Sofonisba anguissola
sofonisba anguissola
Sofonisba Anguissola (c. 1532 [1]- 16 Nuwamba 1625), wanda kuma aka sani da Sophonisba Angussola ko Sophonisba Anguisciola, [2][3]wani mai zanen Renaissance na Italiya ne wanda aka haife shi a Cremona ga dangi mara kyau. Ta sami ingantaccen ilimi wanda ya haɗa da fasaha mai kyau, kuma karatun ta tare da masu zanen gida ya kafa misali don karɓo mata a matsayin ɗaliban fasaha. Lokacin da yake yarinya, Anguissola ya yi tafiya zuwa Roma inda aka gabatar da ita ga Michelangelo, wanda nan da nan ya gane basirarta, kuma zuwa Milan, inda ta zana Duke na Alba. Sarauniyar Sipaniya, Elizabeth ta Valois, ta kasance ƙwararren mai zane kuma a cikin 1559 an ɗauki Anguissola don zuwa Madrid a matsayin mai koyar da ita, tare da matsayin mace mai jiran gado. Daga baya ta zama mai zanen kotu a hukumance ga sarki, Philip II, kuma ta daidaita salonta zuwa ƙarin abubuwan da ake buƙata na hotuna na hukuma don kotun Spain. Bayan mutuwar sarauniya, Filibus ya taimaka mata daurin aure. Ta ƙaura zuwa Sicily, daga baya Pisa da Genoa, inda ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin babban mai zanen hoto.
Hotunan da suka fi fice da ban sha'awa su ne hotunanta na kanta da na danginta, wadanda ta zana kafin ta koma kotun Spain. Musamman, hotunanta na yara sabo ne kuma an lura da su sosai. A kotun Mutanen Espanya ta zana hotunan hukuma a cikin tsarin hukuma, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin na farko, kuma mafi nasara, na ƙananan mata masu zanen kotu. Daga baya a rayuwarta kuma ta yi zane-zane na addini, kodayake yawancin zane-zane na addini sun ɓace. A 1625, ta mutu tana da shekaru 93 a Palermo.
Misalin Anguissola, kamar na oeuvre, yana da tasiri mai ɗorewa a ƙarni na gaba na masu fasaha, kuma babban nasarar da ta samu ya buɗe hanya ga ɗimbin mata don yin manyan ayyuka a matsayin masu fasaha. Ana iya ganin zane-zanenta a gidajen tarihi a Boston (Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum), Milwaukee (Milwaukee Art Museum), Bergamo, Brescia, Budapest, Madrid (Museo del Prado), Naples, da Siena, da kuma Uffizi Gallery a Florence.
Giorgio Vasari na zamani ya rubuta cewa Anguissola "ya nuna mafi girma aikace-aikace da alheri fiye da kowace mace na zamaninmu a cikin kokarinta na zane; Ta haka ne ta yi nasara ba kawai a zane, launi da zane daga yanayi ba, da kuma yin kwafin da kyau daga wasu, amma da kanta ta yi zane-zanen da ba kasafai ba kuma masu kyan gaske.”[4]
Rayuwar sirri
Bayan mutuwar Elisabeth na Valois a 1568, Philip II ya ɗauki sha'awa ta musamman ga makomar Anguissola. Ya so ya aurar da ita ga daya daga cikin manya a Kotun Spain. A cikin 1571, lokacin da ta kusa shekara 40, Anguissola ta shiga wani shiri na aure da wani basaraken Sicilian da kotun Spain ta zaɓe mata.[5] Philip II ya biya sadaki 12,000 scudi don aurenta da Fabrizio Moncada Pignatelli, ɗan Yariman Paternò, Viceroy na Sicily. An ce Fabrizio yana goyon bayan zanenta. Anguissola da mijinta sun bar Spain da izinin sarki, kuma an yi imanin sun zauna a Paternò (kusa da Catania) daga 1573 zuwa 1579, kodayake wasu guraben karatu na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa ma'auratan sun kasance a Spain.[6] Ta sami fenshon sarauta na ducat 100 wanda ya ba ta damar ci gaba da aiki da koyar da masu zane-zane. Arzikinta na sirri ya kuma tallafa wa danginta da ɗan'uwanta Asdrubale sakamakon raguwar kuɗi da mutuwar Amilcare Anguissola. A Paternò ta yi fenti kuma ta ba da gudummawar "La Madonna dell'Itria".
Mijin Anguissola ya rasu a shekara ta 1579 a cikin wani yanayi mai ban mamaki.[7] Shekaru biyu bayan haka, yayin da take tafiya zuwa Cremona ta teku, ta ƙaunaci kyaftin ɗin jirgin, ɗan kasuwan teku Orazio Lomellino.[8] Dangane da burin ɗan'uwanta, sun yi aure a Pisa a ranar 24 ga Disamba 1584 [9][10] kuma suka zauna a Genoa har zuwa 1620. Ba ta da 'ya'ya, amma ta ci gaba da dangantaka mai kyau tare da 'ya'yanta da dan uwanta, Giulio.
Mahimmamcin tarihi
Sofonisba Anguissola's oeuvre yana da tasiri mai ɗorewa akan tsararrun masu fasaha na gaba. Hotonta na Sarauniya Elisabeth na Valois tare da zibellino (pelt na marten kafa tare da kai da ƙafa na zinariya jauhari) da yawa daga cikin mafi kyawun masu fasaha na lokacin, irin su Peter Paul Rubens ne suka kwafi, yayin da Caravaggio ya yi zargin cewa ya sami wahayi. daga aikin Anguissola ga Yaron sa da kadangaru ya cije shi.[11]
Anguissola yana da mahimmanci ga masana tarihi na fasaha na mata. Ko da yake ba a taɓa samun wani lokaci a tarihin yammacin duniya da mata ba su kasance gaba ɗaya a cikin fasahar gani ba, babban nasarar da Anguissola ya samu ya buɗe hanya ga adadi mai yawa na mata don yin sana'a mai mahimmanci a matsayin masu fasaha; Lavinia Fontana ta bayyana a cikin wata wasika da aka rubuta a shekara ta 1579 cewa ita da wata mata, Irene di Spilimbergo, sun “tsaya [zuciya] kan koyon yadda ake fenti” bayan sun ga daya daga cikin hotunan Anguissola[12]. Wasu daga cikin sanannun magajinta sun haɗa da Lavinia Fontana, Barbara Longhi, Fede Galizia da Artemisia Gentileschi.
Makarantar Cremonese tana lakani da Liceo Statale Soonisba Anguissola.[13]
Mawaƙin Ba’amurke Charles Willson Peale (1741 – 1827) ya sa wa ‘yarsa suna Sophonisba Angusciola (1786 – 1859; sunan aure masu sayarwa). Ta zama mai zane-zane da ƙwanƙwasa wanda ayyukansa ke cikin Gidan Tarihi na Philadelphia.
manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Great women artists. Phaidon Press. 2019. p. 35. ISBN 978-0714878775.
- ↑ EB (1911)
- ↑ EB (1878)
- ↑ Vasari. p. 36
- ↑ Life and Works of Sofonisba Anguissola, Noblewoman, Portraitist of Philip II". Hubpages. Retrieved 16 January 2019
- ↑ Sofonisba Anguissola | Biography, Art, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved16 January 2019
- ↑ Life and Works of Sofonisba Anguissola, Noblewoman, Portraitist of Philip II". Hubpages. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
- ↑ Sofonisba Anguissola | Biography, Art, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved16 January 2019
- ↑ Life and Works of Sofonisba Anguissola, Noblewoman, Portraitist of Philip II". Hubpages. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
- ↑ Tanzi, Marco. "Anguissola." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
- ↑ Michelangelo Buonarroti and his women".The Florentine. 2 November 2017. Retrieved16 January 2019.
- ↑ Jacobs, Frederika H. (1994). "Woman's Capacity to Create: The Unusual Case of Sofonisba Anguissola". Renaissance Quarterly. 47(1): 74–101. doi:10.2307/2863112.JSTOR 2863112. S2CID 162701161.
- ↑ Sofonisba Anguissola Facts".biography.yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 4 March2020.