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Masu Hijirar Muhalli

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Masu Hijirar Muhalli
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na migrant (en) Fassara
Has cause (en) Fassara canjin yanayi
Andrew Mitchell ya tattauna da ƴan gudun hijira daga ƙasar Somaliya, a sansanin Dadaab dake arewacin Kenya, 16 ga Yuli, 2011
Matsuguni a Kenya ga wadanda fari na Kahon Afirka na shekara ta 2011 ya raba da muhallansu.
Yan gudun hijira a yankin afrika
Wasu mutane a yankin afrika

Masu Hijirar muhalli mutane ne wadanda aka tilasta wa barin yankunansu saboda sauye-sauye na kwatsam ko na dogon lokaci ga muhallinsu ko yanki. Wadannan canje-canjen suna yin illa ga jindadinsu ko rayuwarsu, kuma sun hada da habakar fari, kwararowar hamada, hawan teku, da rushewar yanayin (kamar damina).[1] Ko da yake babu wani iri daya bayyana ma'anar kaura na muhalli, ra'ayin yana samun kulawa yayin da masu tsara manufofi da masana kimiyyar muhalli da zamantakewa ke kokarin fahimtar yiwuwar tasirin zamantakewa na sauyin yanayi da sauran lalacewar muhalli, irin wannan saran gandun daji ko wuce gona da iri.

Ana kiran "Mai hijira na muhalli" da " mai hijirar yanayi " (ko ‘yan gudun hijirar yanayi") da dan musanya tare da kewayon kalmomi iri daya, kamar

Ma'anar da ra'ayi

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Wani ahali a halin gudun hijira

Akasarin mutanen da ke tserewa matsalolin muhalli suna kaura ta dan gajeren lokaci, galibi na dan lokaci. Bugu da Kari, Yan gudun hijirar ba sa barin gidajensu saboda tsoron za'a tsananta musu, ko kuma saboda "tashin hankali ko abubuwan da ke damun jama'a sosai." [2] Ko da yake an fadada ma'anar wane dan gudun hijira ne tun farkon ma'anarsa ta kasa da kasa da doka a cikin 1951 mutanen da aka tilastawa yin hijira saboda sauyin muhalli har yanzu ba a ba su kariya irin ta yan gudun hijirar ba. [3]

Kalmar "Yan gudun hijirar muhalli" Lester Brown ne ya fara gabatar da ita a cikin 1976. [4] Hukumar Kula da Hijira ta Duniya (IOM) ta ba da shawarar ma'anar mai zuwa ga masu kaura:

“Masu hijira na muhalli mutane ne ko kungiyoyin mutane wadanda, saboda dalilai masu karfi na canje-canje kwatsam ko ci gaba a muhallin da ke yin illa ga rayuwarsu ko yanayin rayuwa, dole ne su bar gidajensu na yau da kullun, ko zabi yin hakan na dan lokaci ko na dindindin. kuma wadanda suke tafiya ko dai a cikin kasar su ko kuma kasashen waje."

Yan ci- rani na yanayi wani yanki ne na babin haure na muhalli wadanda aka tilasta musu yin gudun hijira "saboda sauye-sauye kwatsam ko sannu a hankali a yanayin yanayin da ke da alaka da akalla daya daga cikin tasirin sauyin yanayi guda uku: hawan teku, matsanancin yanayi, da fari da karancin ruwa. ." [5]

Nau'uka

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Hukumar kula da kaura ta kasa da kasa ta ba da shawarar nau'ikan kaura muhalli iri uku:

  • Baki na gaggawa na muhalli : mutanen da ke gudun hijira na dan lokaci saboda bala'in muhalli ko yanayin muhalli kwatsam. (Misali: wani da aka tilasta masa barin saboda guguwa, tsunami, girgizar kasa, da sauransu. )
  • Muhalli na tilastawa kaura : mutanen da dole ne su tashi saboda tabarbarewar yanayin muhalli. (Misali: wani da aka tilasta masa barin saboda sannu a hankali tabarbarewar muhallinsu kamar sare itatuwa, lalacewar gabar teku, da sauransu. Kauyen Satabhaya a gundumar Kendrapara na Odisha a Indiya shine "daya daga cikin wadanda suka fi fama da zaizayar gabar teku da ruwa saboda hauhawar matakan teku". Mutanen kauyen sun yi asarar gidajensu saboda tekun da ke mamayewa da kuma filayen noma da suke da shi ta hanyar shigar gishiri, kuma an tilasta musu yin hijira zuwa wani wuri. A Nepal, an ba da rahoton kauyuka da yawa na kaura daga yankunan Sivalik Hills / Chure saboda ƙarancin ruwa. Hakazalika, a gabashin tsaunukan Nepal gidaje 10 a Chainpur, Sankhuwasabha, gidaje 25 a Dharmadevi da kuma gidaje 10 a Panchkhapan an tilasta musu yin kaura saboda rikicin ruwa a yankunansu.
  • Baki masu radadin mahalli kuma aka sani da ƙaurawar tattalin arzikin muhalli : mutanen da suka zabi ficewa don guje wa yiwuwar matsalolin nan gaba. (Misali: wanda ya fita saboda raguwar amfanin amfanin gona da hamada ke haifarwa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar tsakanin shekarar 2014 zuwa 2018 ya nuna cewa wani kaso mai yawa na al'ummar yankin Volta na Afirka, Ganges Brahmaputra Meghna delta a Bangladesh da Indiya, da Mahanadi delta a Indiya sun bayyana dalilan tattalin arziki a matsayin sanadin hijirarsu kuma kashi 2.8 ne kawai. kawo dalilan muhalli. Amma kashi daya bisa uku na gidaje masu kaura sun fahimci kakkarfan fuskantar hadurran muhalli da bangarorin bangarorin da ke da alaka da abubuwan muhalli da Karin rashin tsaro. Wannan yana nuna yadda muhalli ke yin tasiri na kusanci ga kaura. )

Sauran malamai sun ba da shawarar wasu nau'ikan kaura da suka hada da:

  • Masu kauran muhalli masu matsi - jinkirin farawa Irin wannan nau'in kaura yana gudun hijira daga muhallinsu lokacin da aka annabta wani abin da ya faru kafin lokacin da zai zama wajibi ga mazauna su tashi. Irin wadannan abubuwan na iya zama kwararowar hamada ko kuma tsawan lokaci na fari, inda al’ummar yankin ba sa iya kula da noma ko farauta don samar da yanayi mai kyau.
  • Mahimman kaura na muhalli – farawa a hankali Waɗannan bakin haure ne da aka “kaura” ko kuma za a “kaura” daga gidajensu saboda abubuwan muhalli da suka wuce ikonsu.
  • Baki na dan lokaci na muhalli - dan gajeren lokaci, farawa kwatsam - Wannan ya hada da bakin haure masu fama da wani lamari guda daya (watau Hurricane Katrina ). Wannan ba ya zuwa a ce matsayinsu na wucin gadi bai kai na wani ba, a’a yana nufin za su iya komawa inda suka gudu (ko da yake ba a so a yi hakan) idan aka yi la’akari da haka. suna iya sake gina abin da ya karye, kuma su ci gaba da kula da irin rayuwar da ta kasance kafin bala'in yanayi. Irin wannan bakin hauren yana gudun hijira daga jiharsu ta asali lokacin da yanayinsu ya canza cikin sauri. Suna gudun hijira lokacin da bala'i suka faru, kamar tsunami, guguwa, guguwa, da sauran bala'o'i.

Ƙididdigar duniya

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Taswirar da ke nuna inda bala'o'in yanayi ke haifarwa/masu tsanani ta ɗumamar yanayi na iya faruwa, don haka inda za a kirkiri ƴan gudun hijirar muhalli

An yi yunƙuri da dama a cikin shekarun da suka gabata don ƙididdige ƙaura da ƴan gudun hijirar muhalli. An ambaci Jodi Jacobson (1988) a matsayin mai bincike na farko da ya ƙididdige batun, inda ya bayyana cewa an riga an sami 'Yan gudun hijirar muhalli har miliyan 10. Da take zana 'yanayi mafi muni' game da hawan teku, ta yi jayayya cewa kowane nau'i na 'Yan gudun hijirar muhalli' zai ninka sau shida kamar 'yan gudun hijirar siyasa. [6] A shekara ta 1989, Mustafa Tolba, Babban Darakta na UNEP, yana ikirarin cewa 'mutane miliyan 50 za su iya zama 'yan gudun hijirar muhalli' idan duniya ba ta yi aiki don tallafawa ci gaba mai dorewa ba . [7]

A cikin tsakiyar shekaru 1990, masanin muhalli na Birtaniya, Norman Myers, ya zama babban mashawarcin wannan makaranta na 'maximalist' (Suhrke 1993), yana mai lura da cewa "'yan gudun hijirar muhalli za su zama mafi girma na 'yan gudun hijirar ba da gangan ba". Bugu da kari, ya bayyana cewa akwai 'yan gudun hijirar muhalli miliyan 25 a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, yana mai kara da'awar cewa wannan adadi zai iya ninka nan da shekarar 2010, tare da babban iyaka na miliyan 200 nan da 2050 (Myers 1997). [8] Myers ya bayar da hujjar cewa, abubuwan da ke haifar da kaura daga muhallin za su hada da kwararowar hamada, rashin ruwa, gishirin filayen da ake noma ruwa da kuma naƙasar halittu. Ya kuma yi hasashen cewa gudun hijira zai kai 30m a China, 30m a Indiya, 15m a Bangladesh, 14m a Masar, 10m a wasu yankunan delta da yankunan bakin teku, 1m a jahohin tsibirai, kuma tare da mutanen da suka rasa matsugunan noma zai kai miliyan 50 nan da 2050 Kwanan nan, Myers ya ba da shawarar cewa adadin nan da 2050 zai iya kaiwa miliyan 250. [9]

Norman Myers shi ne mai binciken da aka fi ambata a wannan fanni, wanda ya gano cewa 25 masu hijirar muhalli sun wanzu a cikin 1995 a cikin aikinsa (Myers & Kent 1995), wanda ya zana sama da 1000 kafofin. [10] Duk da haka, Vikram Kolmannskog ya bayyana cewa aikin Myers za a iya 'suka don rashin daidaituwa, ba zai yiwu a duba ba kuma ya kasa yin la'akari da dama don daidaitawa' (2008: 9). [11] Bugu da Kari kuma, Myers da kansa ya yarda cewa alkalummansa sun dogara ne akan 'habakar jaruntaka' (Brown 2008: 12). [12] Gabadaya, Black ya yi jayayya cewa akwai 'ƙananan shaidun kimiyya masu ban mamaki' da ke nuna cewa duniya tana 'cika da yan gudun hijirar muhalli' (1998: 23). [13]

Al'umma da al'adu

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Shahararrun al'adu

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Tunanin 'baki na muhalli' ya kasance wani bangare na shahararrun al'adu aqalla tun inabi na fushi wani labari na 1939 na John Steinbeck .

Tattara fina-finan

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  • Eco Migrants: Case of Bhola Island (2013), fim din shirin da Susan Stein ya jagoranta. Starring Katherine Jacobsen, Nancy Schneider, Bogumil Terminski
  • 'Yan gudun hijira na Blue Planet (2006), fim din gaskiya wanda Hélène Choquette & Jean-Philippe Duval suka jagoranta.
  • Fim din gaskiya na kasa tsakanin (2014) wanda David Fedele ya jagoranta.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Boano, C., Zetter, R., and Morris, T., (2008). Environmentally Displaced People: Understanding the linkages between environmental change, livelihoods and forced migration Archived 2020-11-12 at the Wayback Machine, Refugee Studies Centre Policy Brief No.1 (RSC: Oxford), pg.4
  2. ↑ unhcr.org page 19
  3. ↑ Hartley, Lindsey. ( 16 February 2012). Treading Water: Climate Change, the Maldives, and De-territorialization Error in Webarchive template: Empty url.. Stimson Centre. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
  4. ↑ Brown, L., Mcgrath, P., and Stokes, B., (1976). twenty two dimensions of the population problem, Worldwatch Paper 5, Washington DC: Worldwatch Institute
  5. ↑ Global Governance Project. (2012). Forum on Climate Refugees. Retrieved on 5 May 2012.
  6. ↑ Jacobson, J.L. (1988). Environmental Refugees: a Yardstick of Habitability Archived 2019-06-09 at the Wayback Machine, Worldwatch paper 86, Worldwatch Institute, Washington DC, page 38
  7. ↑ Tolba, M. K. (1989). Our biological heritage under siege. Bioscience 39, 725–728, page 25
  8. ↑ Myers, N. (1997). 'Environmental Refugees', Population and Environment 19(2): 167–82
  9. ↑ Christian Aid (2007). ‘Human Tide: The Real Migration Crisis Archived 2019-06-09 at the Wayback Machine’ (CA: London), page 6
  10. ↑ Friends of the Earth, A Citizen's Guide to Climate Refugees, Fact Sheet Four: Predictions of Climate Refugees to 2050
  11. ↑ Kolmannskog, V (2008). Future Floods of Refugees, (Norwegian Refugee Council: Oslo)
  12. ↑ Brown, O (2008). 'Migration and Climate Change', IOM Migration Research Series, paper no.31, www.iom.int
  13. ↑ Black, R. (1998). Refugees, Environment and Development, Harlow: Longman

Ci gaba da karatu

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  • Bogumil Terminski, Matsugunan da Muhalli ya jawo. Tsarin Ka'idoji da Kalubale na Yanzu, CEDEM, Jami'ar Liège, 2012.
  • 9781849770088

Hanyoyin hadi na waje

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