Sama
Sama ita ce duban sama mara tsangwama daga saman ƙasa. Tana ƙunshe da yanayi da kuma tashar sararin samaniya. Ana iya ɗaukar ta a matsayin wuri tsakanin ƙasa da sararin samaniya, don haka ta bambanta da sararin samaniya.
A fagen astronomy, ana kuma kiran sama da celestial sphere. Wannan ƙwallon ƙirari ce mai faɗi, ciki ga duniya, inda Rana, Wata, Duniya da kuma taurari suke bayyane kamar suna motsi. Ana raba fuskar taurari ta fuskar ƙirari zuwa wurare da aka ƙayyade da ake kira constellations.
Yawanci, kalmar sama tana nufin fassarorin daga saman ƙasa; duk da haka, ma'anar da amfani zasu iya bambanta. Wanda yake kan saman ƙasa zai iya ganin ƙaramin ɓangare na sama, wanda yake kama da gindin kwano (wani lokaci ana kiran shi kwano na sama) yana bayyana flat lokacin rana fiye da dare.[1] A wasu lokuta, kamar a lokacin da ake tattauna yanayi, ana nufin ƙananan, mafi yawan matakan yanayi kawai.
Sama lokacin lokacin rana tana bayyana shuɗi saboda kwayoyin iska suna tsallaka tsayin lokacin hasken rana fiye da tsayin lokaci mai tsawo (ja).[2][3][4][5] Sama lokacin dare tana bayyana kamar fuska mai duhu ko yankin da aka yi wa taurari zinariya. Rana da wani lokaci Wata suna bayyane a cikin samaniya idan ba su boye ba ta gajimare. A cikin dare, Wata, duniyoyi, da taurari suma suna bayyane a cikin samaniya.
Wasu daga cikin abubuwan al'ajabi da ake gani a cikin samaniya sun haɗa da gajimare, tsarin haske, da Aurora. Hasken wuta da ruwan sama suna kuma bayyane a cikin samaniya. Wasu tsuntsaye da kwari, da kuma abubuwan da mutum ya ƙirƙira kamar jiragen sama da kites, na iya tashi a cikin samaniya. Saboda aikin ɗan adam, tururin hayaƙi a cikin rana da gurɓataccen haske a cikin dare suna yawan ganin su a manyan birane.
Etymology[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kalmar sama ta fito daga Old Norse sky, wanda ke nufin 'gajimare, mazaunin Allah'. Kalmar Norse ita ma asalin kalmar Old English scēo, wanda ke raba tushen Indo-European ɗaya kamar yadda na gargajiya Latin obscūrus, wanda ke nufin 'maras haske'.
A cikin tsohuwar harshen Ingilishi, ana amfani da kalmar sama don bayyana sararin samaniya da ake iya gani sama da duniya. A lokacin da ya dace da Middle English, "sama" ya fara sauya zuwa ma'anar addini ta yanzu.[6]
Lokacin Rana[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- See also: Ilmin yanayin yanayi and Haske na sama
Banda hasken rana kai tsaye, mafi yawan haske a cikin lokacin rana yana haifar da tsallakewa, wanda ke rinjaye ta ƙaramin tsari wanda ake kira Rayleigh scattering. Tsallakewa saboda kwayoyin da suka kai girman kwayoyin halitta (kamar a cikin iska) ya fi girma a cikin hanyoyin biyu zuwa da nisa daga tushen haske fiye da yadda yake a cikin hanyoyin a kwance zuwa hanyar shigarwa.[7] Tsallakewa yana da mahimmanci don haske a duk tsayin daka na gani, amma yana da ƙarfi a ƙarshen tsayin daka (bluer), wanda ke nufin cewa hasken tsallakewa yana da launin shuɗi fiye da tushen sa: Rana. Haske kai tsaye mai ragewa, bayan an rasa wasu daga cikin gajerun tsayin daka, yana bayyana kaɗan kaɗan ja.[5]
Tsallakewa yana faruwa sosai a cikin gajimare. Guntun ruwa guda suna tsawaita farin haske zuwa saitin zobba masu launi. Idan gajimare yana da kauri isa, tsallakewa daga guntun ruwa da yawa zai wanke saitin zobba masu launi kuma ya haifar da launi fari mai rufi.[8]
Sama na iya juyawa zuwa launuka da dama kamar ja, orange, purple, da rawaya (musamman kusa da faɗuwar rana ko fitowar rana) lokacin da hasken dole ya yi tafiya mai tsayi (ko hanyar gani) ta yanayi.
References[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ Baird, J. C.; Wagner, M. (1982). "The moon illusion: I. How high is the sky?". Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 111 (3): 296–303. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.111.3.296. PMID 6215460.
- ↑ Tyndall, John (December 1868). "On the Blue Colour of the Sky, the Polarization of Skylight, and on the Polarization of Light by Cloudy Matter Generally". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 17: 223–33. Bibcode:1868RSPS...17..223T. doi:10.1098/rspl.1868.0033. JSTOR 112380. S2CID 121593427.
- ↑ Lord Rayleigh (June 1871). "On the scattering of light by small particles". Philosophical Magazine. 41 (275): 447–51.
- ↑ Watson, J. G. (June 2002). "Visibility: Science and Regulation". J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 52 (6): 628–713. Bibcode:2002JAWMA..52..628W. doi:10.1080/10473289.2002.10470813. PMID 12074426. S2CID 1078961.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Gibbs, Philip (May 1997). "Why is the sky Blue?". Usenet Physics FAQ. Archived from the original on 2 November 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
- ↑ Samfuri:Cite OED
- ↑ Yu Timofeev & A. V. Vasilʹev (1 May 2008). Theoretical Fundamentals of Atmospheric Optics. Cambridge International Science Publishing. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-904602-25-5.
- ↑ Craig F. Bohren & Eugene Edmund Clothiaux (2006). Fundamentals of Atmospheric Radiation: An Introduction with 400 Problems. Wiley-VCH. p. 427. Bibcode:2006fari.book.....B. ISBN 978-3-527-40503-9.