Rahmaniyya

Rahmaniyya
Founded	1770
Mai kafa gindi	Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine (en)
Classification	religious community (en) ; religious order (en) ; Tariqa (en) ; Sufi orders in Algeria (en) ; Rahmaniyya; ; ; ; ;
Sunan asali	الطريقة الرحمانية

Raḥmāniyya (Larabci: الرحمانية) ɗarikar Sufaye ce ta Aljeriya ( tarika ko 'yan uwantaka) wanda malamin addinin Kabile Muḥammad ibn 'Abd al-Raḥman al-Azhari Bu Qabrayn ya kafa a shekarar 1770. Da farko reshe ne na Khalwatîya (Larabci: الخلوتية) da aka kafa a yankin Kabylia. Ko yaya, membobinta sun girma ba tare da katsewa ba a wasu wurare a Aljeriya da Arewacin Afirka.^[1]

Wanda ya kafa

Muhammad bn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Azharî (Larabci: محمد بن عبد الرحمن الأزهري), wanda aka fi sani da Bû Qabrayn (Larabci: بوقبرين, "mutumin da kabbarori biyu"), malamin Islama na Aljeriya ne a karni na 18, sai waliyyi. kuma mai sufanci. An kuma haife shi a cikin shekarar 1715-29 a cikin kabilar Berber Ait Isma'il na Qashtula, a Kabylia. Ya kuma fara karatu a wata zawiya dake kusa da garinsu Jurjura. Sannan ya ci gaba da karatu a babban masallacin Algiers kafin ya dau nauyin tafiyarsa zuwa Mašriq a shekarar 1739-40 don sauke farali.^[2]

Bayan zamansa a Hijaz, Bu Qubrayn ya zauna a Masar domin samun ilimi mai zurfi a masallacin Azhar da ke birnin Alkahira. A nan ne aka fara shi zuwa Daular Sufaye ta khalwatiyya karkashin Muhammad bn Salim al-Hifnawi (1689-1767/8), shugaban khalwatiyya na Masar kuma shugaban Azhar. A wani bangare na koyonsa da al-Hifnawi, Bu Qubrayn ya kuma yi balaguro da yawa don koyar da koyarwar ḫalwatiyya, ciki har da a Darfur na tsawon shekaru shida har zuwa Indiya.^[3]

Bayan shekaru talatin, Muhammad bn Abdurrahman ya koma kauyensu Jurjura a kasar Aljeriya a wani lokaci tsakanin 1763-70. A nan, ya kafa makaranta da zawiya a cikin 1770s kuma ya ƙaddamar da Kabyles a cikin tarƙi. Ya kuma jawo hankalin manyan mutane cikin gaggawa kuma ya bunkasa zawiya zuwa wata babbar cibiyar ilimi, kafin rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1793.^[4]

Yadawa da tasiri

Raḥmāniyya ta karu da sauri fiye da yankin Kabiliya, a gabashi da kudu maso gabacin Aljeriya inda ta yi gogayya da sauran darikun Sufaye kamar Qadiriyya ko Tijjaniyya. Duk da haka kuma a cikin Kabylia, tasirinsa ya kusan keɓanta da kowane tsari. A cikin shekarar 1851, hukumomin sojan Faransa sun ƙiyasta membobin wannan odar zuwa mambobi 295,000.

Bayan rasuwar Bu Qubrayn, magajinsa Ali ibn İsâ al-Maghribi ya kasance jagoran wannan tsari ba tare da jayayya ba har zuwa shekara ta 1835. Sannan aka fi samun sabani a kan shugabancin har zuwa 1860, wanda ya kai ga raba Raḥmaniyya zuwa rassa masu zaman kansu. Amma Muḥammad Amezzyan bn al-Haddad na Saddūk ya karbi ragamar mulki a shekara ta 1860, wanda ya dawo da hadin kai da zage-zage cikin tsari na tsawon shekaru goma.

Rahmaniyya

Rahmaniyya tare da sauran darikun Sufaye sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin cibiyoyin ilimi da kungiyoyin agaji. Zawiya sun ba da koyarwa daban-daban da tallafi a cikin tsari, amma sun haɗa da nazarin addini, nahawu, dokokin addini, labarin kasa, da lissafi.^[5]

Rawar da aka yi a cikin tashin 1871

Raḥmāniyya da Shaykh al-Haddad sun taka rawa sosai a lokacin tawayen Aljeriya a shekara ta 1871. Bayan juyin mulkin daga mulkin soja zuwa mulkin farar hula, da dokar Cremieux, da kashin da Faransa ta sha a yakin Franco-Prussian, Shaykh Mokrani ya kaddamar da tawaye. A kan hukumomin Faransa a cikin Maris 1871. ^[6]

Amma da gaske tawaye ya yi nasara a lokacin da Shaykh al-Haddad ya shelanta yaki mai tsarki da Faransawa a cikin Afrilu. Ba da dadewa ba, kimanin kabilu 250 da mayaka 150,000 suka taso daga ko'ina a cikin Kabiliya, musamman 'yan Raḥmaniyya. Duk da haka, sojojin Kabyle sun sha kashi sosai a watan Yuni da Yuli, kuma zaluncin da ya biyo baya ya yi tsanani.^[7]

Juyin Halitta bayan 1871

Bayan tashin 1871, babbar zawiya ta rasa iko a kan sauran rassa na tsari wadanda a yanzu suke bin koyarwar Raḥmāniyya ko žasa da kansu. Umurnin ya rasa wasu tasirinsa amma ya kasance mai ƙarfi. A shekara ta 1897, Raḥmāniyya ita ce babbar sufaye mafi girma a Aljeriya, tana da zawiyyai 177 da mambobi sama da 155,000.

A cikin karni na 20, Sufanci ya ragu a Aljeriya saboda dalilai da yawa. Da farko dai hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Faransa duk sun yi amfani da tsarin Sufanci kuma sun yi ƙoƙarin raunana su. Na biyu, masu kawo sauyi daga tsarin zamani na Musulunci sun kai hari kan Sufaye, suna masu da’awar cewa suna cikin ayyukan karkatacciya da bidi’a, camfe-camfe da ke sanya mutane jahilci. Har ila yau, a karkashin shugabancin Ahmed Ben Bella (1963-1965) da Houari Boumedienne (1965-1978), wa'adin Sufanci ya kara raunana saboda gwamnatocin da suke kokarin kara karfin ikonsu na al'ummar Aljeriya. Shaihun Sufaye sau da yawa ana tsare su a gida, kuma an mayar da kadarorin sufi na kasa. Sai dai kuma Raḥmāniyya ta sami sabon salo bayan samun ‘yancin kai, kuma a wajajen shekara ta 1950 tana da mambobi kusan 230,000, galibin Berber, wato kusan rabin mambobi 500,000 a Daruruwan Sufaye na Aljeriya.

Halin daruman Sufaye ya inganta a karkashin shugabancin Chadli Benjedid (1979-1992), wanda ya mayar da wasu kadarorin da aka mallaka a baya. Daruruwan Sufaye sun ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukansu kuma adadin mabiyansu ya sake karuwa. Sai dai wannan koma baya ta kawo karshe a lokacin yakin basasar Aljeriya a shekarun 1990. Bayan da sojoji suka karbe ikon jihar, sun sanya takunkumi ba wai kungiyoyin Salafiyya da Wahabiyawa kadai ba, har ma da mabiya darikun Sufaye. A karshen yakin, Shugaba Abdelaziz Bouteflika (1999-2019) ya yunƙura don tallafawa "Sufanci a matsayin mafi matsakaicin madadin Salafiyya masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da mafi yawan Wahabiyawa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya".

A yau daruruwan Sufaye irinsu Raḥmaniyya suna rayuwa a Aljeriya duk da raguwar tasirinsu a cikin al'ummar Aljeriya. Ana kallon Sufanci da kyau, kodayake yawancin matasan Aljeriya ba sa yin abin da ba su la'akari da salon rayuwa na zamani. Kuma a Kabiliya, inda Raḥmāniyya ta fi karfi, yawan nasaba ya fi na sauran yankuna.^[8]

Ayyukan Raḥmaniyya

Ka'idojin Raḥmaniyya sun yi daidai da daidaito da dimokuradiyya, wanda wani bangare ya bayyana nasarar da ta samu a Kabiliya. Odar ta gane waliyai na gari tare da sanya su cikin koyarwarsa ta Musulunci, tare da cimma daidaito tsakanin al'adun gida da ka'idojin Musulunci. Ayyukansa suna da sauƙi kuma masu isa, saboda ba sa buƙatar ilimi mai zurfi na Alƙur'ani fiye da wasu ayoyi masu mahimmanci. Malamai da ’yan’uwa a ko’ina suna amfani da yaren kabyle kuma ba sa bukatar zurfin fahimtar Larabci.^[9]

Babban aiki ya ƙunshi koyar da mûrid (Larabci: موريد “almajirin”) jerin “sunaye” guda bakwai. Na farko ya qunshi yin tawassuli da larabci (Larabci: لا إله إلا الله "babu abin bauta sai Allah") tsakanin sau 12,000 zuwa 70,000 a rana da dare. Idan mûršîd (Larabci: مورشيد “shugaban ruhi”) ya gamsu da ci gaban mûrîd, to an bar murid ya ci gaba da sauran sunaye shida: Allah (Larabci: الله “Allah”) sau uku; huwa (Larabci: هو "Shine"), ḥaqq (Larabci: الحق "Cikakken Gaskiya") sau uku; ḥayy (Larabci: الحى "The Ever- Living) sau uku; qayyûm (Larabci: القيوم "The Sustainer, The Self Subsisting") sau uku; qahhâr (Larabci: القهار "The Ever-Dominating".^[10]

Kungiyan Umarnin Raḥmaniyya

An tsara Raḥmāniyya ne bisa tsarin da aka saba a cikin darikun Sufaye. Ana gudanar da koyarwa da aiki a cikin zawiya karkashin jagorancin shehi (شيخ, šaiḫ, ko malamin addini ko maigida), wanda khalifa (ḫalifa ko laftanar) ko naib (نائب, nāʾib, ko mataimaki), muqaddams (wakilai) ke taimakonsu, delegates ko local sarakuna) kuma a karshe ikhwan (إخوان, iḫwan, ko 'yan'uwa) ya zama kasan matsayi.^[11]^[12]

Shahararriyar Zawiya

Wannan tsari na Sufanci ya haxa da zawiya da dama a qarqashinsa:^[13]^[14]

Fitaccen Rahmani Sufaye

Abderrahmane Boushaki (1896-1985)
Ahmed bin Salem (born 1802)
Brahim Boushaki (1912-1997)
Lalla Zaynab (1850-1904)
Mohamed Rahmoune (1940–2022)
Mohamed Seghir Boushaki (1869–1959)
Mohand al-Hosin (1836-1901)
Shaykh al-Haddad (1790-1873)

Duba kuma

Karin karatu

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Clancy-Smith, J. A., "Between Cairo and the Algerian Kabylia: the Rahmaniyya tariqa, 1715-1800", in: Muslim Travellers, Pilgrimage, migration, and the religious imagination, Edited by Dale F. Eickelman and James Piscatori. Published by Routledge, 2013
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Nadir, A., "La fortune d'un ordre religieux algérien vers la fin du XIXe siècle", in: Le Mouvement social, Oct. - Dec., 1974, No. 89, pp. 59-84
Salhi, M. B., Confrérie religieuse et champ religieux en Grande-Kabylie au milieu du XXe siècle: la rahmaniyya, in: Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord , Centre national de la recherche scientifique; Institut de recherches et d'études sur le monde arabe et musulman (IREMAM) (éds.), Paris, Editions du CNRS, 1996, pp. 253-269.
Salhi, M. B., La tariqa Rahmaniya De l'avènement à l'insurrection de 1871. Published by: Haut Commissariat à l'Amazighité, 2008
Salhi, M. B., "L'insurrection de 1871", in : Histoire de l'Algérie à la période coloniale : 1830-1962, Sous la direction de Bouchène, A., Peyroulou, J.-P., Tengour, O. S., Thénault, S. Edition La Découverte, 2014, pp. 103-109.
Yacono, X., "Kabylie : L'insurrection de 1871", in: Encyclopédie berbère [En ligne], 26 | 2004, document K08, mis en ligne le 01 juin 2011. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/ encyclopedieberbere/1410; doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1410

Manazarta

[1] ttps://books.google.dz/books?id=sDBxDwAAQBAJ

[2] ttps://books.google.dz/books?id=bB_RjwEACAAJ

[3] ttps://books.google.dz/books?id=zTlhjwEACAAJ

[4] ttps://books.google.dz/books?id=w4v4jwEACAAJ

[5] ttps://books.google.dz/books?id=T6JjuwEACAAJ

[6] ttps://books.google.dz/books?id=I4OQDAEACAAJ

[7] ttps://books.google.dz/books?id=wHrOjwEACAAJ

[8] ttps://books.google.dz/books?id=6e6_DAEACAAJ

[9] ttps://books.google.dz/books?id=8Vi9NwAACAAJ

[10] ttps://books.google.dz/books?id=AFvIDAEACAAJ

[11] ttps://books.google.dz/books?id=1rmHDAEACAAJ

[12] ttps://books.google.dz/books?id=-nCpAQAACAAJ

[13] ttps://books.google.dz/books?id=5DsljwEACAAJ

[14] ttps://books.google.dz/books?id=4hw1uwEACAAJ

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