Tarihin Poland (1945-1989)

Tarihin Poland daga 1945 zuwa 1989 ya ƙunshi lokacin mulkin Marxist-Leninist a Poland bayan ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu . Waɗannan shekarun, yayin da ke nuna haɓakar masana'antu na gabaɗaya, ƙauyuka da haɓaka da yawa a cikin yanayin rayuwa, ^[a1] sun lalace ta farkon danniya na Stalinist, tashin hankali na zamantakewa, rikicin siyasa da matsalolin tattalin arziki mai tsanani. Kusa da ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Rundunar Sojojin Tarayyar Soviet da ta ci gaba tare da Rundunar Sojin Poland a Gabas, sun kori sojojin Jamus na Nazi daga Poland da ta mamaye . A watan Fabrairun 1945, taron Yalta ya amince da kafa gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Poland daga kawancen sulhu, har zuwa zabukan bayan yakin. Joseph Stalin, shugaban Tarayyar Soviet, ya yi amfani da ikon aiwatar da wannan hukuncin. An kafa gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Haɗin kai ta ƙasa a zahiri a cikin Warsaw ta hanyar yin watsi da gwamnatin Poland da ke gudun hijira da ke London tun 1940.

A lokacin taron Potsdam na gaba a cikin Yuli-Agusta 1945, manyan ƙawancen ƙawancen uku sun amince da wani gagarumin sauyi na iyakokin Poland kuma sun amince da sabon yankinsa tsakanin layin Oder-Neisse da Layin Curzon . An rage yankin Poland idan aka kwatanta da girmansa kafin yakin duniya na biyu kuma ya yi kama da na farkon zamanin daular Piast . Bayan halakar mutanen Poland-Yahudawa a cikin Holocaust, jirgin da korar Jamusawa a yamma, sake matsuguni na Ukrainians a gabas, da kori da sake tsugunar da Poles daga Gabashin Borderlands ( Kresy ), Poland ta zama ta farko. lokaci a cikin tarihinta ƙasa mai kama da ƙabilanci ba tare da fitattun tsiraru ba. Sabuwar gwamnatin ta karfafa ikonta na siyasa, yayin da Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Poland (PZPR) karkashin Bolesław Bierut ta sami tabbataccen iko a kan kasar, wanda zai kasance kasa mai zaman kanta a cikin yankin Soviet na tasiri . An ƙaddamar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Yuli a ranar 22 ga Yuli 1952 kuma ƙasar a hukumance ta zama Jama'ar Poland (PRL).

Bayan mutuwar Stalin a shekara ta 1953, wani " narke " na siyasa ya ba da damar wani bangare mai sassaucin ra'ayi na 'yan gurguzu na Poland, karkashin jagorancin Władysław Gomułka, ya sami mulki . A tsakiyar shekarun 1960, Poland ta fara fuskantar karuwar tattalin arziki da kuma matsalolin siyasa. Sun ƙare a rikicin siyasar Poland na 1968 da zanga-zangar 1970 na Poland lokacin da hauhawar farashin mabukaci ya haifar da yajin aiki. Gwamnati ta bullo da wani sabon shirin tattalin arziki bisa manyan lamuni daga kasashen yammacin duniya masu lamuni, wanda ya haifar da tashin gwauron zabi na rayuwa da fata, amma shirin na nufin bunkasar tattalin arzikin Poland da tattalin arzikin duniya kuma ya durkushe bayan rikicin mai na 1973 . A cikin 1976, an tilasta wa gwamnatin Edward Gierek sake haɓaka farashin wanda ya haifar da zanga-zangar Yuni 1976 .

Wannan zagaye na danniya da sake fasalin ^[b] da gwagwarmayar tattalin arziki da siyasa sun sami sababbin halaye tare da zaben 1978 na Karol Wojtyła a matsayin Paparoma John Paul II . Matsayin da Wojtyła ya yi ba zato ba tsammani ya ƙarfafa adawa ga tsarin mulki da rashin tasiri na nomenklatura -run gurguzu na jiha, musamman tare da ziyarar farko da Paparoma ya kai Poland a 1979. A farkon watan Agustan 1980, wani sabon yajin aiki ya haifar da kafa ƙungiyar ƙwadago mai zaman kanta " Solidarity " ( Solidarność ) karkashin jagorancin Lech Wałęsa . Ƙarfin ƙarfi da ayyukan 'yan adawa ya sa gwamnatin Wojciech Jaruzelski ta ayyana dokar yaƙi a cikin Disamba 1981. Duk da haka, tare da sauye-sauyen Mikhail Gorbachev a Tarayyar Soviet, da karuwar matsin lamba daga yammacin duniya, da kuma rashin aiki na tattalin arziki, gwamnatin ta tilasta yin shawarwari da abokan adawa. Tattaunawar Tattaunawar Zagaye na 1989 ta kai ga shiga Haɗin kai a zaɓen 1989 . Nasarar da 'yan takararta suka samu ya haifar da karon farko na mika mulki daga mulkin gurguzu a Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai. A shekara ta 1990, Jaruzelski ya yi murabus daga shugabancin kasar bayan zaben shugaban kasa kuma Wałęsa ya gaje shi.

Kafa Poland mai mulkin gurguzu (1944-1948)

[a1]

[b]