Mutanen Punic
| Yankuna masu yawan jama'a | |
|---|---|
| Tsohon Carthage |
Mutanen Punic, yawanci ana kiransu Carthaginians (kuma wani lokacin a matsayin Yammacin Phoenicia), mutanen Semitic ne waɗanda suka yi ƙaura daga Phoenicia zuwa Yammacin Bahar Rum a lokacin Farkon Iron Age . A cikin ilimin zamani, kalmar Punic, daidai da kalmar Helenanci na kalmar Phoenician, ana amfani da ita ne kawai don komawa ga Phoenicians a yammacin Bahar Rum, bin layin Gabashin Girka da Latin Yamma. Mafi girman mazaunin Punic shine Tsohon Carthage, amma akwai wasu mazauna 300 a bakin tekun Arewacin Afirka daga Leptis Magna a Libya ta zamani zuwa Mogador a kudancin Morocco, da yammacin Sicily, kudancin Sardinia, kudancin da gabashin gabar Iberian Peninsula, Malta, da Ibiza. Harshensu, Punic, iri-iri ne na Phoenician, ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Arewa maso Yammacin Semitic da suka samo asali a Levant.
Tushen wallafe-wallafen sun ba da rahoton lokatai biyu na mazauna Taya a yamma, na farko a karni na 12 BC (biranen Utica, Lixus, da Gadir) wanda ba a tabbatar da shi ta hanyar ilimin kimiyyar archaeology ba, kuma na biyu a ƙarshen karni na 9 BC, wanda aka rubuta a rubuce-rubuce a rubuce a cikin gabas da yammacin Afirka, wanda ya ƙare a cikin tushe na yankuna a arewa maso yammacin Afirka (biranen Auza, Carthage, da Kition a kudancin tsibirin Cyprus) [1] kuma sun zama wani ɓangare na cibiyoyin kasuwanci da ke da ke da alaƙa da ke da Tyre, Berytus, Ekron. Kodayake an riƙe alaƙa da Phoenicia a duk tarihin su, sun kuma haɓaka alaƙar kasuwanci ta kusa da sauran mutanen yammacin Bahar Rum, kamar Sicilians, Sardinians, Berbers, Helenawa, da Iberians, kuma sun haɓaka wasu halaye na al'adu daban da na ƙasarsu ta Phoenicia. Wasu daga cikin wadannan sun kasance sun raba ta duk mutanen yammacin Phoenicians, yayin da wasu aka ƙuntata ga yankuna daban-daban a cikin yankin Punic.
An shirya mutanen Finikiya na yamma a cikin manyan birane masu cin gashin kansu. Carthage ta girma ta zama mafi girma kuma mafi iko daga cikin wadannan biranen a karni na 5 BC kuma ta sami iko sosai a kan Punic Sicily da Sardinia a karni na 4 BC, amma al'ummomin Iberia sun kasance a waje da ikonsu har zuwa rabi na biyu na karni na 3 BC. A lokacin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Punic (264-146 BC), Romawa sun kalubalanci ikon Carthaginian a yammacin Bahar Rum, wanda ya kai ga halakar Carthage a 146 BC, amma harshen Punic da al'adun Punic sun jimre a ƙarƙashin mulkin Romawa, sun tsira a wasu wurare har zuwa Ƙarshen zamanin d ̄ a.
Kalmomin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ana amfani da adjective na Turanci "Punic" a cikin rubuce-rubucen ilimi na zamani don komawa ga mutanen yammacin Phoenicians. An yi amfani da sunayen da suka dace "Punics" da "Punes" a cikin karni na 16, amma sun zama tsofaffi kuma babu sunan da ya dace a cikin amfani da yanzu. "Punic" ya samo asali ne daga Latin poenus da punicus, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su galibi don komawa ga Carthaginians da sauran mutanen yammacin Phoenicians. Wadannan kalmomin sun samo asali ne daga kalmar Tsohon Girkanci, "Phoinix", nau'in jam'i, ""Phoinikes"", wanda aka yi amfani da shi ba tare da nuna bambanci ba don komawa ga mutanen yamma da gabashin Phoenicians. Latin daga baya ya aro kalmar Helenanci a karo na biyu a matsayin "Phoenix", nau'in jam'i "Phoenices", kuma an yi amfani da shi ba tare da nuna bambanci ba.[2]
Addini
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Addinin Punic ya kasance ci gaba kai tsaye na iri-iri na Phoenician na addinin gargajiya na Kan'ana. A Carthage, manyan alloli sune Ba'al Hammon (wanda ake zaton "Ubangiji na BRa") da matarsa Tanit, amma an tabbatar da wasu alloli, kamar Eshmun, Melqart, [3] Ashtart, Reshef, Sakon, da Shamash. [4] Har ila yau, Carthaginians sun karbi alloli na Girka Demeter da Kore a cikin 396 BC, da kuma alloli na Masar Bes, Bastet, Isis, Osiris, da Ra.[5][6][5] Cibiyoyin Punic daban-daban suna da nasu pantheons daban-daban; a cikin Punic Sardinia, alal misali, Sid ko Sid Babi (wanda aka sani da Romawa a matsayin Sardus Pater kuma a bayyane yake allahn asali) sun karɓi bauta a matsayin ɗan Melqart kuma an haɗa shi musamman da tsibirin.[7]
Shahararrun mutanen Punic
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Hannibal, Janar na Carthage
- Hanno mai ba da hanya, mai ba da ruwa da kuma mai bincike na Carthage
- Hamilcar Barca, Janar na Carthage, mahaifin Hannibal
- Hasdrubal Barca, admiral na Carthaginian, ɗan'uwan Hannibal
- Hampsicora, ɗan tawaye na Sardinia
- Hasdrubal the Boetharch, babban shugaban Carthaginian a lokacin Yaƙin Punic na Uku
- Mai sihiri, marubucin aikin gona
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Tarihin Tunisia
- Kudin Carthage
- Poenulus ("The Puny Punic") - wasan kwaikwayo na Plautus, yana nuna hangen nesa da Romawa ke da shi game da Carthaginians. Lines da yawa suna cikin harshen Punic.
- Punica - nau'in grenades, wanda aka sani da Romawa da mala punica ("Punic apple")
- Littattafan Phoenician-Punic
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Prag, Jonathan R.W. (2006). "Poenus plane est – but who were the Punickes?". Papers of the British School at Rome. 74: 1–37. doi:10.1017/S0068246200003214. S2CID 162396151.
- ↑ Clifford, Richard J. (1990). "Phoenician religion". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 279 (279): 62. doi:10.2307/1357208. JSTOR 1357208. S2CID 222426941.
- ↑ (Brian R. ed.). Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ 5.0 5.1 Hoyos 2021.
- ↑ Fantar 2001.
- ↑ Miles 2010.