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Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI

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Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI
Asali
Lokacin bugawa 1984
Asalin harshe Indonesian (en) Fassara
Ƙasar asali Indonesiya
Characteristics
Genre (en) Fassara docudrama (en) Fassara da propaganda film (en) Fassara
Filming location Indonesiya
Direction and screenplay
Darekta Arifin C. Noer (en) Fassara
Marubin wasannin kwaykwayo Nugroho Notosusanto (en) Fassara
Arifin C. Noer (en) Fassara
'yan wasa
Umar Kayam (en) Fassara
Bram Adrianto (en) Fassara
Ade Irawan (mul) Fassara
Amoroso Katamsi (en) Fassara
Kies Slamet (en) Fassara
Sofia W.D. (en) Fassara
Wawan Wanisar (en) Fassara
Samar
Mai tsarawa Gufran Dwipayana (en) Fassara
Kintato
Narrative location (en) Fassara Indonesiya
External links

Ba da daɗewa ba aka kira Suharto zuwa fadar sakandare a Bogor don yin magana da Sukarno. A can, shugaban ya ce ya samu tabbaci daga Air Marshal Omar Dani cewa rundunar sojin ba ta da hannu. Suharto ya karyata wannan magana, inda ya lura cewa makaman kungiyar tamkar na Sojojin Sama ne. Taron ƙarshe ya haifar da tabbatar da Suharto a matsayin jagoran Sojojin, suna aiki tare tare da Pranoto Reksosamodra . A binciken su na abubuwan da suka faru, Sojojin sun gano sansanin a Lubang Buaya - ciki har da gawarwakin janar -janar, wadanda aka kwato yayin da Suharto ke gabatar da jawabi yana kuma bayanin juyin mulkin da rawar da PKI ke takawa a ciki. An kuma shiga tsakanin janar -janar a wani wuri kuma Suharto ya gabatar da yanayin jin daɗi inda ya la'anci G30S da PKI tare da roƙon mutanen Indonesia da su ci gaba da gwagwarmayar janar -janar.

Production

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI ne Arifin C. Noer, darektan lashe lambar yabo ta Citra wanda ya kware a wasan kwaikwayo. Yana da gogewa da ta gabata a cikin salo, bayan ya yi fim ɗin yaƙi Serangan Fajar ( Dawn Attack ; 1981) wanda ya jaddada matsayin Suharto a Juyin Juya Halin Kasa . [1] Noer aka sanya wa aiki a kan fim da mallakar gwamnati National Film Production Company Perum Produksi Film Negara , ko PPFN), wanda kuma ke kula da matakin sarrafawa akan samarwa. Farfesoshi na al'adun Indonesiya Krishna Sen da David T. Hill sun ba da shawarar cewa ƙirar ƙirar Noer ba ta da yawa. Maimakon haka, "ga dukkan alamu" fim ɗin aikin furodusa ne, Birgediya-Janar Gufran Dwipayana, sannan shugaban PPFN kuma memba na ma'aikatan shugaban ƙasa. [2] Koyaya, matar Noer Jajang C. Noer ta nace cewa ya kasance mai zaman kansa yayin yin fim. [3]

Arifin C. Noer ne ya shirya fim din.

Fim ɗin don Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI ya samo asali ne daga littafin na shekara ta 1968 na tarihin soja Nugroho Notosusanto da mai bincike Ismail Saleh mai taken Ƙoƙarin Juyin Juya Hali na 30 Satumba a Indonesia . Littafin, wanda aka yi niyyar sabawa ra'ayoyin kasashen waje game da juyin mulkin, yayi cikakken bayani game da Harkar 30 ga Satumba kamar yadda gwamnati ta kalle ta. [4] Notosusanto ne kawai, mafi girman matsayi na marubutan guda biyu, an ba shi lambar yabo saboda gudummawar da ya bayar. [5] A daidaita littafin Noer ya karanta yawancin littattafan da ke akwai (gami da takardun kotu) kuma ya yi hira da shaidu da yawa; [6] Jajang, a cikin hirar 1998, ta ce mijinta ba kawai ya karanta sigar gwamnati ba, har ma da takaddar Cornell Paper mai rikitarwa, wanda ya nuna juyin mulkin a matsayin gaba ɗaya Sojan cikin gida ne. [3] A lokacin yin fim ma'aikatan sun jaddada hakikanin gaskiya, "suna mai da hankali sosai ga daki -daki" da amfani da ainihin gidajen janar -janar. [7]

Saboda yawan mukamai - ciki har da wasu 100 bit sassa da kuma fiye da 10,000 extras [8] - jifa don Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI yana da wahala. [9] Noer yayi ƙoƙari ya jefa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda suka yi kama da adadi na tarihi da aka nuna; Rano Karno daga baya ya tuna cewa an ƙi shi saboda rawar da Pierre Tendean ya taka yayin da na ƙarshen ba shi da tawul a fuskarsa. [10] Daga ƙarshe fim ɗin ya fito da Bram Adrianto a matsayin Untung, Amoroso Katamsi a matsayin Suharto, Umar Kayam a matsayin Sukarno, da Syubah Asa a matsayin Aidit; sauran jaruman sun hada da Ade Irawan, Sofia WD, Dani Marsuni, da Charlie Sahetapy. [11] Kayam, sannan malami a Jami'ar Gadjah Mada da ke Yogyakarta, bai sami lokacin da zai bincika hanyoyin Sukarno daga littattafansa da jawabansa ba; a maimakon haka, ya kwatanta shugaban bisa shaidar da aka samu daga ma’aikatan fadar Bogor. Katamsi, a gefe guda, ya yi nazarin rawar Suharto daga littattafai kuma, lokacin da aka fara yin fim, yana jin kamar " Pak Harto ne, ba kwaikwayon Pak Harto ba." [lower-alpha 1] [12] Sanusi, a halin yanzu, ya ɗauki nasa aikin a matsayin abin ƙima. [12]

Samar da Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da Sejarah Orde Baru ( Tarihin Sabuwar Umarni ) ya ɗauki kusan shekaru biyu, yana ciyar da watanni huɗu kafin samarwa da shekara ɗaya da rabi a yin fim. [3] Kudinsa Rp . 800 miliyan, [lower-alpha 2] [13] samun kuɗi daga gwamnati. [14] Hasan Basri ne ya sarrafa sinima, tare da kidan ɗan uwan Arifin Embie C. Noer. Supandi ne ya yi gyara. [15] Sassan fim ɗin, musamman mintuna goma na ƙarshe, sun sake amfani da hotunan tarihin da guntun jaridu masu dacewa da abubuwan da suka faru. [16]

Jigogi

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Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI yana kwatanta PKI da kwaminisanci a matsayin mugunta ta asali, tare da mabiyansa "bayan fansa", [17] yayin da ake ganin jagorancin G30S a matsayin masu wayo da rashin tausayi, suna kulla makirci "kowane motsi zuwa daki -daki na ƙarshe". [18] Masanin tarihin Katherine McGregor ya ga wannan an jaddada shi a cikin hoton fim ɗin na jagorancin G30S a matsayin ƙungiya, suna zaune a cikin tarurrukan sirri a cikin girgijen hayaƙin sigari. Ta yi la’akari da wurin buɗe ido, inda PKI ke kai hari a makarantar Islamiyya, kamar yadda kuma ake nufin nuna “mugun hali” na kwaminisanci. [7]

An kuma kwatanta PKI da jin daɗin tashin hankali, tare da fim ɗin da ke ɗauke da "mata masu ƙyamar ido da gaɓoɓi, gawarwaki". [19] An yi garkuwa da janar -janar, kuma a lokuta da dama an kashe su, a gaban danginsu; daga baya ana azabtar da janar -janar da aka kama yayin da 'yan gurguzu ke rawa a kusa da wuta. [7] Masanin ilimin zamantakewar al'umma Adrian Vickers ya ba da shawarar cewa tashin hankalin fim ɗin an yi shi ne don nuna "maƙiyan jihar a waje da duniyar ɗan adam", kama da dodanni a cikin fina -finan ban tsoro. [lower-alpha 3] [20] Yoseph Yapi Taum na Jami'ar Sanata Dharma ya lura cewa an nuna membobin ƙungiyar mata ta hagu Gerwani a matsayin wani ɓangare na "Kwaminisanci" mahaukaci, suna rawa cikin tsirara tare da yanke azzakarin Janar. [21] Duk da haka, Vickers yana ɗaukar waɗannan hotunan a matsayin masu shubuha, yana ba da shawarar cewa an ba da izinin Sabuwar Gwamnatin don taɓarɓarewar tashin hankali. [20] McGregor ya ba da shawarar cewa tashin hankali a cikin gidajen kwanciyar hankali sau ɗaya yana nuna '' lalata '' dangi ". [7] Sen ya lura tashin hankali ya karyata "wakilcin hargitsi kafin oda" wanda ya zama ruwan dare a fina -finan New Order. [7]

Saki

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Kafin fitowar ta kasuwanci, Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI an riga an tantance shi ga manyan hafsoshin soji da suka shiga tsaida juyin mulkin, ciki har da Suharto da Sarwo Edhie Wibowo . [7] An fito da fim ɗin a cikin 1984, fim ɗin farko da aka fito da shi na kasuwanci don magance abubuwan da suka faru a shekara ta 1965. [lower-alpha 4] [22] Mutane 699zuwa 282 sun gani a Jakarta a ƙarshen shekara ta 1984, ɗan ƙasa rikodin wanda ya kasance ba a karye ba sama da shekaru goma. [lower-alpha 5] [23] Koyaya, ba duk masu sauraro ne suka halarta da son ransu ba. Ariel Heryanto masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Indonesiya ya rubuta ɗalibai a matsayin '' ana buƙatar biya '' don ganin fim ɗin a lokutan makaranta, gaskiyar da ba ta bayyana a cikin bayanan zamani. [4] Littafin labari na shahararren marubuci Arswendo Atmowiloto shima ya taimaka inganta fim ɗin. [4]

Tasirin Dwipayana ya tabbatar da cewa sake dubawa na zamani, musamman taƙaitattun bayanai, sun maimaita matsayin gwamnati kan juyin mulkin G30S. [14] Wannan ba shine a ce duk sake dubawa sun kasance masu inganci ba. Misali, Marselli na Kompas, alal misali, ya gano cewa Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI yana da cikakkun bayanai, tare da aiki mai yawa da ingantaccen aiki wanda zai wakilci abubuwan da suka faru daidai. Ya ji, duk da haka, cewa fim ɗin ya ji tsayi sosai kuma, kamar yadda masu kallo suka san nan take wanene halayen kirki da marasa kyau, ya zama "ba komai bane face hoton baƙar fata da fari ba tare da kuma wata matsala mai rikitarwa ba", wanda ya yi watsi da matsalolin da ke da alaƙa. ya haifar da motsi na G30S. [lower-alpha 6] [16]

Suharto, bayan da aka fara yin gwajin farko, ya bayyana cewa labarin bai ƙare ba kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba ya zama dole. [24] Biyu na PPFN, Operasi Trisula (Operation Trisula; 1987) da Djakarta na shekara ta 1966 ( Jakarta na shekara ta 1966 zuwa shekara ta 1988), sun biyo baya. [4] Operasi Trisula, wanda BZ Kadaryono ya jagoranta, yayi maganin kashe G30S da membobin PKI a Blitar, Gabashin Java . [25] Djakarta na shekara ta 1966, a halin yanzu, Noer ne ya jagorance shi kuma ya nuna jagoran sa hannun Supersemar a ranar 11 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 1966, inda Sukarno ya ba Suharto ikon ɗaukar duk matakan da "ya ga ya dace"; Kayam da Katamsi sun sake ba da matsayinsu na fim ɗin na ƙarshe, wanda ya ci lambobin yabo bakwai a Fim ɗin Bandung na shekara ta ne 1989. [26]

Amfani da farfaganda

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Photograph of Suharto, from 1966
A watan Satumba na shekarar 1998, Ministan Yada Labarai Yunus Yosfiah ya bayyana fim din a matsayin wani yunkuri na kirkiro wata kungiyar asiri a kusa da Suharto (hoton 1966) .

Farawa a cikin shekara ta 1984 sabuwar gwamnatin umarni ta yi amfani da Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI a matsayin motar farfaganda, tana nuna ta kowace shekara a ranar 30 ga Satumba. Gidan talabijin mallakar gwamnatin jihar TVRI ne ya watsa fim din, sannan daga baya a gidajen talabijin masu zaman kansu bayan an kafa su. [27] An kuma nuna shi a makarantu da cibiyoyin gwamnati; [14] ɗalibai za a kai su buɗe filayen don kallon fim ɗin a ƙungiya. [28] Saboda wannan amfani, Sen da Hill suna ba da shawarar cewa Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI shine mafi yawan watsa shirye-shirye kuma mafi yawan kallon fim ɗin Indonesiya na kowane lokaci. [14] Binciken 2000 da mujallar Indonesiya Tempo ta samu 97 ta cent na ɗalibai 1,101 da aka bincika sun ga fim ɗin; 87 ta cent daga cikinsu sun gan shi fiye da sau ɗaya. [4]

A lokacin ragowar shekarar 1980 da farkon shekarar 1990s ba a yi jayayya da daidaiton tarihin Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI [14] kuma fim ɗin ya zama wakilin tarihin canonical; [4] sigar abubuwan da suka faru na 1965 ita ce kawai aka ba da izini a cikin buɗe magana. [4] A tsakiyar shekarar 1990, duk da haka, al'ummomin intanet da ba a san su ba da ƙananan wallafe-wallafe sun fara tambayar abubuwan da ke cikin fim ɗin; Sakon yanar gizo guda ɗaya, wanda aka aika ba tare da an sani ba ta hanyar jerin aikawasiku, ya tambaya "Idan da ƙaramin ɓangaren shugaban PKI da wakilan sojoji sun sani game da [juyin mulkin, kamar a cikin fim], ta yaya aka kashe sama da mutane miliyan kuma dubunnan mutanen da ba su san komai ba dole ne a daure su, a kore su, su rasa 'yancinsu na jama'a? " [14] Heryanto ya ba da shawarar cewa wannan ya samo asali ne daga rashin fa'ida a cikin fim ɗin, [4] yayin da Sen da Hill ke hasashen cewa mai yiwuwa Noer ya kasance yana sane da manufar gwamnati na farfaganda don haka ya sanya saƙon siyasa na fim "a fili ya sabawa juna". [14]

A watan Satumbar shekara ta 1998, watanni hudu bayan faduwar Suharto, Ministan Yada Labarai Yunus Yosfiah ya bayyana cewa fim din ba zai zama abin kallo na tilas ba, yana mai cewa wani yunkuri ne na sarrafa tarihi da kirkiro kungiyar asiri tare da Suharto a tsakiya. Tempo ta ba da rahoto a cikin 2012 cewa Saleh Basarah na Sojan Sama na Indonesiya (tsohon Babban Hafsan Sojojin Sama) ya yi tasiri ga wannan dokar. Mujallar ta bayyana cewa Basarah ya kira Ministan Ilimi Juwono Sudarsono ya roƙe shi da kada ya duba Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI, saboda yana cutar da Sojojin Sama. Haka kuma wasu fina -finan guda biyu, Janur Kuning ( Barkonon Kwakwa mai launin rawaya ; 1979) da Serangan Fajar, suma dokar ta shafa; [29] Janur Kuning ya nuna Suharto a matsayin gwarzo a bayan babban Laifin Tarihi na 1 ga Maris 1949 a Yogyakarta yayin da Serangan Fajar ya nuna shi a matsayin babban gwarzon juyin juya halin ƙasa. [30] A lokacin an ba da shawarar cewa TVRI tana ƙoƙarin nisanta kanta da tsohon shugaban. [3] Wannan ya faru ne a cikin lokacin dattin alamomin da ke da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka faru, kuma a farkonshekara ta 2000s juzu'in da ba na gwamnati ba na juyin mulkin G30S sun kasance cikin sauƙi a Indonesia. [31]

Gada

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Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI ya tabbatar da cewa shine fim ɗin Noer mafi rikitarwa, [32] kodayake har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 1995 darektan ya kasance a sarari a bainar jama'a. [33] Abubuwan gani na fim gabaɗaya sun sami ingantattun bita, amma an yi Allah wadai da amfani da shi don furofaganda da sahihancin tarihi. [34] Daraktan Indonisiya Hanung Bramantyo ya yaba da salon fim ɗin, yana mai bayyana cewa harbi na kusa da maza masu shan sigari yana da "haske" kuma a wasu lokuta, yana jin "ba fim bane. Amma na gaske! " [lower-alpha 7] [35] Hakanan darektan Monty Tiwa shima ya yaba da harbin fim ɗin, inda ya ambaci wani wurin da 'yar Pandjaitan ta yi kuka da mamaki yayin da aka harbi mahaifinta a matsayin" cike da wasan kwaikwayo da amfani da harbi [bai taɓa] gani kafin a wani Indonesian film ". [lower-alpha 8] [35] Sen da Hill, duk da haka, samun" babu wani daga cikin ado hallmarks "na darektan ta sauran ayyukan. [14]

Hilmar Farid, wani masanin tarihin Indonesiya, ya kira furofaganda fim ɗin da aka haɗe da "wasu [na Sabon Tsarin]." [lower-alpha 9] [36] Wakilin Hendro Subroto, wanda ya rubuta kwato gawarwakin janar-janar daga Lubang Buaya, ya soki sahihancin fim ɗin a shekara ta 2001; ya bayyana cewa gawarwakin ba su nuna wata shaidar azabtarwa ba. [34] Tsohon marubucin Lekra Putu Oka Sukanta, a halin da ake ciki, ya bayyana fim din da cewa yana nuna wahalar da membobin PKI da sauran masu hagu a cikin abubuwan da suka biyo bayan juyin mulkin G30S, don haka ya zama "ƙarya ga mutane". [lower-alpha 10] [37] Masanin tarihi John Roosa ya banbanta yadda aka nuna jagorancin G30S tare da takaddar Brigadier General MA Supardjo, wanda ke nuna juyin mulkin - jagorancin "mutanen da ba su da hankali, masu yanke hukunci, da rashin tsari" - kamar yadda yafi cin nasara kanta. [18]

A cikin hirar da aka yi a shekara ta 2012, Katamsi ya yarda cewa fim ɗin ya ɓace kuma ya kasance hanya ce mai ƙarfi don yadawa da sanya masu kallo cikin akidar Sabuwar oda. [38] Binciken Tempo ya ba da shawarar cewa farfaganda ce mai tasiri, wanda ke jagorantar masu kallo don "ƙin duk abin da ke ƙamshin PKI da kwaminisanci". [lower-alpha 11] [36] Kodayake ba a sake watsa shi a ranar 30 ga Satumba, fim ɗin yana nan daram. Virgo ya fitar da faifan CD [4] kuma gidan kayan gargajiya na G30S/PKI a Lubang Buaya yana ba da gwajin yau da kullun a cikin gidan sinima. [39] Dukansu 35<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAaw"> </span>mm da kwafin VHS an adana su a Sinematek Indonesia a Jakarta. [23]

Daga shekara ta 2017, shekaru ashirin bayan da ya zama tilas a nuna a gidan talabijin na ƙasa, ƙungiyoyi da yawa sun fara shirya baje kolin fina -finan da ba a bayyana ba don yin daidai da ranar da abin ya faru; A cikin shekara ta 2018, SCTV ta watsa fim ɗin da son rai; tvOne (wanda shi ma ya watsa shi a shekarar da ta gabata) da TVRI sun bi sahu a shekara mai zuwa. A cikin shekara ta 2021, TVRI ta yanke shawarar cewa ba za ta watsa fim ɗin ba a ranar 30 ga Satumba na waccan shekarar, inda ta ambaci shawarar acikin shekara ta 1998 inda ba a sake kula da ita azaman abin kallo na tilas ba.

Kyaututtuka

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Pengkhianatan G30S / PKI samu bakwai gabatarwa a cikin shekara ta 1984 Indonesian Film Festival Festival Film Indonesia , ko FFI), lashe lambar yabo ta Citra guda ɗaya don Mafi kyawun allo. [40] An doke ta a fannoni huɗu, don Mafi kyawun Darakta, Mafi Kyawun Cinematography, Mafi Jagoran Mawaƙa, da Kyakkyawar Jagoran Musika, ta Sjumandjaja 's Budak Nafsu ( Bawa ga Sha'awa ), [41] yayin da Ponirah Terpidana ( Ponirah ) na Slamet Rahardjo . Wanda aka yanke wa hukunci ) ya ɗauki Mafi kyawun Jagorar Fasaha. [42] A cikin shekara ta 1985 FFI Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI ya karɓi Kyautar Antemas a matsayin fim mafi siyarwa na shekarar kalandar da ta gabata. [40] Masanin fim Thomas Barker ya ba da shawarar cewa kyaututtukan fim ɗin, a wani ɓangare, haɗin gwiwa ne na jihohi da FFI: duka an mai da hankali kan haɓaka al'adun ƙasashe masu haɗin kai. [43]

Kyauta Shekara Nau'i Mai karɓa Sakamakon
Bikin Fim na Indonesiya 1984 Mafi kyawun Fim style="background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="no table-no2"|Ayyanawa
Mafi Darakta style="background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="no table-no2"|Ayyanawa
Mafi kyawun Fim style="background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="yes table-yes2"|Lashewa
Mafi kyawun Cinematography style="background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="no table-no2"|Ayyanawa
Mafi kyawun Hanyar Fasaha style="background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="no table-no2"|Ayyanawa
Mafi kyawun Hanyar Musika style="background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="no table-no2"|Ayyanawa
Mafi kyawun Jarumi style="background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="no table-no2"|Ayyanawa
1985 Fim Mafi Sayarwa style="background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="yes table-yes2"|Lashewa

Duba kuma

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  • Shekarar Rayuwa Mai Hadari, wani fim na Australiya na shekara ta 1982 wanda aka tsara akan juyin mulkin G30S
  • Puisi Tak Terkuburkan, wani fim na Indonesiya na shekara ta 2000 na bin mawaƙi wanda aka kama bisa kuskure saboda kasancewa ɗan gurguzu
  • Dokar Kashe (2012) da Kallon Shiru (2014), fina -finan fina -finai guda biyu game da kisan 'yan gurguzu bayan juyin mulkin

Bayanan kula

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  1. ↑ Original: "... sebagai Pak Harto, bukan imitasi Pak Harto." Pak is an honorific which literally translates as "father", but can also mean "mister".
  2. ↑ Roughly equivalent to US$1,000,000 in March 1984. When Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI was produced the rupiah was on a managed float but depreciating; in March 1983 the value was Rp. 970 to the US$, but by September 1986 it was Rp. 1,664 to the US$ Samfuri:Harv.
  3. ↑ This, Samfuri:Harvtxt suggests, links the "individual horror" in horror films to wider social issues like communism.
  4. ↑ Samfuri:Harvtxt, quoted in Samfuri:Harvtxt, records an earlier domestic production regarding the G30S coup entitled Operasi (Operation; 1968), but it never saw commercial release.
  5. ↑ At the time, any film with more than 200,000 viewers was considered a "top box office" hit ("sangat laris"); seven films produced in 1984 reached this benchmark Samfuri:Harv.
  6. ↑ Original: "... hanyalah lukisan hitam-putih tanpa persoalan kompleks."
  7. ↑ Original: "... itu bukan film. Tapi real!"
  8. ↑ Original: "... (efel) [sic] dramatis yang tinggi dan shot yang belum pernah saya lihat dalam film Indonesia."
  9. ↑ Original: "... sejumlah fantasi."
  10. ↑ Original: " ... pembohongan pada masyarakat ..."
  11. ↑ Original: "... menolak semua yang berbau PKI dan komunis."

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Filmindonesia.or.id, Pengkhianatan G-30-S PKI; Tempo 2012, Sosok 'Dalang'; Heider 1991.
  2. ↑ Sen & Hill 2006; Filmindonesia.or.id, Pengkhianatan G-30-S PKI; McGregor 2007
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Merdeka 1998, Menyoal Pencabutan.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Heryanto 2006.
  5. ↑ Heryanto 2006; Filmindonesia.or.id, Kredit.
  6. ↑ Tempo 2012, Sosok 'Dalang'; Kompas 1993, Film-film Sejarah Kontemporer
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 McGregor 2007.
  8. ↑ Tempo 2012, Sosok 'Dalang'.
  9. ↑ Tempo 2012, Proses Arifin C. Noer.
  10. ↑ Kompas 1993, Rano Karno.
  11. ↑ Filmindonesia.or.id, Kredit.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Tempo 2012, 3 Pemeran Sentral.
  13. ↑ Filmindonesia.or.id, Pengkhianatan G-30-S PKI; Fathiyah 2012, Film Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 Sen & Hill 2006.
  15. ↑ Filmindonesia.or.id, Kredit; Republika 1997, Satu Perempuan.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Marselli 1984, Film Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI.
  17. ↑ Mulligan 2005.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Roosa 2006.
  19. ↑ Paramadhita 2011, Questions.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Vickers 2012.
  21. ↑ Taum 2008.
  22. ↑ Sen & Hill 2006; Tempo 2012, Komentar Soeharto.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Filmindonesia.or.id, Pengkhianatan G-30-S PKI.
  24. ↑ Tempo 2012, Komentar Soeharto.
  25. ↑ Filmindonesia.or.id, Penumpasan.
  26. ↑ Filmindonesia.or.id, Djakarta 1966; Filmindonesia.or.id, Penghargaan Djakarta 1966
  27. ↑ Indrietta 2012, Film Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI 2; Sen & Hill 2006
  28. ↑ Prijosusilo 2007, G30S.
  29. ↑ Filmindonesia.or.id, Pengkhianatan G-30-S PKI; Rini and Evan 2012, Tokoh di Balik Penghentian
  30. ↑ Filmindonesia.or.id, Janur Kuning; Filmindonesia.or.id, Serangan Fajar.
  31. ↑ Sijabat 2003, Indonesia.
  32. ↑ Fathiyah 2012, Film Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI.
  33. ↑ Tempo 2012, Sosok 'Dalang'; Sen & Hill 2006.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Indrietta 2012, Film Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI 2.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Indrietta 2012, Film Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI 1.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Sari 2012, Film Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI.
  37. ↑ Revianur 2012, Korban 65.
  38. ↑ Fathiyah 2012, Film Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI; Sari 2012, Film Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI.
  39. ↑ Dwiharti & Mulyani 2011.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Filmindonesia.or.id, Penghargaan.
  41. ↑ Filmindonesia.or.id, Penghargaan Budak Nafsu.
  42. ↑ Filmindonesia.or.id, Penghargaan Ponirah Terpidana.
  43. ↑ Barker 2011.

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