar tsunami, guguwa, guguwa, da sauran bala'o'i.

Ƙididdigar duniya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Taswirar da ke nuna inda bala'o'in yanayi ke haifarwa/masu tsanani ta ɗumamar yanayi na iya faruwa, don haka inda za a ƙirƙiri ƴan gudun hijirar muhalli

An yi yunƙuri da dama a cikin shekarun da suka gabata don ƙididdige ƙaura da ƴan gudun hijirar muhalli. An ambaci Jodi Jacobson (1988) a matsayin mai bincike na farko da ya ƙididdige batun, inda ya bayyana cewa an riga an sami 'Yan gudun hijirar muhalli har miliyan 10. Da take zana 'yanayi mafi muni' game da hawan teku, ta yi jayayya cewa kowane nau'i na 'Yan gudun hijirar muhalli' zai ninka sau shida kamar 'yan gudun hijirar siyasa. [6] A shekara ta 1989, Mustafa Tolba, Babban Darakta na UNEP, yana iƙirarin cewa 'mutane miliyan 50 za su iya zama 'yan gudun hijirar muhalli' idan duniya ba ta yi aiki don tallafawa ci gaba mai dorewa ba . [7]

A cikin tsakiyar shekaru 1990, masanin muhalli na Birtaniya, Norman Myers, ya zama babban mashawarcin wannan makaranta na 'maximalist' (Suhrke 1993), yana mai lura da cewa "'yan gudun hijirar muhalli za su zama mafi girma na 'yan gudun hijirar ba da gangan ba". Bugu da kari, ya bayyana cewa akwai 'yan gudun hijirar muhalli miliyan 25 a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, yana mai kara da'awar cewa wannan adadi zai iya ninka nan da shekarar 2010, tare da babban iyaka na miliyan 200 nan da 2050 (Myers 1997). [8] Myers ya bayar da hujjar cewa, abubuwan da ke haifar da kaura daga muhallin za su hada da kwararowar hamada, rashin ruwa, gishirin filayen da ake noma ruwa da kuma naƙasar halittu. Ya kuma yi hasashen cewa gudun hijira zai kai 30m a China, 30m a Indiya, 15m a Bangladesh, 14m a Masar, 10m a wasu yankunan delta da yankunan bakin teku, 1m a jahohin tsibirai, kuma tare da mutanen da suka rasa matsugunan noma zai kai miliyan 50 nan da 2050 Kwanan nan, Myers ya ba da shawarar cewa adadin nan da 2050 zai iya kaiwa miliyan 250. [9]

Norman Myers shi ne mai binciken da aka fi ambata a wannan fanni, wanda ya gano cewa 25 masu hijirar muhalli sun wanzu a cikin 1995 a cikin aikinsa (Myers & Kent 1995), wanda ya zana sama da 1000 kafofin. [10] Duk da haka, Vikram Kolmannskog ya bayyana cewa aikin Myers za a iya 'suka don rashin daidaituwa, ba zai yiwu a duba ba kuma ya kasa yin la'akari da dama don daidaitawa' (2008: 9). [11] Bugu da ƙari kuma, Myers da kansa ya yarda cewa alkalummansa sun dogara ne akan 'haɓakar jaruntaka' (Brown 2008: 12). [12] Gabaɗaya, Black ya yi jayayya cewa akwai 'ƙananan shaidun kimiyya masu ban mamaki' da ke nuna cewa duniya tana 'cika da ƴan gudun hijirar muhalli' (1998: 23). [13]

Al'umma da al'adu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shahararrun al'adu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tunanin 'baƙi na muhalli' ya kasance wani ɓangare na shahararrun al'adu aƙalla tun inabi na fushi wani labari na 1939 na John Steinbeck .

Tattara fina-finan[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  • Eco Migrants: Case of Bhola Island (2013), fim ɗin shirin da Susan Stein ya jagoranta. Starring Katherine Jacobsen, Nancy Schneider, Bogumil Terminski
  • 'Yan gudun hijira na Blue Planet (2006), fim ɗin gaskiya wanda Hélène Choquette & Jean-Philippe Duval suka jagoranta.
  • Fim ɗin gaskiya na ƙasa tsakanin (2014) wanda David Fedele ya jagoranta.

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ Boano, C., Zetter, R., and Morris, T., (2008). Environmentally Displaced People: Understanding the linkages between environmental change, livelihoods and forced migration Archived 2020-11-12 at the Wayback Machine, Refugee Studies Centre Policy Brief No.1 (RSC: Oxford), pg.4
  2. ↑ unhcr.org page 19
  3. ↑ Hartley, Lindsey. ( 16 February 2012). Treading Water: Climate Change, the Maldives, and De-territorialization Error in Webarchive template: Empty url.. Stimson Centre. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
  4. ↑ Brown, L., Mcgrath, P., and Stokes, B., (1976). twenty two dimensions of the population problem, Worldwatch Paper 5, Washington DC: Worldwatch Institute
  5. ↑ Global Governance Project. (2012). Forum on Climate Refugees. Retrieved on 5 May 2012.
  6. ↑ Jacobson, J.L. (1988). Environmental Refugees: a Yardstick of Habitability Archived 2019-06-09 at the Wayback Machine, Worldwatch paper 86, Worldwatch Institute, Washington DC, page 38
  7. ↑ Tolba, M. K. (1989). Our biological heritage under siege. Bioscience 39, 725–728, page 25
  8. ↑ Myers, N. (1997). 'Environmental Refugees', Population and Environment 19(2): 167–82
  9. ↑ Christian Aid (2007). ‘Human Tide: The Real Migration Crisis Archived 2019-06-09 at the Wayback Machine’ (CA: London), page 6
  10. ↑ Friends of the Earth, A Citizen's Guide to Climate Refugees, Fact Sheet Four: Predictions of Climate Refugees to 2050
  11. ↑ Kolmannskog, V (2008). Future Floods of Refugees, (Norwegian Refugee Council: Oslo)
  12. ↑ Brown, O (2008). 'Migration and Climate Change', IOM Migration Research Series, paper no.31, www.iom.int
  13. ↑ Black, R. (1998). Refugees, Environment and Development, Harlow: Longman

Ci gaba da karatu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  • Bogumil Terminski, Matsugunan da Muhalli ya jawo. Tsarin Ka'idoji da Kalubale na Yanzu, CEDEM, Jami'ar Liège, 2012.
  • 9781849770088

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

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